Comparison of core-needle biopsy and repeat fine-needle aspiration for thyroid nodules with inconclusive initial cytology.

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy (CNB) with repeat fine-needle aspiration (rFNA) cytology in thyroid nodules with inconclusive results in initial fine-needle aspiration cytology. METHODS: We studied 402 patients who required a repeat biopsy of thyroid nodules using ultrasound-guided CNB (n = 192) or rFNA (n = 210) because of inconclusive results in initial FNA, corresponding to categories I, III, and IV of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. If repeat biopsy results were benign (category II), suspicious malignancy (category V), or malignancy (category VI), they were defined as "diagnostic results". The diagnostic yield and performances of repeat biopsy were analyzed and compared between the rFNA and CNB groups. RESULTS: The diagnostic results were obtained significantly higher in the CNB group than in the rFNA group (72.4% vs. 52.4%; P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the diagnostic results were significantly higher in the CNB group than in the rFNA group for patients of categories I and III (P < 0.001 in both) in initial FNA. However, in patients with category IV nodules, there were no significant differences in diagnostic results between the two groups (P = 0.46). CONCLUSION: Compared to rFNA, ultrasound-guided CNB is useful and effective as a repeat biopsy option for thyroid nodules with non-diagnostic results (category I) and atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) (category III) in initial FNA.

Screening of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Their Analogs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry.

An accurate and reliable method based on ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (IT-TOF MS) was developed for screening phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, and their analogs in dietary supplements. Various parameters affecting liquid chromatographic separation and IT-TOF detection were investigated, and the optimal conditions were determined. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column under gradient elution using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The chromatographic eluents were directly ionized in the IT-TOF system equipped with an electrospray ion source operating in the positive ion mode. The proposed screening method was validated by assessing its linearity, precision, and accuracy. Sequential tandem MS was conducted to obtain structural information of the references, and the fragmentation mechanism of each reference was proposed for providing spectral insight for newly synthesized analogs. Structural information, including accurate masses of both parent and fragment ions, was incorporated into the MSn spectral library. The developed method was successfully applied for screening adulterated dietary supplement samples.

Z-ligustilide and n-Butylidenephthalide Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Angelica tenuissima Inhibit Lipid Accumulation In Vitro and In Vivo.

Abnormal lipid metabolism, such as increased fatty acid uptake and esterification, is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aqueous extract of the aerial part of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (ATX) inhibited high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in mice as well as oleic acid-induced neutral lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. ATX decreased the mRNA and protein levels of CD36 and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), the maturation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP), and the expression of the lipogenic target genes fasn and scd1. The ATX components, Z-ligustilide and n-butylidenephthalide, inhibited the expression of FATP5 and DGAT2 and thus oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that ATX and its active components Z-ligustilide and n-butylidenephthalide inhibit fatty acid uptake and esterification in mice and have potential as therapeutics for NAFLD.

Diagnostic performance of tomosynthesis and breast ultrasonography in women with dense breasts: a prospective comparison study.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic performances of tomosynthesis and ultrasonography as adjunctives to digital mammography in women with dense breasts. METHODS: A total of 778 women with dense breasts underwent digital mammography with tomosynthesis and ultrasonography for screening and diagnostic purposes. The findings of tomosynthesis and ultrasonography were evaluated independently. The primary endpoint was overall diagnostic accuracy determined by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Secondary endpoints included sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. RESULTS: Of the 778 participants, 698 women (140 breast cancers) were included in the analysis. Based on the AUC findings, the non-inferiority of tomosynthesis to ultrasonography was established in the overall group as well as in all subgroups except for that comprising women with extremely dense breast composition. There were no significant differences in AUC between tomosynthesis and ultrasonography among asymptomatic participants and participants who underwent imaging for screening (0.912 vs. 0.934 [P = 0.403] and 0.987 vs. 0.950 [P = 0.270], respectively). Tomosynthesis exhibited lower sensitivity (91.4 vs. 96.4%; P = 0.039), and higher specificity (83.9 vs. 70.4%; P < 0.001) and positive predictive value (58.7 vs. 45.0%; P < 0.001) than ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: Tomosynthesis exhibits comparable performance to ultrasonography as an adjunct to mammography for diagnosis of breast cancer, except among women with extremely dense breasts.

Evaluation of Screening US-detected Breast Masses by Combined Use of Elastography and Color Doppler US with B-Mode US in Women with Dense Breasts: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

Purpose To investigate the value of the combined use of elastography and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) with B-mode US for evaluation of screening US-detected breast masses in women with dense breasts. Materials and Methods This prospective, multicenter study included asymptomatic women with dense breasts who were referred for screening US between November 2013 and December 2014. Eligible women had a newly detected breast mass at conventional B-mode US screening, for which elastography and color Doppler US were performed. The following outcome measures were compared between B-mode US and the combination of B-mode US, elastography, and color Doppler US: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and the number of false-positive findings at screening US. Results Among 1021 breast masses (mean size, 1.0 cm; range, 0.3-3.0 cm) in 1021 women (median age, 45 years), 68 were malignant (56 invasive). Addition of elastography and color Doppler US to B-mode US increased the AUC from 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.91) to 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98; P < .001); specificity from 27.0% (95% CI: 24.2%, 29.9%) to 76.4% (95% CI: 73.6%, 79.1%; P < .001) without loss in sensitivity (95% CI: -1.5%, 1.5%; P > .999); and PPV from 8.9% (95% CI: 7.0%, 11.2%) to 23.2% (95% CI: 18.5%, 28.5%; P < .001), while avoiding 67.7% (471 of 696) of unnecessary biopsies for nonmalignant lesions. Conclusion Addition of elastography and color Doppler US to B-mode US can increase the PPV of screening US in women with dense breasts while reducing the number of false-positive findings without missing cancers. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Management for BI-RADS category 3 lesions detected in preoperative breast MR imaging of breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate characteristics of and determine appropriate follow-up recommendations for BI-RADS category 3 lesions detected in preoperative MRI of breast cancer patients. METHODS: BI-RADS category 3 assessments were identified from the breast MRI database for 5,110 consecutive breast cancer patients who had undergone preoperative MRI and surgery. Patient and lesion characteristics, malignancy rate, and interval between lesion detection and cancer diagnosis were analysed. Histopathological results or imaging at or after 2-year follow-up were used as reference standards. RESULTS: Of the 626 lesions, morphological features included a single focus in 26.5% (n = 166), multiple foci in 47.1% (n = 295), mass in 21.7% (n = 136) and non-mass enhancement in 4.6% (n = 29). Cancer was found in 0.8% (5/626) at a median interval of 50 months (range, 29-66 months). Malignancy rate according to morphological feature was: 1.8% (3/166) in a single focus, 0.7% (1/136) in mass and 3.4% (1/29) in non-mass enhancement. All detected cancers were stage 0 or IA. CONCLUSIONS: Annual follow-up might be adequate for BI-RADS category 3 lesions detected at preoperative MRI because of the 0.8% (5/626) malignancy rate, long interval between lesion detection and cancer diagnosis, and early stage of diagnosed cancers. KEY POINTS: • BI-RADS category 3 lesions on preoperative MRI had 0.8% malignancy rate. • All cancer diagnoses from BI-RADS 3 occurred after 24-month follow-up. • Annual follow-up might be adequate for BI-RADS 3 detected on preoperative MRI.

Impact of prior mammograms on combined reading of digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis.

Background Although digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an emerging technique yielding higher sensitivity and specificity compared to digital mammography (DM) alone, relative contribution of prior mammograms on the interpretation of DBT combined with DM has not been investigated. Purpose To retrospectively compare the diagnostic performances of DM, DM + DBT, and DM + DBT with prior mammograms. Material and Methods Three breast radiologists independently reviewed images of 116 patients with 24 cancers in the sequential order of DM, DM + DBT, and DM + DBT with prior mammograms using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment categories. Results The average areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of DM, DM + DBT, and DM + DBT with prior mammograms were 0.712, 0.777, and 0.816, respectively. Adding prior mammograms did not significantly affect the AUC of DM + DBT ( P = 0.108), whereas adding DBT significantly increased the AUC of DM ( P = 0.009). Sensitivity for DM, DM + DBT, and DM + DBT with prior mammograms was 58.3%, 69.4%, and 69.4%, and specificities were 84.1%, 85.9%, and 93.8%, respectively. Addition of DBT significantly increased the sensitivity ( P = 0.0090) of DM. Prior mammograms significantly improved the specificity of DM + DBT ( P = 0.0004), whereas adding prior mammogram did not affect sensitivity of DM + DBT ( P = 1.000). Conclusion DBT significantly increases the overall sensitivity and diagnostic performance of DM. Prior mammograms significantly increase the specificity of DM + DBT but have no significant effect on sensitivity and overall diagnostic performance.

Comparison of the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis and magnetic resonance imaging added to digital mammography in women with known breast cancers.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) added to mammography in women with known breast cancers. METHODS: Three radiologists independently reviewed image sets of 172 patients with 184 cancers; mammography alone, DBT plus mammography and MRI plus mammography, and scored for cancer probability using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Jack-knife alternative free-response receiver-operating characteristic (JAFROC), which allows diagnostic performance estimation using single lesion as a statistical unit in a cancer-only population, was used. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) were compared using the McNemar and Fisher-exact tests. RESULTS: The JAFROC figures of merit (FOMs) was lower in DBT plus mammography (0.937) than MRI plus mammography (0.978, P = 0.0006) but higher than mammography alone (0.900, P = 0 .0013). The sensitivity was lower in DBT plus mammography (88.2 %) than MRI plus mammography (97.8 %) but higher than mammography alone (78.3 %, both P < 0 .0001). The PPV was significantly higher in DBT plus mammography (93.3 %) than MRI plus mammography (89.6 %, P = 0 .0282). CONCLUSIONS: DBT provided lower diagnostic performance than MRI as an adjunctive imaging to mammography. However, DBT had higher diagnostic performance than mammography and higher PPV than MRI. KEY POINTS: • Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) plus mammography was compared with MRI plus mammography. • DBT had lower sensitivity and higher PPV than MRI. • DBT had higher diagnostic performance than mammography.

Shear-Wave Elastography for the Detection of Residual Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of shear-wave elastography (SWE) in the detection of residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS: Seventy-one women with stage II-III breast cancers who underwent B-mode ultrasound (US), SWE, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after NAC were included. The presence of residual cancer was determined on B-mode US and MRI, and the maximum elasticity of residual lesions was assessed on SWE. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of B-mode US, SWE, and MRI were compared. RESULTS: Sixty-one of 71 women (86 %) had residual cancer and showed higher maximum elasticity values (mean 116.0 ± 74.1 kPa) than those without residual cancer (26.4 ± 21.0 kPa; p < 0.001). B-mode US showed 72.1 % (44/61) sensitivity, 50.0 % (5/10) specificity, and 69.0 % (49/71) accuracy. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of SWE were 83.6 % (51/61), 80.0 % (8/10), and 83.1 % (59/71) when a maximum elasticity value of >30 kPa was considered to indicate the presence of residual cancer. The combined AUC of B-mode US and SWE (0.877) was significantly higher than that of B-mode US (0.702) (p = 0.014) and comparable to that of MRI (0.939) (p = 0.147). CONCLUSIONS: SWE allowed relatively accurate assessment for the presence of residual lesion after NAC and improved the diagnostic performance of B-mode US.

Correlation between (18)F-FDG uptake on PET/CT and prognostic factors in triple-negative breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a correlation exists between (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and prognostic factors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2013, 103 patients (mean age, 50.6 years) with primary TNBC (mean, 2.6 cm; range, 1.0-6.5 cm) underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT for initial staging. Correlations between maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on PET/CT and prognostic factors including tumour size, nodal status, histological grade, Ki-67 proliferation index, tumour suppressor p53, and 'basal-like' markers (epidermal growth factor receptor and CK 5/6) were assessed. RESULTS: The mean SUVmax of the 103 tumours was 10.94 ± 5.25 (range: 2-32.8). There was a positive correlation between SUVmax and Ki-67 (Spearman's rho = 0.29, P = 0.003) and tumour size (Spearman's rho = 0.27, P = 0.006), whereas this relationship was not observed in the nodal status, histological grade, p53 status and 'basal-like' phenotypes. In a multivariate regression analysis, Ki-67 (P < 0.001) and tumour size (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with SUVmax in TNBCs. CONCLUSIONS: Increased (18)F-FDG uptake on PET/CT was correlated with a high Ki-67 proliferation index and larger tumour size in TNBC. These results suggest a potential role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in identifying TNBC with more aggressive behaviour. KEY POINTS: • A wide range of FDG uptake reflected heterogeneity of cancer metabolism. • FDG uptake was correlated with the Ki-67 proliferation index in TNBC. • FDG uptake was correlated with tumour size in TNBC. • FDG uptake was not correlated with 'basal-like' phenotype.

Ultrasound elastography using carotid artery pulsation in the differential diagnosis of sonographically indeterminate thyroid nodules.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of gray-scale ultrasound and a new method of thyroid ultrasound elastography using carotid artery pulsation in the differential diagnosis of sonographically indeterminate thyroid nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 102 thyroid nodules with indeterminate gray-scale ultrasound features from 102 patients (20 males and 82 females; age range, 16-74 years; mean age, 51 years) were included. The gray-scale ultrasound images of each nodule were reviewed and assigned a score from 1 (low) to 5 (high) according to the possibility of malignancy. Ultrasound elastography was performed using carotid pulsation as the compression source. The elasticity contrast index (ECI), which quantifies local strain contrast within a nodule, was automatically calculated. The radiologist reassessed the scores after concurrently reviewing gray-scale ultrasound and elastography. ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performances of each dataset and to compare the AUC (Az) values of gray-scale ultrasound score alone, ECI alone, and a combined assessment. RESULTS. Significantly more malignant thyroid nodules were hypoechoic than benign nodules (p = 0.014). The ECI was significantly higher in malignant nodules than in benign thyroid nodules. The Az values of each dataset were 0.755 (95% CI, 0.660-0.835) for gray-scale ultrasound score, 0.835 (0.748-0.901) for ECI, and 0.853 (0.769-0.915) for a combined assessment. The Az value for a combined assessment of the gray-scale ultrasound score and the ECI was significantly higher than that for the gray-scale ultrasound score alone (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION. Combined assessment with gray-scale ultrasound and elastography using carotid artery pulsation is helpful for characterizing sonographically indeterminate thyroid nodules as benign or malignant.

Radiologist-performed hand-held ultrasound screening at average risk of breast cancer: results from a single health screening center.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound (US) screening is not currently recommended as a routine screening modality in the general population of average risk. The cancer detection yield and positive predictive value in an average risk general population who undergo breast screening by experienced radiologists is unclear. PURPOSE: To determine the performance of screening breast US in women at an average risk for breast cancer undergoing breast screening by experienced radiologists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study received institutional review board approval, and informed consent was waived. A retrospective review of our database revealed 1526 women who underwent prevalence screening US at a single health screening center and had negative findings on digital mammography (MG). The Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS) final assessments of the breast US were analyzed retrospectively, with the reference standard defined as a combination of pathology and a 12-month follow-up. The cancer detection rate and positive predictive value (PPV2) of the biopsies were calculated according to breast density. RESULTS: The average time to perform a screening US examination was 15-20 min. Of 1526 women, 1095 (71.8%) were classified as BI-RADS category 1 or 2; 340 (22.3%) were classified as category 3; and 91 (6.0%) were classified as category 4. Five malignant lesions were found in women with dense breasts. The overall cancer detection rate was 3.3, and the cancer detection rate for dense breasts was 5.1 per 1000 screens (4.1 per 1000 screens [heterogeneously dense breast], 7.7 per 1000 screens [extremely dense breast]). The PPV2 for biopsies was 5.3%. CONCLUSION: The radiologist-performed screening US offered to women with an average risk and dense breasts can detect additional mammographically occult breast cancers. In screening US, a relatively high rate of BI-RADS category 3 and 4 lesions was observed.

Combined Use of Ultrasound Elastography and B-Mode Sonography for Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Circumscribed Breast Masses.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of combined B-mode sonography and ultrasound elastography for differentiation between benign and malignant breast masses with circumscribed margins. METHODS: We analyzed 109 pathologically proven circumscribed breast masses. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed B-mode sonograms and elastograms in consensus. Based on the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, we determined categories of the masses on B-mode sonography. Elastographic scores were assessed by a 3-point scale (negative, 0; equivocal, 1; and positive, 2). When the elastographic score for a lesion was 0 or 2, we downgraded or upgraded the B-mode category, respectively; thus, the reclassified Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category was defined as the "reclassification category." Mean category values for benign and malignant lesions were compared by a Student t test. The diagnostic performance of B-mode, elastographic, and reclassification assessments was compared by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The mean B-mode category (2.5 versus 1.7), elastographic score (1.7 versus 0.8), and reclassification category (3.2 versus 1.6) were significantly higher in malignant than benign lesions (P < .001). The area under the curve for reclassification assessment was significantly higher than that for B-mode sonography (0.916 versus 0.795; P < .05). With a cutoff value between 1 and 2, the specificity was increased from 26.5% to 42.9% after reclassification. CONCLUSIONS: For differentiation between benign and malignant circumscribed breast masses, combined use of B-mode sonography and elastography could provide a better diagnostic performance than B-mode sonography alone.

Two-view versus single-view shear-wave elastography: comparison of observer performance in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses.

PURPOSE: To determine whether two-view shear-wave elastography (SWE) improves the performance of radiologists in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses compared with single-view SWE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted with institutional review board approval, and written informed consent was obtained. B-mode ultrasonographic (US) and orthogonal SWE images were obtained for 219 breast masses (136 benign and 83 malignant; mean size, 14.8 mm) in 219 consecutive women (mean age, 47.9 years; range, 20-78 years). Five blinded radiologists independently assessed the likelihood of malignancy for three data sets: B-mode US alone, B-mode US and single-view SWE, and B-mode US and two-view SWE. Interobserver agreement regarding Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of each data set were compared. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.560 ± 0.015 [standard error of the mean]) for BI-RADS category assessment with B-mode US alone. When SWE was added to B-mode US, five readers showed substantial interobserver agreement (κ = 0.629 ± 0.017 for single-view SWE; κ = 0.651 ± 0.014 for two-view SWE). The mean AUC of B-mode US was 0.870 (range, 0.855-0.884). The AUC of B-mode US and two-view SWE (average, 0.928; range, 0.904-0.941) was higher than that of B-mode US and single-view SWE (average, 0.900; range, 0.890-0.920), with statistically significant differences for three readers (P ≤ .003). CONCLUSION: The performance of radiologists in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses was improved when B-mode US was combined with two-view SWE compared with that when B-mode US was combined with single-view SWE.

Added value of shear-wave elastography for evaluation of breast masses detected with screening US imaging.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the additional value of shear-wave elastography (SWE) to B-mode ultrasonography (US) and to determine an appropriate guideline for the combined assessment of screening US-detected breast masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted with institutional review board approval, and written informed consent was obtained. From March 2010 to February 2012, B-mode US and SWE were performed in 159 US-detected breast masses before biopsy. For each lesion, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category on B-mode US images and the maximum stiffness color and elasticity values on SWE images were assessed. A guideline for adding SWE data to B-mode US was developed with the retrospective cohort to improve diagnostic performance in sensitivity and specificity and was validated in a distinct prospective cohort of 207 women prior to biopsy. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 159 masses in the development cohort and 12 of 207 breast masses in the validation cohort were malignant. In the development cohort, when BI-RADS category 4a masses showing a dark blue color or a maximum elasticity value of 30 kPa or less on SWE images were downgraded to category 3, specificity increased from 9.4% (13 of 138) to 59.4% (82 of 138) and 57.2% (79 of 138) (P < .001), respectively, without loss in sensitivity (100% [21 of 21]). In the validation cohort, specificity increased from 17.4% (34 of 195) to 62.1% (121 of 195) and 53.3% (104 of 195) (P < .001) respectively, without loss in sensitivity (91.7% [11 of 12]). CONCLUSION: The addition of SWE to B-mode US improved diagnostic performance with increased specificity for screening US-detected breast masses. BI-RADS category 4a masses detected at US screening that showed a dark blue color or a maximum elasticity value of 30 kPa or less on SWE images can be safely followed up instead of performing biopsy.

Breast cancer detected with screening US: reasons for nondetection at mammography.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively review the mammograms of women with breast cancers detected at screening ultrasonography (US) to determine the reasons for nondetection at mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study received institutional review board approval, and informed consent was waived. Between 2003 and 2011, a retrospective database review revealed 335 US-depicted cancers in 329 women (median age, 47 years; age range, 29-69 years) with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System breast density type 2-4. Five blinded radiologists independently reviewed the mammograms to determine whether the findings on negative mammograms should be recalled. Three unblinded radiologists re-reviewed the mammograms to determine the reasons for nondetection by using the reference location of the cancer on mammograms obtained after US-guided wire localization or breast magnetic resonance imaging. The number of cancers recalled by the blinded radiologists were compared with the reasons for nondetection determined by the unblinded radiologists. RESULTS: Of the 335 US-depicted cancers, 63 (19%) were recalled by three or more of the five blinded radiologists, and 272 (81%) showed no mammographic findings that required immediate action. In the unblinded repeat review, 263 (78%) cancers were obscured by overlapping dense breast tissue, and nine (3%) were not included at mammography owing to difficult anatomic location or poor positioning. Sixty-three (19%) cancers were considered interpretive errors. Of these, 52 (82%) were seen as subtle findings (46 asymmetries, six calcifications) and 11 (18%) were evident (six focal asymmetries, one distortion, four calcifications). CONCLUSION: Most breast cancers (81%) detected at screening US were not seen at mammography, even in retrospect. In addition, 19% had subtle or evident findings missed at mammography.

18F-FDG uptake in breast cancer correlates with immunohistochemically defined subtypes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a correlation exists between maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and the subtypes of breast cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 548 patients (mean age 51.6 years, range 21-81 years) with 552 index breast cancers (mean size 2.57 cm, range 1.0-14.5 cm). The correlation between (18)F-FDG uptake in PET/CT, expressed as SUVmax, and immunohistochemically defined subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive and triple negative) was analyzed. RESULTS: The mean SUVmax value of the 552 tumours was 6.07 ± 4.63 (range 0.9-32.8). The subtypes of the 552 tumours were 334 (60%) luminal A, 66 (12%) luminal B, 60 (11%) HER2 positive and 92 (17%) triple negative, for which the mean SUVmax values were 4.69 ± 3.45, 6.51 ± 4.18, 7.44 ± 4.73 and 9.83 ± 6.03, respectively. In a multivariate regression analysis, triple-negative and HER2-positive tumours had 1.67-fold (P < 0.001) and 1.27-fold (P = 0.009) higher SUVmax values, respectively, than luminal A tumours after adjustment for invasive tumour size, lymph node involvement status and histologic grade. CONCLUSION: FDG uptake was independently associated with subtypes of invasive breast cancer. Triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancers showed higher SUVmax values than luminal A tumours. KEY POINTS: • (18) F-FDG PET demonstrates increased tissue glucose metabolism, a hallmark of cancers. • Immunohistochemically defined subtypes appear significantly associated with FDG uptake (expressed as SUV max ). • Triple-negative tumours had 1.67-fold higher SUV max values than luminal A tumours. • HER2-positive tumours had 1.27-fold higher SUV max values than luminal A tumours.

Ultrasonographic assessment of breast density.

Ultrasonographic (US) assessment of breast density has the potential to provide a nonionizing method. This study was to prospectively evaluate intermodality and interobserver agreements for assessment of breast density between US and mammography. Institutional review board approval was obtained. Forty-one women (mean 52.1 years; range 25-72 years) with variable breast density consented to participate. Eight radiologists blinded to mammographic information performed breast US for all participants and assessed each breast density using four categories based on the proportion of the breast occupied by the fibroglandular tissue. All participants underwent full-field digital mammography and mammographic density was independently assessed by eight radiologists 2 weeks after US using the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4-category system. Intermodality agreements between US and mammographic assessments and interobserver agreements among radiologists were assessed using kappa statistics (к) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). There was substantial intermodality agreement between the US and mammographic assessments of breast density (к = 0.65 and ICC = 0.80), and 68 % (222/328) of the assessments had exact agreement. When categories were dichotomized into fatty (categories 1 and 2) and dense (categories 3 and 4), 86 % (282/328) of the assessments had exact agreement (к = 0.71). The interobserver agreement for the US assessments of breast density was substantial (average к = 0.63, ICC = 0.82) and not significantly different from that for the mammographic assessments (average к = 0.74, ICC = 0.85) (P = 0.701). US and mammography demonstrated substantial intermodality and interobserver agreement for assessment of breast density.

Unilateral breast cancer: screening of contralateral breast by using preoperative MR imaging reduces incidence of metachronous cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of a single magnetic resonance (MR) imaging screening examination of the contralateral breast at preoperative evaluation in women with unilateral breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this study and waived informed consent. Among women with unilateral breast cancer who underwent curative surgery from 2004 to 2008, 1323 women (mean age, 46.8 years; range, 18-81 years) underwent mammography and ultrasonography (US) alone (comparison group) between January 2004 and December 2006; 1771 consecutive women (mean age, 48.2 years; range, 22-85 years) underwent mammography, US, and MR imaging (contralateral MR imaging-screened group) between January 2007 and December 2008. The incidence of synchronous cancer and the incidence of metachronous cancer in the contralateral breast were compared between groups. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed. Median follow-up was 56 months (range, 13-94 months). RESULTS: Twenty-five synchronous contralateral cancers (13 invasive cancers, 12 ductal carcinomas in situ; mean invasive size, 14 mm [range, 1-35 mm]; 92% [12 of 13] of invasive tumors were node negative) were additionally detected with MR imaging in the MR imaging-screened group. The cumulative incidence of contralateral breast cancer at 45 months was 0.5% (nine of 1771) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23%, 0.96%) for the MR imaging-screened group and 1.4% (18 of 1323) (95% CI: 0.81%, 2.14%) for the comparison group (P = .02). Contralateral MR imaging screening (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.92; P = .03) and estrogen receptor negativity (hazard ratio, 3.98; 95% CI: 1.60, 9.92; P = .003) were associated with risk of contralateral cancer diagnosis in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: A single MR imaging screening examination of the contralateral breast in women with unilateral breast cancer increased synchronous cancer detection and was associated with decreased diagnosis of metachronous contralateral cancer within 45 months.

Stiffness of tumours measured by shear-wave elastography correlated with subtypes of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between stiffness values obtained by shear-wave elastography (SWE) and breast cancer subtypes. METHODS: This was an institutional review board-approved retrospective study with a waiver of informed consent. The stiffness of 337 invasive breast cancers in 337 women was evaluated by SWE and mean stiffness values (kPa) and qualitative colour scores (1-5) of tumours were obtained. The results were analysed according to BI-RADS category, tumour size, grade and tumour subtype (triple-negative [TN], human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-positive, and oestrogen receptor [ER]-positive) using a multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean stiffness values and colour scores were: 146.8 kPa ± 57.0 and 4.1 ± 1.1; 165.8 kPa ± 48.5 and 4.6 ± 0.7 for TN tumours (n = 64), 160.3 kPa ± 56.2 and 4.3 ± 1.0 for HER2-positive tumours (n = 55) and 136.9 kPa ± 57.2 and 4.0 ± 1.1 for ER-positive tumours (n = 218; P < 0.0001). All three breast cancers classified as BI-RADS category 3 on B-mode ultrasound were TN subtype. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that tumour size, histological grade and tumour subtype were independent factors that influenced the stiffness values. CONCLUSION: High stiffness values correlated with aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. KEY POINTS: • Shear-wave elastography is increasingly used to measure the stiffness of breast tumours. • Triple-negative and HER2-positive tumours showed greater stiffness than ER-positive tumours. • All breast cancers classified as BI-RADS 3 on B-mode ultrasound were triple-negative subtype. • Tumour size, histological grade and subtype were independent factors influencing SWE stiffness.