Quality of life among the navies and their spouses survivors, six months after the tsunami disaster in Phang-Nga Naval Base, Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the consequences for the survivors of the tsunami disaster on health related quality of life among members of the Navy and their spouses, six months after the disaster. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Using a structured questionnaire modified from the MOS SF-36. Four hundred thirty four subjects participated in the present study. The sample was male (77%), married (67%) and mean age was 34 years old. RESULTS: The quality of life scores among member of the Navy or their spouses were lower than the 2006 Thailand normative data in almost all subscales except physical functioning, bodily pain, and social functioning subscales. The major consequence of the Tsunami was mental health problems. A majority of the survivors who seriously experienced mental problems were female, low education, decreased income, loss of one's family members/loved ones, or property. CONCLUSION: To improve their quality of life, these people required appropriate social support and physical and mental health care. Bodily pain was the only an indicator subscale of QOL that was statistically significantly associated with tsunami exposure. The QOL measures provided essential data and information that helped healthcare providers identify survivors' needs and outcomes and therefore, knowledge of the changes in QOL over the time after tsunami might help guide health programs to efficiently allocate resources at different times.

Quality of life, needs and the mode of coping of the health personnel at Naradhiwasrajanagarindra Hospital in terrorism influence area in Thailand.

The present study was to identify the quality of life (QOL), the needs of help and the mode of coping among the health personnel of Naradhiwasrajana garindra Hospital in a terrorism situation, the first research in Thailand. The chaos of separatist insurgency in the southern part of Thailand has been re-emerged since 2004. The present study was seeking for ways the health personnel coped with the situation while their quality of life and needs that were affected how they had handled the events were explored. General questionnaire, quality of life rand 36 SF-36 questionnaires, help seeking questionnaire and Mode of coping with the terrorism questionnaire were sent to all health personnel in the hospital in November 2007. 392 (65.3%) complete questionnaire were received from 600 distributed papers. They were female 328 (83.7%) and male 64 (16.3%), at the age of 21-59 years old (the mean age of 39.05 SD +/- 9.82), with three different religions, Buddhist 269 (68.6%), Muslim 122 (31.1%) and Christian 1 (0.30%). Thirty nine responses (9.9%) had been directly exposed to a terrorist attack, while 353 responses (90.1%) had a family member or friends who had been exposed. The results revealed that the overall mean scores of QOL were 73.1 +/- SD 15.5. Mean scores of male were significantly lower than female in general health, social functioning and role-emotional subscales. QOL mean scores of those with no terrorism exposure were significantly higher than those with terrorism exposure in role-physical, social functioning and mental health subscales. The most need of help for the personnel was safety of life and belongings (30.6%) followed by the need of money (23.0%). To cope with the terrorist attack, people (81.7%) would always resort to religious beliefs (72.0%) talk it out with coworkers, friends about their feelings, and (68.7%) inquire about the safety of their families and friends after the incident. Certainly, terrorism affected QOL and the most need of people in violent areas was life safety which agrees with Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI): the 12-week efficacy and tolerability in Thai patients with chronic schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Although oral atypical antipsychotics have improved the outcomes in schizophrenia, the patient medication adherence plays role as the important factor to clinical potential of the drugs. Therefore, the long-acting formulations of antipsychotics have been developed to improve the treatment compliance in patient with schizophrenia and risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) is the first long-acting injectable drug since then. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of long-acting risperidone injection in Thai patients with chronic schizophrenia for 12 weeks treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a non-randomized, open-label, single-arm study, performed at 5 centers in Thailand. The eligible patients with schizophrenia diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria were enrolled. Patients received long-acting risperidone injection 25, 37.5 or 50 mg every 2 weeks. Efficacy assessments were measured by Manchester Psychiatric Rating Scale (MPS), CGI-S and SF-36 at baseline, week 6 and week 12 or endpoint visit. Tolerability assessments were measured by Yale Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (YESS), Visual analogue scale 10-cm for pain at injection site, body weight (BW) and incidence of adverse events. RESULTS: Of 184 patients recruited, 160 patients (87%) completed the study. RLAI produced a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in MPS positive score from baseline to endpoint, 4.4 +/- 3.7 to 1.6 +/- 2.6. There was also significant reduction in MPS negative score, from 3.06 +/- 2.68 to 0.93 +/- 1.61 at endpoint (p < 0.001). The CGI-S score improved significantly from baseline to endpoint (p < 0.001), as reflected by the increase the proportion of patients rated as "not ill" or "borderline ill" from 5.9% at baseline to 53.2% at endpoint. Quality of life measured on the SF-36 scale was improved in all domains except bodily pain. Movement disorders, measured by YESS, were significantly reduced following RLAI introduction. Treatment with this drug was well tolerated and no significant weight gain occurred during the study. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that RLAI produces symptomatic improvement in chronic schizophrenia patients, along with improvement of movement disorders and had a good tolerability and adherence to treatment.

From Research to Policy Implementation: Trastuzumab in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Treatment in Thailand.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the adjuvant therapy of trastuzumab cost and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in lifetime horizon and describe the use of an economic evaluation in supporting policy-making decisions in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer in Thailand. METHODS: A Markov model was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab for patients with early-stage breast cancer who were considered human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu-positive with a societal perspective and lifetime horizon. The research variables were probability of health state change, health utility, and cost of treatment. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using probabilistic methods. A budget impact analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The results revealed that the treatment cost and QALYs in the trastuzumab group yielded 4.59 QALYs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $3387 (THB 118 572; THB = Thai baht) per QALY. On the basis of the willingness-to-pay threshold in Thailand, a 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab treatment for breast cancer was a cost-effective therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A combination therapy that includes trastuzumab is a preferable choice and should be used in early-stage breast cancer treatment. The Thai government has listed trastuzumab on the National List of Essential Medicines to be used for the early stages of breast cancer since 2014.

The treatment of major depressive disorders (MDD) in Thailand using escitalopram compared to fluoxetine and venlafaxine: a pharmacoeconomic evaluation.

A decision analytical model was used to compare expected health outcomes and costs of treating patients with major depression using new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram versus the other SSRI fluoxetine and the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine. The primary health outcome measure was an overall treatment success, defined as a remission (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) < or = 12), achieved over the 6 months of treatment. Estimated costs consisted of those directly related to treatment (drug acquisition costs, costs of psychiatric visits, hospital outpatient visits, hospitalization, and electroconvulsive therapy) and indirect costs associated with productivity lost due to depression. Clinical input parameters for the economic analyses were derived from published literatures. Resource utilization estimates were obtained from a survey of psychiatrists, while medical treatment patterns were determined from focus groups participated consisting from both general and family practitioners and psychiatrists. Unit costs (including daily cost of patient's absence from work due to depression) were obtained from the standard sources. The unit cost of hospitalization was derived based on the average of factual service rates charged by the local hospital. The results show that escitalopram is more effective and less costly compared to fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Treatment using escitalopram produced the best-expected success rate and the lowest expected per patient cost. Escitalopram earned a savings of Baht 2,002 and Baht 1,768 compared to fluoxetine and venlafaxine respectively over a six-month period.

Health-related quality of life in Thai bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BPD) affects both patients 'functioning and well-being. Quality of life (QoL) has gained increasing attention as an important functional outcome in BPD. The present study was conducted to assess QoL of Thai BPD patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors obtained cross-sectional demographic, clinical, and functional ratings from 285 BPD outpatients. SF-36 and Thai Mania Rating Scale (TMRS) were used to assess QoL and severity of symptoms respectively. RESULTS: The mean TMRS was 4.42 +/- 5.87. Compared with the Thai general population, SF-36 scores of study population were significantly lower, except for bodily pain and social functioning domains. Sodium valproate treated group's SF-36 scores was better than lithium carbonate treated group' (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The present study is one of the pioneers in assessing the impact of co-morbidity on health-related QoL in Thai BPD patients. Even in the stable phase, patients were less functioning than the normal Thai population.

Effects of paliperidone extended release on hostility among Thai patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: This open-label prospective study investigated the effects of paliperidone extended release (ER) on hostility in Thai patients with schizophrenia. BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia may be hostile or exhibit aggressive behavior, which can occasion their admission to psychiatric hospital. Antipsychotic medications are often used to treat hostility and aggression in such patients. Paliperidone ER is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, there are no data available for paliperidone ER with regard to its efficacy on hostility and aggression among Thai patients. This study was a part of the PERFEcT study, a 6-month, open-label, multicenter, multicountry, prospective trial to explore the safety, efficacy, and functionality of paliperidone ER tablets. The current study included only the data obtained from Thai participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flexible dosing of paliperidone ER in a range of 3-12 mg/day was used, allowing investigators to adjust the dosage of each subject individually. The 199 Thai patients had a stable Clinical Global Impression - severity score before enrollment. Demographic data were collected at enrollment, and assessments took place at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months postbaseline. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale were used to evaluate efficacy. In this analysis, we report the findings for the specific PANSS factor P7 (hostility) and the PSP subscale disturbing and aggressive behavior. Data were analyzed using paired t-test method to investigate changes in mean PANSS and PSP total and subscale scores. The significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: From a total of 199 Thai patients, 148 patients (74.4%) participated in all visits. There was a significant reduction in mean scores for all total PANSS measures from 1 month onward compared with baseline, as well as ongoing significant reductions in scores from visit to visit. There was a significant reduction in mean hostility score at 2 months (P<0.05), 3 months (P<0.05), and 6 months (P<0.01) (n=148). For the PSP scale, there was a significant across-the-board reduction of mean scores from 3 months onward, including in the disturbing and aggressive behavior subscale (P<0.001) (n=148). CONCLUSION: Switching from previously unsuccessful antipsychotic treatments to paliperidone ER may be a useful option to reduce hostility and disturbing behavior in patients with schizophrenia. This study in Thai patients is in line with findings in other countries and cultures concerning the management of hostility in patients with schizophrenia.

Evaluation of sleep profile in schizophrenia patients treated with extended-release paliperidone: an open-label prospective study in Southeast Asia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 6 months of treatment with paliperidone extended-release (ER) tablets on the sleep profile of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 984 patients meeting the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for schizophrenia who switched their antipsychotic to paliperidone ER were recruited from 61 sites in five countries in Southeast Asia. We recorded patient demographics and assessed sleep quality and daytime drowsiness using visual analog scales. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of patients completed the 6-month study. After the use of paliperidone ER, patients reported significantly better sleep quality (76.44 vs 65.48; p<0.001) and less daytime drowsiness compared with their baseline value (23.18 vs 34.22; p<0.001). Factors predicting sleep profile improvement were completion of the study and higher baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. CONCLUSION: Paliperidone ER can help schizophrenia patients to improve sleep quality and reduce daytime drowsiness; this was seen especially in the patients who completed the 6-month treatment period and had higher baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores.

Factors influencing health-related quality of life in chronic liver disease.

AIM: To investigate the factors contributing to health-related quality of life (HRQL) in chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS: Patients with CLD and age- and sex-matched normal subjects performed the validated Thai versions of the short-form 36 (SF-36) by health survey and chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the impact of disease severity, demography, causes of CLD, socioeconomic factors, and self-rating health perception on HRQL. RESULTS: Two-hundred and fifty patients with CLD and fifty normal subjects were enrolled into the study. Mean age and the numbers of low educated, unemployed, blue-collar career and poor health perception increased significantly from chronic hepatitis to Child's Classes A to B to C. Advanced stage of CLD was related to deterioration of HRQL. Increasing age and female reduced physical health area. Low socioeconomic factors and financial burden affected multiple areas of HRQL. In overall, the positive impact of self-rating health perception on HRQL was consistently showed. CONCLUSION: Advanced stages of chronic liver disease, old age, female sex, low socioeconomic status and financial burden are important factors reducing HRQL. Good health perception improves HRQL regardless of stages of liver disease.

Legal harm reduction among intravenous drug users.

OBJECTIVE: HIV/AIDS infection in injecting drug users occurs with explosive rapidity and, having occurred, they can form a core group for further sexual and vertical transmission. As HIV transmission among injecting drug users can be extremely rapid, various approaches to intervention and obstructing the spread of HIV infection have been explored. Overall, these have been relatively ineffective so what has emerged, both in the developed and developing world, is harm reduction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the light of these general considerations, the authors reviewed the law of Thailand in relation to drug abuse and dependence according to the harm reduction for the prevention of HIV/AIDS infection in injecting drug users. RESULTS: With the review, the authors recommend some changes in the law: 1. Introducing a law that allows IDUs to possess sterile syringes and needles while under supervision of a physician. 2. Introducing a law that allows for testing for HIV in people in custody in whom there are grounds for suspecting drug abuses. 3. Establishing and financing a Multi-disciplinary Coordinating Committee on the Prevention of HIV/AIDS (MCCPH/A). CONCLUSION: It should be emphasized that, as in other countries, drug abuse and dependence should, where appropriate, be decriminalized. A large proportion of people with drug-related problems are ill and in need of treatment rather than criminals requiring harsh penalties handed down by the courts.

Asian outpatients with schizophrenia: a double-blind randomized comparison of quality of life and clinical outcomes for patients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol.

To examine the quality of life (QoL) and clinical outcomes for Asian schizophrenic outpatients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Patients were randomized to 24-weeks' treatment with either olanzapine (n = 144) or haloperidol (n = 132) in a double-blind, prospective, multi-country study. The QLS and WHO-BREF were assessed for QoL; the PANSS, BPRS and CGI scales for clinical status; the BAS, AIMS and SAS scales for physical dysfunction. Regardless of antipsychotic, QoL improved significantly at 8 weeks and maintained this improvement at 24 weeks. Compared with haloperidol, olanzapine treatment was associated with significantly better QoL in the WHO-BREF physical and social relationship domains, better improvements in extrapyramidal symptoms in BAS and SAS scores, as well as lower incidence of adverse events. Patients taking haloperidol were more likely to be co-prescribed anticholinergics. The comparatively superior side-effect profile and tolerability of olanzapine may have contributed to enhance domain-specific QoL for these Asian outpatients.

Effects of medication adherence on hospitalizations and healthcare costs in patients with schizophrenia in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine the impacts of medication adherence on hospitalization and direct healthcare cost in patients with schizophrenia in Thailand. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken. Patients with schizophrenia aged 18-65 years who visited a University hospital and received antipsychotics from April 2011 to October 2011 were included. Propensity score-adjusted logistic regression was used to determine the impacts of medication adherence on schizophrenia-related and all-cause hospitalizations. RESULTS: A total of 582 patients were included. Three out of 224 patients (1.3%) were hospitalized with schizophrenia in optimal adherence group, while 10 of 140 (7.1%) were hospitalized in under-adherence group, and 7 of 218 (3.2%) were hospitalized in over-adherence group. Based on propensity score-adjusted multivariate logistic regression, the adjusted odds ratio was 5.86 (95% confidence interval = 1.53-22.50) for schizophrenia-related hospitalization and 8.04 (95% confidence interval = 2.20-29.40) for all-cause hospitalization. The average annual direct healthcare costs in patients with optimal adherence, under-adherence, and over-adherence were US$371 ± US$836, US$386 ± US$734, and US$508 ± US$2168, respectively. CONCLUSION: An initiation of interventions to maintain optimal adherence in patients with schizophrenia would significantly impact the healthcare system.

Hospitalization and cost after switching from atypical to typical antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Several clinical practice guidelines suggest using atypical over typical antipsychotics in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, cost-containment policy urged restricting usage of atypical antipsychotics and switching from atypical to typical antipsychotics. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate clinical and economic impacts of switching from atypical to typical antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients in Thailand. METHODS: From October 2010 through September 2013, a retrospective cohort study was performed utilizing electronic database of two tertiary hospitals. Schizophrenia patients aged 18 years or older and being treated with atypical antipsychotics were included. Patients were classified as atypical antipsychotic switching group if they switched to typical antipsychotics after 180 days of continual atypical antipsychotics therapy. Outcomes were schizophrenia-related hospitalization and total health care cost. Logistic and Poisson regression were used to evaluate the risk of hospitalization, and generalized linear model with gamma distribution was used to determine the health care cost. All analyses were adjusted by employing propensity score and multivariable analyses. All cost estimates were adjusted according to 2013 consumer price index and converted to US$ at an exchange rate of 32.85 Thai bahts/US$. RESULTS: A total of 2,354 patients were included. Of them, 166 (7.1%) patients switched to typical antipsychotics. The adjusted odds ratio for schizophrenia-related hospitalization in atypical antipsychotic switching group was 1.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-2.83). The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 2.44 (95% CI 1.57-3.79) for schizophrenia-related hospitalizations. The average total health care cost was lower in patients with antipsychotic switching (-$64; 95% CI -$459 to $332). CONCLUSION: Switching from atypical to typical antipsychotics is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia-related hospitalization. Nonetheless, association with average total health care cost was not observed. These findings can be of use as a part of evidence in executing prospective cost-containment policy.

Recommendations for the optimal care of patients with recent-onset psychosis in the Asia-Pacific region.

Providing optimal care to patients with recent-onset psychosis can improve outcomes and reduce relapse. However, there is a lack of consistency of the implementation of guidelines for such patients across the Asia-Pacific region. We determined a pragmatic set of recommendations for use on a day-to-day basis to help provide optimal care at this crucial stage of illness. The recommendations were developed over a series of meetings by an international faculty of 15 experts from the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and South Africa. A structured search of the PubMed database was conducted. This was further developed based on the faculty's clinical experience and knowledge of the literature into 10 key aspects of optimal care for patients during the first five years of a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, with particular relevance to the Asia-Pacific region. Several common principles emerged: adherence to antipsychotic medications is crucial; substance abuse, psychiatric and medical comorbidities should be addressed; psychosocial interventions play a pivotal role; and family members can play a vital role in overall patient care. By following these recommendations, clinicians may improve outcomes for patients with recent-onset psychosis.

Mirtazapine in amphetamine detoxification: a placebo-controlled pilot study.

The present study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of mirtazapine in amphetamine detoxification in a 14-day randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial in a Thai population. Subjects retained at a Specialized Probation Center, Department of Probation, Ministry of Justice, Thailand (n=20), who met DSM-IV criteria for amphetamine dependence and the inclusion criteria of the study, were randomized for either mirtazapine treatment or placebo. Efficacy was assessed by the Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ) for amphetamine withdrawal symptoms and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression rating scale (MADRS) for depression. Mirtazapine safety was assessed by interview during each follow-up period on days 3 and 14 after treatment. Nine subjects were randomized to the mirtazapine group and 11 to the placebo group. Among the initial 20 subjects, 16 (seven in the mirtazapine and nine in the placebo group) completed the study. There were significant improvements in the total AWQ score changes in the mirtazapine group versus placebo both at days 3 (P<0.005) and 14 (P<0.030). Significant improvements in favour of mirtazapine were also seen in the hyperarousal and the anxiety subscale score changes at days 3 (P<0.029) and 14 (P<0.018), respectively. No significant differences were seen (P>0.05) in the MADRS scores changes within or between the groups. Mild adverse events, such as headache, sedation, nausea and vomiting, were reported. In conclusion, despite its small sample size, this randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial lends support to the hypothesis that mirtazapine may be an option in the meager armamentarium of amphetamine detoxification treatment.

The functioning and quality of life of depressive patients with 12 weeks of psychiatric care.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to obtain data about the functional status of depressive patients with 12 weeks of psychiatric care and find out if there is any correlation between improvement of clinical and functioning status. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective descriptive study was conducted and quality of life instruments (SF-36) were used to assess 96 depressive patients with 12 weeks follow up. RESULTS: There was prominent functional disability with depressive patients. The response rate of depressive patients with 3-month psychiatric care was 67.7%. The correlation between improvement in clinical status and quality of life of this group of patients did not significantly correlate. CONCLUSION: Depressive disorder is treatable with a very good response rate but no significant correlation between clinical improvement and quality of life. There is limitations in psychological and role functioning of depressive patients after 3 months of care. It is recommended that continuing of care should be considered for quality of life improvement.

Validity and reliability of the Young Mania Rating Scale: Thai version.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Thai Version in 76 patients with known manic symptoms. The study was carried out at Outpatient and Inpatient Departments of Psychiatry, Ramatibodhi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study. A Thai version of the YMRS was developed through forward-backward translation techniques and reviewed by five content-experts using psychometric methods to test the reliability and validity of the version. RESULTS: An eleven-item questionnaire was developed The validity was established with the item coefficient > 0.6for all scales. The reliability of the YMRS Thai Version on a interrater test had a Pearson's correlation of 0.87 and a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for all scales of > 0.70. The scale's Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the total number of items was 0.89. CONCLUSION: The present study supports the use of the YMRS Thai Version as a valid measurement for mania in Thai patients.

A 4-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine with haloperidol in the treatment of amphetamine psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of olanzapines and haloperidol in treating patients with amphetamine psychosis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty-eight patients experiencing episode of amphetamine psychosis were randomly assigned to olanzapine (N=29) or haloperidol (N=29) in 1:1 (olanzapine: haloperidol) ratio. All patients started with 5-10 mg/day of the study drug; after each 7-day period, the study drug could be adjusted in 5-mg increments or decrements within the allowed dose range of 5-20 mg/day during the 4-week double-blind period. RESULTS: Clinical response was seen in both treatment groups since the first week. Ninety three percent of the olanzapine patients (N=27 of 29) and 79.3% of the haloperidol patients (N=23 of 27) were clinically improved at endpoint. These differences were not statistically significant (p=0.25). The Simpson-Angus total score change from baseline to endpoint reflected no extrapyramidal symptoms among the olanzapine-treated patients (median=0.0, range=0.0). In contrast, worsening occurred among the haloperidol-treated patients (median=0.2, range=0.0-3.1). The differences of mean change in Simpson Angus Scale significantly favored olanzapine (p<0.01). Change to endpoint on the Barnes Akathisia Scale showed that olanzapine-treated patients' scores were close to the baseline (median=0.0, range=-1.0-0.0), whereas haloperidol-treated patients' scores worsened from the baseline (median=0.0, range=-1.0-3.0). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Both olanzapine and haloperidol were efficacious in the treatment of patients with amphetamine psychosis. Olanzapine was superior to conventional neuroleptic haloperidol in treatment safety with lower frequency and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms.