SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in untreated wastewater: detection of viral RNA in a low-resource community in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To measure SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage in a low-resource community in order to determine if it can be considered as an estimator of changes in the prevalence of COVID-19 in the population. METHODS: In this descriptive observational study we collected samples of surface waters contaminated with sewage and optimized a method of purification of viral RNA using PEG concentration. We determined the amount of genetic material by quantitative real-time PCR using the CDC method for SARS-CoV-2 detection. RESULTS: We quantified viral RNA in surface waters contaminated with sewage of a low resource community and determined that temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples mirrored trends in COVID-19 active cases. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage can be applied in low-resource communities without connection to sewers as an estimator of changes in the prevalence of COVID-19.

Projected impact of a reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Argentina: A modeling study.

BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Argentina is one of the major consumers of SSBs per capita worldwide. Determining the impact of SSB reduction on health will inform policy debates. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model-Argentina (CVD Policy Model-Argentina), a local adaptation of a well-established computer simulation model that projects cardiovascular and mortality events for the population 35-94 years old, to estimate the impact of reducing SSB consumption on diabetes incidence, cardiovascular events, and mortality in Argentina during the period 2015-2024, using local demographic and consumption data. Given uncertainty regarding the exact amount of SSBs consumed by different age groups, we modeled 2 estimates of baseline consumption (low and high) under 2 different scenarios: a 10% and a 20% decrease in SSB consumption. We also included a range of caloric compensation in the model (0%, 39%, and 100%). We used Monte Carlo simulations to generate 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) around our primary outcome measures for each intervention scenario. Over the 2015-2024 period, a 10% reduction in SSBs with a caloric compensation of 39% is projected to reduce incident diabetes cases by 13,300 (95% UI 10,800-15,600 [low SSB consumption estimate]) to 27,700 cases (95% UI 22,400-32,400 [high SSB consumption estimate]), i.e., 1.7% and 3.6% fewer cases, respectively, compared to a scenario of no change in SSB consumption. It would also reduce myocardial infarctions by 2,500 (95% UI 2,200-2,800) to 5,100 (95% UI 4,500-5,700) events and all-cause deaths by 2,700 (95% UI 2,200-3,200) to 5,600 (95% UI 4,600-6,600) for "low" and "high" estimates of SSB intake, respectively. A 20% reduction in SSB consumption with 39% caloric compensation is projected to result in 26,200 (95% UI 21,200-30,600) to 53,800 (95% UI 43,900-62,700) fewer cases of diabetes, 4,800 (95% UI 4,200-5,300) to 10,000 (95% UI 8,800-11,200) fewer myocardial infarctions, and 5,200 (95% UI 4,300-6,200) to 11,000 (95% UI 9,100-13,100) fewer deaths. The largest reductions in diabetes and cardiovascular events were observed in the youngest age group modeled (35-44 years) for both men and women; additionally, more events could be avoided in men compared to women in all age groups. The main limitations of our study are the limited availability of SSB consumption data in Argentina and the fact that we were only able to model the possible benefits of the interventions for the population older than 34 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our study finds that, even under conservative assumptions, a relatively small reduction in SSB consumption could lead to a substantial decrease in diabetes incidence, cardiovascular events, and mortality in Argentina.

Comparing Strategies for Lipid Lowering in Argentina: An Analysis from the CVD Policy Model-Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: In Argentina, the national guidelines for lipid control emphasize the use of relatively inexpensive low- or moderate-potency statins by patients at high risk (>20 %) of a cardiovascular event. The objective of this study was to compare the impact and costs of the current national CVD prevention guidelines with regard to morbidity and mortality in Argentina with the impact and costs of three strategies that incorporate high-potency statins. METHODS: We used the CVD Policy Model-Argentina to model the proposed interventions. This model is a national-scale, state-transition (Markov) computer simulation model of the CVD incidence, prevalence, mortality, and costs in adults 35-84 years of age. We modeled three scenarios: scenario 1 lowers the risk threshold for treatment to >10 % according the Framingham Risk Score (FRS); scenario 2 intensifies statin potency under current treatment thresholds; and scenario 3 combines both scenarios by lowering the treatment threshold to ≥10 % FRS and intensifying statin potency. RESULTS: Scenario 1 would translate into 1400 fewer MIs and 500 fewer CHD deaths every year, a 3 % and 2 % reduction, respectively. Scenario 2 would lead to 2000 fewer MIs and 1000 fewer CHD deaths every year. Scenario 3 would result in the greatest reduction in MIs and CHD deaths, with 3400 fewer MIs and 1400 fewer CHD deaths every year, which translates to a 7 % and 6 % reduction, respectively. All scenarios were cost-effective if the cost of a high-potency statin pill was under US$0.25. CONCLUSION: Incorporating those individuals with greater than 10 % cardiovascular risk and the use of high-potency statins into Argentina's national lipid guidelines could result in fewer CHD deaths and events at a reasonable cost.

[Exposure to point-of-sale tobacco displays in Argentina: evidence from the 2013 National Risk Factor Survey]. / Exposición a la publicidad del tabaco en los puntos de venta en Argentina. Evidencias de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2013.

OBJECTIVE:: To describe the population that reports to have visited tobacco points of sale (POS) in Argentina and their perception of tobacco advertising. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: We used data from the 2013 National Risk Factor Survey. RESULTS:: We included 31 167 respondents (96% of the total) who attended a store that sells cigarettes in the previous 30 days. Overall, 54.1% (67.3% of current smokers, 55.1% of former smokers and 49% of non smokers) referred having seen tobacco advertising at the POS. Males (OR=1.2) and current smokers (OR=1.9 vs. non smokers) were more likely to report having seen tobacco advertising at the POS. Those who were exposed to second hand smoke in bars and restaurants (OR=1.2) were also more likely to have seen advertising. We found that younger people (age 18 - 24) were more likely to be exposed (OR=2.8 vs older than 65). Among smokers, those who referred to have seen the advertising were more likely to have tried to quit smoking during the previous year. CONCLUSIONS:: It is important to regulate advertising at the POS to limit exposure, particularly among young people.

Tobacco use among youths--Argentina, 2007 and 2012.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of deaths worldwide. The MPOWER package, the six recommended policies of the World Health Organization (WHO) to reverse the tobacco epidemic, strongly recommends monitoring tobacco use trends. Because evidence indicates that smoking addiction often starts before the age of 18 years, there is a need to monitor tobacco use among youths. During 2011, a National Tobacco Control Law was enacted in Argentina that included implementation of 100% smoke-free environments, a comprehensive advertising ban (prohibiting advertising, promotion, and sponsorship of cigarettes or tobacco products through any media or communications outlets), pictorial health warnings, and a prohibition against the sale of tobacco products through any means to persons aged <18 years. To ascertain trends in tobacco use among youths in Argentina, the Argentina Ministry of Health and CDC analyzed data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) for 2007 and 2012 (the next year that it was administered in Argentina). The findings indicated that the overall proportion of youths aged approximately 13-15 years who reported ever smoking a cigarette declined from 52.0% in 2007 to 41.9% in 2012 with significant decreases among both males and females. In 2012, 52.5% of youths in Argentina reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in their homes and 47.5% in enclosed public places in the 7 days preceding the survey. Increased public education and tobacco control efforts will be important to discouraging tobacco use and decreasing SHS exposure among youths in Argentina.

Impact on cardiovascular disease events of the implementation of Argentina's national tobacco control law.

BACKGROUND: Argentina's congress passed a tobacco control law that would enforce 100% smoke-free environments for the entire country, strong and pictorial health warnings on tobacco products and a comprehensive advertising ban. However, the Executive Branch continues to review the law and it has not been fully implemented. Our objective was to project the potential impact of full implementation of this tobacco control legislation on cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Policy Model was used to project future cardiovascular events. Data sources for the model included vital statistics, morbidity and mortality data, and tobacco use estimates from the National Risk Factor Survey. Estimated effectiveness of interventions was based on a literature review. Results were expressed as life-years, myocardial infarctions and strokes saved in an 8-year-period between 2012 and 2020. In addition we projected the incremental effectiveness on the same outcomes of a tobacco price increase not included in the law. RESULTS: In the period 2012-2020, 7500 CHD deaths, 16 900 myocardial infarctions and 4300 strokes could be avoided with the full implementation and enforcement of this law. Annual per cent reduction would be 3% for CHD deaths, 3% for myocardial infarctions and 1% for stroke. If a tobacco price increase is implemented the projected avoided CHD deaths, myocardial infarctions and strokes would be 15 500, 34 600 and 11 900, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the tobacco control law would produce significant public health benefits in Argentina. Strong advocacy is needed at national and international levels to get this law implemented throughout Argentina.

La equidad en la campaña de vacunación COVID de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina): un análisis del Municipio de Quilmes.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha acentuado las desigualdades sociales, económicas y relacionadas con la salud, afectando desproporcionadamente a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad y perpetuando la inequidad en salud. En Argentina se implementó una campaña nacional gratuita de vacunación contra la COVID-19 con una perspectiva de equidad. OBJETIVO: identificar desigualdades territoriales en el acceso a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en Quilmes. MÉTODOS: se analizó la información referida a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 de personas residentes en el Municipio. Se efectuó la georreferenciación de cada vacunatorio y de cada persona a partir del domicilio declarado en el momento de la vacunación. Para caracterizar el grado de vulnerabilidad de las personas vacunadas, a cada una se le asignó el índice de carencias múltiples (ICM) correspondiente al radio censal de residencia. RESULTADOS: al menos el 82 % de la población completó el esquema primario de vacunación (dosis 1 y dosis 2), porcentaje que alcanzó el 97 % en los mayores de 65 años. Analizando la media de dosis aplicadas se observa algo similar con un gradiente hacia los quintiles más altos pero con una mínima diferencia entre sí, situación que también se corrobora en todos los grupos etarios. DISCUSIÓN: no se observaron brechas significativas entre los diferentes niveles socioeconómicos. Si bien se observó un mínimo gradiente en el promedio de dosis recibidas, el tiempo de acceso a las diferentes vacunas y el porcentaje de esquemas primarios completos recibidos, las mismas tienen escasa relevancia clínica y sanitaria.

Barriers to prevention of cardiovascular disease in primary care settings in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To identify main barriers to preventing cardiovascular disease and implementing clinical practice guidelines in primary care, to pilot implementation of a tailored enactment of the adapted World Health Organization guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease, and to assess the impact of the intervention in risk stratification. METHODS: A qualitative study was done with decision makers, health professionals, and staff from five primary health care centers, who were interviewed to identify the main barriers. A tailored intervention to apply the guidelines was then designed and implemented. To assess the impact of the intervention on risk factor screening, a before-and-after analysis was performed through a records review of independent samples of patients aged 40 years or older attending each center. RESULTS: The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of guidelines and lack of knowledge about preventing cardiovascular disease, communication problems within health teams, lack of motivation, and organizational problems. Before (n = 226) and after (n = 234) the intervention, screening of the main risk factors increased: blood pressure measurement from 44.3% to 72.6%, cholesterol measurement from 20.7% to 49.7%, smoking status assessment from 20.4% to 56.1%, diabetes status assessment from 25.5% to 93.6%, and previous vascular event status from 33.2% to 74.3%. Global risk stratification was not done at baseline, compared with 45.1% after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers identified were useful in designing a tailored intervention. Although no clinical outcomes were evaluated, this study shows that the implementation is feasible, with increased risk stratification as a first step at better patient management.

[The cost-utility ratio of reducing salt intake and its impact on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in Argentina]. / Relación costo-utilidad de la disminución del consumo de sal y su efecto en la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the cost-utility ratio of an intervention to reduce dietary salt intake in people over the age of 35 in Argentina. METHODS: The intervention consisted of reducing salt content in food by 5% to 25%. A simulation model was used to measure the impact of policies on heart disease in order to predict incidence, prevalence, mortality, and cost trends for heart and cerebrovascular disease in the population aged 35 - 84. The intervention modeled the impact and costs of a 3-gram reduction in dietary salt intake by reducing the amount of salt in processed food and salt added to food by the participants themselves over a 10-year period. Changes in event occurrence during this period and gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were estimated in high- and low-impact scenarios. RESULTS: The intervention generated a net savings of US$ 3 765 million and a gain of 656 657 QALYs in the high-impact scenario and a savings of US$ 2 080 million and 401 659 QALY in the low-impact scenario. The result would be reductions in the incidence of heart disease (24.1%), acute myocardial infarction (21.6%), and stroke (20.5%), as well as in mortality from heart disease (19.9%) and all causes (6.4%). Benefits were observed for all age groups and both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing this strategy to reduce salt intake would produce a very positive health impact, both in QALY gains and savings in economic resources.

Impacto sanitario de la prohibición total de publicidades de tabaco en argentina.

Health impact of the total ban on advertising of tobacco productsThe objective was to estimate the health impact of the total ban on advertising of tobacco products in terms of avoided cardiovascular events in those over 35 years of age in Argentina.The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM) was used, which is a Markov simulation model used to represent and project mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the population aged 35 or over. It constitutes a demographic-epidemiological model, which represents the population between 35 and 95 years of age and uses a logistic regression model based on the Framingham equation to estimate the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease. We assumed that implementing a complete ban on the advertising of tobacco products would lead to a 9% reduction in tobacco consumption.The complete ban on advertising could prevent 15,164 deaths over a period of 10 years, of which 2610 would be the result of coronary heart disease and 747 due to stroke. These reductions would mean an annual decrease of 0.46% of total deaths, 0.60% of deaths from coronary heart disease and 0.33% in deaths from stroke. In addition, during the same period, it would avoid 6630 acute myocardial infarctions and 2851 strokes (reductions of 1.35% and 0.40%, respectively).We hope that these findings might contribute to the strengthening of sanitary tobacco control policies in Argentina based on the remarkable benefits of banning the advertising of tobacco products in full and in line with current global recommendations.

[Health literacy in patients attending a University Hospital]. / Alfabetización en salud en pacientes que asisten a un hospital universitario.

Low level of health literacy is associated with poor communication between patients and clinicians and with increased hospitalization rates, less frequent screening for cancer, poor control of diabetes, and disproportionately high rates of disease and mortality. Despite the importance of health literacy in medicine, there is no information about its prevalence in Latin America. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of inadequate health literacy in a random sample of patients, at a University Hospital where a descriptive study was performed during 2007. Health literacy was assessed through the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults. Participants were randomly selected from the ambulatory clinic and from the medical inpatient ward during 2007. There were a total of 2345 patients potentially eligible during the time of the study, 234 were approached after random selection and 229 patients were interviewed (98% response); 54.6% of respondents were women and 62% were recruited from the ambulatory clinic. The respondents had a median age of 56 years. The prevalence of inadequate health literacy was 30.1% (69 patients). Patients with 12 years of education OR = 45.1 (IC 9.6-211.6). We found a high prevalence of inadequate health literacy, being strongly associated with the level of formal education. It is important that health care providers know the implications of health literacy and its consequences.

Update of the cardiovascular disease policy model to predict cardiovascular events in Argentina.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Argentina. Computer simulation models allow to extrapolate evidence to broader populations than the originally studied, over longer timeframes, and to compare different subpopulations. The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM) is a computer simulation state transition model used to represent and project future CVD mortality and morbidity in the population 35 years-old and older. The objective of this study was to update Argentina's version of the CVDPM. For this purpose, information from the 2010 National Census, the 2013 National Risk Factor Survey, CESCAS I study, and PrEViSTA study were used to update the dynamics of population size, demographics, and CVD risk factor distributions over time. Model projections were later calibrated by comparing them to actual data on CVD events and mortality in the year 2010 (baseline year) in Argentina. Country statistics for people 35 years-old and older reported for 2010 a total of 41 219 myocardial infarctions (MIs), 58 658 strokes, and 281 710 total deaths. The CVDPM, in turn, predicted 41 265 MIs (difference: 0.11%), 58 584 strokes (difference: 0.13%), and 280 707 total deaths (difference: 0.36%) in the same population. In all cases, the final version of the model predicted the actual number of events with an accuracy superior to 99.5%, and could be used to forecast the changes in CVD incidence and mortality after the implementation of public policies.

La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en Argentina. Los modelos de simulación por computadora permiten extrapolar evidencia a poblaciones más amplias que las originalmente estudiadas, a lo largo de períodos prolongados, y comparar diferentes subpoblaciones. El Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM, por sus siglas en inglés) es un modelo de simulación utilizado para representar y proyectar la mortalidad y morbilidad por ECV en la población de 35 o más años. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la versión argentina del CVDPM. Para esto, se utilizó información del Censo Nacional 2010, la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2013, el estudio CESCAS I, y el estudio PrEViSTA, para actualizar la dinámica del tamaño de la población, sus características demográficas, y la distribución de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares a lo largo del tiempo. Las proyecciones del modelo se calibraron comparándolas con información sobre eventos de ECV y mortalidad en el año 2010 (año de referencia) en Argentina. Las estadísticas argentinas informaron que en 2010 la población de 35 o más años sufrió un total de 41 219 infartos de miocardio (IM), 58 658 accidentes cerebrovasculares y 281 710 muertes totales. El CVDPM predijo 41 265 IM (diferencia: 0.11%), 58 584 accidentes cerebrovasculares (diferencia: 0.13%) y 280 707 muertes totales (diferencia: 0.36%). En todos los casos, la versión final del modelo predijo el número real de eventos cardiovasculares con una precisión superior al 99.5%, pudiendo ser utilizado para pronosticar cambios en la incidencia y mortalidad de ECV debidos de la implementación de políticas públicas.

Factores predictivos de cesación tabáquica en adultos de Argentina: Análisis secundario de la encuesta mundial de tabaco / Who quit smoking and who wants to quit?: Secondary analysis from Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: La reducción del daño a la salud causado por el tabaco depende de la cesación. Se han descripto características sociodemográficas y personales relacionadas con el cese, pero no se cuenta con análisis en esta población. El objetivo fue evaluar los predictores de ser ex fumador o estar en una etapa favorable para dejar de fumar en la población urbana de Argentina. MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Adultos (EMTA-GATS) empleando regresión logística multivariable. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 6299 sujetos (edad media: 43,3 años; hombres: 46,39%; fumadores: 23,16%). Ser ex fumador se asoció a edad (OR 1,11; IC95%: 1,02-1,20 cada 5 años), hogares en los que no se fuma (OR 2,92; IC95%: 1,78-4,78), apoyo al aumento de impuestos al tabaco (OR 2,32; IC95%: 1,52-3,56), no fumar a diario (OR 2,06; IC95%: 1,25-3,39) y ser mujer (OR 1,53; IC95%: 1,06-2,19), independientemente del nivel educativo y de ingresos. Entre los fumadores, la edad (OR 1,10; IC95%: 1,01-1,26 cada 5 años) y estar sensibilizado por advertencias sanitarias (OR 4,64; IC95%: 2,28-9,41) se asociaron a querer dejar, independientemente del género y nivel educativo. El consejo médico se asoció con la decisión de dejar de fumar (OR 6,25; IC95%: 2,91- 13,42), independientemente del nivel educativo y de ingresos. DISCUSIÓN: Implementar campañas de hogares libres de humo, advertencias sanitarias y el asesoramiento médico son estrategias útiles para contribuir a la cesación.

The role of an out-of-hospital Sanitary Isolation Center during the COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of Quilmes / El rol de un centro de aislamiento sanitario extrahospitalario durante la pandemia de covid-19: la experiencia de quilmes

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Frente al aumento de casos de COVID-19 en el municipio bonaerense de Quilmes, y considerando las características sociodemográficas y habitacionales de su población, se puso en funcionamiento el Centro de Aislamiento Sanitario en la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (CAS-UNQ) desde el 22 de abril hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2020. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el funcionamiento del CAS-UNQ y su contribución al abordaje de la primera ola de COVID 19 en el municipio de Quilmes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. MÉTODOS: La organización general del CAS-UNQ estuvo a cargo del equipo de salud, que desplegó las estrategias necesarias para la atención de todas las personas alojadas. Las personas ingresadas se encontraban cursando cuadros leves de la enfermedad y no podían realizar el aislamiento en su domicilio. Se establecieron tres líneas de trabajo: atención médica, acompañamiento psicológico y abordaje social con perspectiva de derechos. RESULTADOS: Se aisló a 954 personas (407 mujeres adultas, 362 varones adultos y 185 niños menores de 13 años). El máximo de personas aisladas de forma simultánea fue de 120. La media de edad de internación fue de 27 años. DISCUSIÓN: La puesta en funcionamiento del CASUNQ fue una herramienta efectiva tanto para cortar cadenas de contagios en entornos de rápida propagación del virus como para implementar acompañamientos integrales de salud y acceso a derechos de la población.

INTRODUCTION: In response to the increase of COVID-19 cases in the city of Quilmes (Buenos Aires Province), and considering the sociodemographic and housing characteristics of its population, a Sanitary Isolation Center at the National University of Quilmes (CASUNQ) was put into operation from April 22 to November 15, 2020. The objective of this work was to describe the operation of CAS-UNQ and its contribution to addressing the first wave of COVID 19 in Quilmes. METHODS: The general organization if the CAS-UNQ was conducted by a health team, which deployed the necessary strategies to take care of all the people housed there. Those who came to CAS-UNQ were experiencing mild illness and could not be isolated at home. Three lines of work were established: medical care, psychological support and social approach with a rights perspective. RESULTS: A total of 954 people were isolated (407 women, 362 men, and 185 children under 13 years of age). The maximum number of people isolated simultaneously was 120. The mean age of hospitalization was 27 years. DISCUSSION: The implementation of the CAS-UNQ was an effective tool both to cut chains of infections in environments of rapid spread of the virus and to carry out comprehensive health monitoring and access to rights of the population.

El rol de un centro de aislamiento sanitario extrahospitalario durante la pandemia de COVID-19: la experiencia de Quilmes / The role of an out-of-hospital Sanitary Isolation Center during the COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of Quilmes

INTRODUCCIÓN: Frente al aumento de casos de COVID-19 en el municipio bonaerense de Quilmes, y considerando las características sociodemográficas y habitacionales de su población, se puso en funcionamiento el Centro de Aislamiento Sanitario en la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (CAS-UNQ) desde el 22 de abril hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2020. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el funcionamiento del CAS-UNQ y su contribución al abordaje de la primera ola de COVID 19 en el municipio de Quilmes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. MÉTODOS: La organización general del CAS-UNQ estuvo a cargo del equipo de salud, que desplegó las estrategias necesarias para la atención de todas las personas alojadas. Las personas ingresadas se encontraban cursando cuadros leves de la enfermedad y no podían realizar el aislamiento en su domicilio. Se establecieron tres líneas de trabajo: atención médica, acompañamiento psicológico y abordaje social con perspectiva de derechos. RESULTADOS: Se aisló a 954 personas (407 mujeres adultas, 362 varones adultos y 185 niños menores de 13 años). El máximo de personas aisladas de forma simultánea fue de 120. La media de edad de internación fue de 27 años. DISCUSIÓN: La puesta en funcionamiento del CASUNQ fue una herramienta efectiva tanto para cortar cadenas de contagios en entornos de rápida propagación del virus como para implementar acompañamientos integrales de salud y acceso a derechos de la población.

Actualización del modelo de políticas en enfermedad cardiovascular en Argentina / Update of the cardiovascular disease policy model to predict cardiovascular events in Argentina

La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en Argentina. Los modelos de simulació;n por computadora permiten extrapolar evidencia a poblaciones más amplias que las originalmente estudiadas, a lo largo de períodos prolongados, y comparar diferentes subpoblaciones. El Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM, por sus siglas en ingló;©s) es un modelo de simulació;n utilizado para representar y proyectar la mortalidad y morbilidad por ECV en la població;n de 35 o más aó;±os. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la versió;n argentina del CVDPM. Para esto, se utilizó; informació;n del Censo Nacional 2010, la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2013, el estudio CESCAS I, y el estudio PrEViSTA, para actualizar la dinámica del tamaó;±o de la població;n, sus características demográficas, y la distribució;n de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares a lo largo del tiempo. Las proyecciones del modelo se calibraron comparándolas con informació;n sobre eventos de ECV y mortalidad en el aó;±o 2010 (aó;±o de referencia) en Argentina. Las estadísticas argentinas informaron que en 2010 la població;n de 35 o más aó;±os sufrió; un total de 41 219 infartos de miocardio (IM), 58 658 accidentes cerebrovasculares y 281 710 muertes totales. El CVDPM predijo 41 265 IM (diferencia: 0.11%), 58 584 accidentes cerebrovasculares (diferencia: 0.13%) y 280 707 muertes totales (diferencia: 0.36%). En todos los casos, la versió;n final del modelo predijo el nó;ºmero real de eventos cardiovasculares con una precisió;n superior al 99.5%, pudiendo ser utilizado para pronosticar cambios en la incidencia y mortalidad de ECV debidos de la implementació;n de políticas pó;ºblicas.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Argentina. Computer simulation models allow to extrapolate evidence to broader populations than the originally studied, over longer timeframes, and to compare different subpopulations. The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM) is a computer simulation state transition model used to represent and project future CVD mortality and morbidity in the population 35 years-old and older. The objective of this study was to update Argentina’s version of the CVDPM. For this purpose, information from the 2010 National Census, the 2013 National Risk Factor Survey, CESCAS I study, and PrEViSTA study were used to update the dynamics of population size, demographics, and CVD risk factor distributions over time. Model projections were later calibrated by comparing them to actual data on CVD events and mortality in the year 2010 (baseline year) in Argentina. Country statistics for people 35 years-old and older reported for 2010 a total of 41 219 myocardial infarctions (MIs), 58 658 strokes, and 281 710 total deaths. The CVDPM, in turn, predicted 41 265 MIs (difference: 0.11%), 58 584 strokes (difference: 0.13%), and 280 707 total deaths (difference: 0.36%) in the same population. In all cases, the final version of the model predicted the actual number of events with an accuracy superior to 99.5%, and could be used to forecast the changes in CVD incidence and mortality after the implementation of public policies.

Update of the cardiovascular disease policy model to predict cardiovascular events in Argentina

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Argentina. Computer simulation models allow to extrapolate evidence to broader populations than the originally studied, over longer timeframes, and to compare different subpopulations. The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM) is a computer simulation state transition model used to represent and project future CVD mortality and morbidity in the population 35 years-old and older. The objective of this study was to update Argentina’s version of the CVDPM. For this purpose, information from the 2010 National Census, the 2013 National Risk Factor Survey, CESCAS I study, and PrEViSTA study were used to update the dynamics of population size, demographics, and CVD risk factor distributions over time. Model projections were later calibrated by comparing them to actual data on CVD events and mortality in the year 2010 (baseline year) in Argentina. Country statistics for people 35 years-old and older reported for 2010 a total of 41 219 myocardial infarctions (MIs), 58 658 strokes, and 281 710 total deaths. The CVDPM, in turn, predicted 41 265 MIs (difference: 0.11%), 58 584 strokes (difference: 0.13%), and 280 707 total deaths (difference: 0.36%) in the same population. In all cases, the final version of the model predicted the actual number of events with an accuracy superior to 99.5%, and could be used to forecast the changes in CVD incidence and mortality after the implementation of public policies.

La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en Argentina. Los modelos de simulació;n por computadora permiten extrapolar evidencia a poblaciones más amplias que las originalmente estudiadas, a lo largo de períodos prolongados, y comparar diferentes subpoblaciones. El Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model (CVDPM, por sus siglas en ingló;©s) es un modelo de simulació;n utilizado para representar y proyectar la mortalidad y morbilidad por ECV en la població;n de 35 o más aó;±os. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la versió;n argentina del CVDPM. Para esto, se utilizó; informació;n del Censo Nacional 2010, la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2013, el estudio CESCAS I, y el estudio PrEViSTA, para actualizar la dinámica del tamaó;±o de la població;n, sus características demográficas, y la distribució;n de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares a lo largo del tiempo. Las proyecciones del modelo se calibraron comparándolas con informació;n sobre eventos de ECV y mortalidad en el aó;±o 2010 (aó;±o de referencia) en Argentina. Las estadísticas argentinas informaron que en 2010 la població;n de 35 o más aó;±os sufrió; un total de 41 219 infartos de miocardio (IM), 58 658 accidentes cerebrovasculares y 281 710 muertes totales. El CVDPM predijo 41 265 IM (diferencia: 0.11%), 58 584 accidentes cerebrovasculares (diferencia: 0.13%) y 280 707 muertes totales (diferencia: 0.36%). En todos los casos, la versió;n final del modelo predijo el nó;ºmero real de eventos cardiovasculares con una precisió;n superior al 99.5%, pudiendo ser utilizado para pronosticar cambios en la incidencia y mortalidad de ECV debidos de la implementació;n de políticas pó;ºblicas.

Sex-stratified socio-economic gradients in physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes: evidence of short-term changes in Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how socio-economic gradients in NCDs and NCD-related risk factors change over time. METHODS: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys (N = 41,392 and N = 34,732) was conducted. We analyzed inequalities in three risk factors (low physical activity, obesity, and diabetes) according to income and educational attainment. The analysis was based on sex-stratified and age-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of low physical activity, obesity, and diabetes increased from 2005 to 2009. Increases occurred in most of the income and education groups, but females with the lowest socio-economic status generally showed the highest increases. In 2005, differences in physical inactivity among women with different levels of education were not statistically significant. By 2009, women with low education (OR = 1.57, 95 % CI = 1.34-1.84) and medium education (OR = 1.18, 95 % CI = 1.06-1.32) were more likely than women with high education to be physically inactive. CONCLUSION: Inequalities in physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes have grown in Argentina over a short period of time.