Development of stigma scale for women with mental illness in perinatal period, validity and reliability study.

AIM: Although there are many scales that measure stigma, there is no scale with the necessary adequacy to measure stigma in the perinatal period. The study aims to develop the stigma scale for women with mental illness in the perinatal period and test its validity and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were reached via patients, visitors, and hospital staff who applied to Sakarya Training and Research Hospital between 01/06/2022 and 01/12/2022. Two hundred people (female n = 134, male n = 66) aged 18-65 participated in the study and "Sociodemographic data form," "Perinatal Mental Illness Stigma Scale (PMISS)," "Social Distance Scale," and "Beliefs Towards Mental Illness Scale" were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and the AMOS 26 program. RESULTS: The Content Validity Index of the scale items was between 0.80-1. Cronbach's alpha coefficient score of the general scale was 0.94, the "Discrimination and Prejudice" sub-dimension was 0.93, and the "Labeling" sub-dimension was 0.88. It was determined that item-total score correlations varied between 0.410 and 0.799. P value calculated < 0.05 in Barlett's test and 0.94 in the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin test. These values show that factor analysis can be applied to the scale. According to the Exploratory Factor Analysis result, the scale has a 2-factor structure, explaining 60% of the total variance. The Guttman Split-Half coefficient of the scale was 0.882, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.883. The scale was reapplied to 30 participants with an interval of three weeks. The correlation coefficient between the two measurements was 0.91, indicating that the scale satisfies the invariance principle over time. CONCLUSION: The PMISS is a reliable measurement tool that can be used to investigate stigma towards mental illness during the perinatal period in the Turkish population.

Development of a mobile monitoring program for anxiety and depression in pregnancy and evaluation of 3-month results.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to develop a mobile mental health application (app) to scan the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and related factors during pregnancy; examine the effect of the app on pregnant women; and determine the factors related to using such an app. METHODS: A software platform called Perinatal Anxiety Depression Monitoring Platform (PADIP) was developed. This study included 320 pregnant women: 160 in the PADIP group and 160 in the control group. The PADIP group was screened monthly for 3 months for depression, anxiety, and sleep quality, and instant feedback was provided on scale scores. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, there was a significant decrease in depression and anxiety scale scores in the PADIP group but no significant difference in scale scores in the control group. The interface used for the app was important for scale scores. It was preferred by pregnant women with a high education level, higher Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale scores, and lower sleep quality scores. CONCLUSIONS: PADIP use was associated with a decrease in depression and anxiety scores of pregnant women. It was more useful for patients with higher education levels and a history of a psychiatric disorder, but further research is needed to develop a more comprehensive model.

Comparison of commercial allergen extract with various milk products of skin prick tests in diagnosing cow's milk protein allergy.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to solve the incompatibilities between the skin prick test (SPT) result and the clinical picture encountered among patients. Thus, we used various milk products (raw, ultrahigh temperature [UHT], and pasteurized cow's milk) with commercial milk allergen extract in patients we think may have cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and made a comparison among the milk types. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively between February 1, 2019, to June 1, 2019, at a pediatric allergy polyclinic of the university training/research hospital. A pair of 79 individuals, as control and patient groups, ages between 1 month and 21 years who were presented with a suspicion of CMPA and defined with SPT and/or allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were included in the study. Allergen-specific IgE tests (specific IgE cow's milk, ß-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, casein) were evaluated. SPT was performed with fresh/raw, UHT, and pasteurized (daily) cow's milk besides the standard used commercial extract. Results: In the group included in the study and defined as IgE-mediated CMPA, 52.9% of the 79 patients were boys (n = 46), 47.1% were girls (n = 33), and the median age was 6 months (5.0-8.0 months). In the group of specific IgE cow's milk reaction that was sought, frequency and wheal (induration) size of SPT reaction to fresh/raw milk was also found to be statistically significant between positive- and negative-reaction groups, not detected against other milk products. The area under the curve for the diagnostic value of fresh milk was 93.1%. For the cutoff value of 2.50 mm, 88.1% sensitivity and 90.8% specificity were determined. In the group of specific IgE ß-lactoglobulin reaction searched, there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of SPT positivity and wheal size against UHT, fresh, and daily/pasteurized milk between positive and negative reaction groups. When the correlations of the mean induration axis in the tests were examined, it was found that, among raw milk, daily milk, cow's milk allergen extract, and UHT milk, a strong positive correlation was also statistically significant. Conclusion: The positivity that could not be detected with SPT when using allergen extract in a patient with positive specific IgE cow's milk result in the clinic can be detected with SPT made with fresh (raw) milk, which can be an alternative. In addition, specific IgE ß-lactoglobulin seems to be the most compatible with the SPT wheal size (induration) of other milk types rather than extract. Comparative studies of SPT allergen extracts and various milk types used in the diagnosis of CMPA are very scarce in the literature, and more studies are needed on this subject.

Development, validity and reliability study of a compliance scale for the COVID-19 outbreak prevention recommendations

Background/aim: During the intense periods of the COVID-19 pandemic, legal measures were taken for its containment. However, since legal precautions cannot be implemented continuously, hand washing, mask usage and obeying social distance rules are important in combating the pandemic. Complying with these rules is mostly individual decisions. The behavior of individuals has a prominent place in the course of the pandemic. In this study, we aimed to develop a scale which could measure compliance with outbreak measures. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in two stages after evaluation of the content validity of the item pool formed by the research group by experts. For construct validity, the scale subdimensions were determined in 250 people between the ages of 18-70 years at the first stage and the definitive version of the 20-item scale was constructed. In the second stage, exploratory factor analysis was repeated in a group of 484 people, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Spearman-Brown coefficients, test-retest methods were used to determine reliability. Results: The variance explanation of the scale consisting of 20 items and two subdimensions in the explanatory factor analysis is 63.434% (n = 484). Confirmatory factor analysis resulted in CMIN/DF = 3.540, RMR = 0.043, NFI Delta 1 = 0.928, TLI rho 2 = 0.939, CFI = 0.947, RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.0368. Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is 0.95; and the Spearman Brown coefficient equal length analysis resulted in 0.928. The temporal consistency of the scale was evaluated with the test-retest method (P = 0.893). The structure, content validity, temporal consistency, item discrimination, and internal consistency were evaluated and found to have acceptable valid, reliable properties. Conclusion: The outbreak prevention recommendation compliance scale is a valid and reliable tool with which compliance with the prevention plans can be evaluated.

Effect of Centrifuge Temperature on Routine Coagulation Tests.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of cooled and standard centrifuges on the results of coagulation tests to examine the effects of centrifugation temperature. METHODS: Equal-volume blood samples from each patient were collected at the same time intervals and subjected to standard (25°C) and cooled centrifugation (2-4°C). Subsequently, the prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, and D-dimer values were determined in runs with the same lot numbers in the same coagulation device using the Dia-PT R (PT and INR), Dia-PTT-liquid (aPTT), Dia-FIB (fibrinogen), and Dia-D-dimer kits, respectively. RESULTS: The study enrolled 771 participants. The PT was significantly (p < 0.018) higher in participants on anticoagulant therapy. The respective median values of the test parameters determined using the standard and cooled centrifuges were as follows: PT 10.30 versus 10.50 s; PT (INR) 1.04 versus 1.09 s; APTT 28.90 versus 29.40 s; fibrinogen 321.5 versus 322.1 mg/dL; and D-dimer 179.5 versus 168.7 µg FEU/mL. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in the parameters between the values obtained with the standard and cooled centrifuges. CONCLUSIONS: Centrifuge temperature can have a significant effect on the results of coagulation tests. However, broad and specific disease-based studies are needed.

Measurement invariance of the satisfaction with leisure satisfaction scale by gender, marital status, and age.

BACKGROUND: Leisure satisfaction is the degree of positive perception and emotions that an individual acquires as a result of participating in leisure time activities, and it has an important function in maintaining and increasing leisure time participation. Some studies on leisure satisfaction address the comparisons between groups. These studies are based on the premise that the measurement tool used to reveal the between-group differences measures the same feature in subgroups. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated whether the differences between the groups were due to the measurement tool by examining the psychometric properties of the leisure satisfaction scale. METHODS: The study sample comprised 2344 exercising individuals, including 1228 (52.3%) women and 1116 (47.6%) men. The structural invariance of the leisure satisfaction scale, developed by Beard and Ragheb (Journal of Leisure Research 12:20-33, 1980) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçe and Orhan (Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 22:139-145, 2011), was tested through multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that the structural and metric invariance conditions were fulfilled across gender, marital status, and age in all subscales of the leisure satisfaction scale. Scalar invariance was obtained in educational and social satisfaction subscales across gender and in physical satisfaction subscale across marital status. CONCLUSION: The study provides evidence for the future comparisons according to these three variables, indicating that the differences obtained will result from the real differences between groups rather than the measurement tool properties.

Phenolic Compound Profiles, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Potentials and Molecular Docking Studies of Astragalus gymnolobus Methanolic Extracts.

Since Astragalus is a genus with many important medicinal plant species, the present work aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and some biological activities of Astragalus gymnolobus. The methanolic fractions of four organs (stems, flowers, leaves, root and whole plant) were quantified and identified by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Hesperidin, hyperoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid were identified as main compounds among the extracts. Among all cells, leaf methanol (Lm) extract had the highest cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells (IC50 = 0.069 µg/mL). Hesperidin, the most abundant compound in A. gymnolobus extract, was found to show a strong negative correlation with the cytotoxic effect observed in HeLa cells according to Pearson correlation test results and to have the best binding affinity to targeted proteins by docking studies. The antimicrobial activity results indicated that the most susceptible bacterium against all extracts was identified as Streptococcus pyogenes with 9-11 mm inhibition zone and 8192 mg/mL MIC value. As a result of the research, it was suggested that A. gymnolobus could be considered as a promising source that contributes to the fight against cancer.

Bibliometric Analysis of Published Original Research Articles on Leisure Constraints between 1991 and 2019.

Background: The decrease in the frequency and duration of participation in leisure activities has negative effects on the physical, cognitive and psychological health of individuals. In this context, identifying the obstacles, which prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities, may offer important clues to institutions and organizations in taking measures to increase participation. Methods: The bibliometric analysis method was used in this study. The research was carried out with 306 articles scanned from the Web of Science (WoS) core database between 1991 and 2019. Results: Studies conducted in leisure area increased systematically according to 5-year periods and mostly authors from USA, Australia and Canada produced them. The mainstream subjects, which attracted the attention of researchers during recent years, are detected to be self-efficacy, segmentation, mental health and fear related to intrapersonal constraint topics. Conclusion: In order to cope with physical and mental health problems resulting from aging of the world population, and technological developments, and negative effects generated by inactive modern life style, priority should be given to studies on leisure constraints to be conducted on a more comprehensive basis. Another suggestion is to encourage health policies and applications which can increase participation in leisure activities.

Quercetin: Synergistic Interaction with Antibiotics against Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Infections caused by resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii are now a global problem that requires the immediate development of new antimicrobial drugs. Combination therapy is one of the strategies used to solve this problem. Based on this information, the purpose of this study was to determine whether quercetin (QUE), in combination with three antibiotics, is effective against colistin-resistant A. baumannii strains (ColR-Ab). The effects of the combination of QUE with colistin (COL), amikacin (AMK), and meropenem (MEM) were evaluated according to the checkerboard synergy test. The combinations of QUE + COL and QUE + AMK showed synergistic activity on ColR-Ab strains with FICI values in the range of 0.1875-0.5 and 0.1875-0.2825, respectively. A 4- to 16-fold decrease in COL MIC and a 16- to 64-fold decrease in AMK MIC values were detected. Synergistic activity was confirmed by the time-kill test, and these combinations were found to be bactericidal at the end of 24 h. According to spectrophotometric measurements, the combinations of QUE + COL and QUE + AMK induced membrane damage, leading to the leakage of nucleic acids. Cell lysis and cell death were confirmed with SEM observations. The detected synergy offers an opportunity for the future development of treatment strategies for potential infections caused by ColR-Ab strains.

Global trends and future prospects of COVID-19 and physical activity: Bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Containment measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to drastic changes in daily life and effects on health behaviors such as decrease in physical activity (PA) levels. This study aims to present a general framework to researchers on COVID-19 and PA research in relation with changes in studies within years, current trend topics, gaps in the research field and possible future trends. METHODS: A total of 1819 articles indexed in the WoS core collection database were analyzed according to publication year, citation, country and institution collaborations, coword, co-citation networks, concept-topic trends and topic clusters using bibliometric analysis. RESULTS: The most productive country was the USA(n = 335), and the most productive institution was University of London in UK (n = 38). The most cited publication was the study by Ammar et al, (2020) (n = 188). In 2020, the most popular topics were PA and health meanwhile in 2021 behavior, lifestyle, social media and in 2022 habits, long COVID, sleep quality topics were in the foreground. Studies in 2023 focus on how COVID-19 affects PA habits and the associations between COVID-19-based anxiety and sleep patterns. These studies focused especially on effects of sport participation on life quality, diet, depression, mental health on young athletes, children, adolescent persons, older adult groups. CONCLUSIONS: An important gap in the study area is research on effect of changing lifestyle due to pandemic on individuals and the society during the Post COVID-19 period. If benefits of PA will not be limited to only physical benefits and psychological emotional, cognitive and social benefits are also taken into consideration, it is important that researchers conduct long-term and widescale observations.

Does Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Levels Determine the Prognosis of Covid-19 Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients?

BACKGROUND: In the normal population, a high monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) level is an important biomarker for the progression of COVID-19. This study investigated whether MCP-1 level can determine the disease prognosis in kidney transplant (KT) patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A total of 89 patients, including 49 KT patients (group 1) diagnosed with COVID-19 who required hospitalization, and 40 KT patients who did not have COVID-19 disease (group 2), were included. Demographic characteristics and laboratory results of the patients were recorded. The serum reserved for MCP-1 was stored at -80°C and studied blindly by a single microbiologist at the end of the study. RESULTS: While the mean age of the patients was 51.0 years (40.0-59.50) in group 1, it was 48.0 years (40.75-54.75) in group 2 (P > .05). In terms of the female sex, it was 36 (73.5%) and 27 (67.5%) in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P > .05). Similarly, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding primary disease and basal graft function (P > .05). There was a statistically significant difference in inflammation indicators in group 1 compared with group 2 (P < .05). A correlation was found between inflammation indicators and COVID-19 (P < .05). However, no significant correlation was detected between COVID-19 disease and MCP-1 levels in both groups (P > .05). Also, according to basal MCP-1 levels, we did not find a significant difference between survival and nonsurvival patients (164.0 pg/mL [146.0-202.0] vs 156.0 pg/mL [143.0-173.0], respectively (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Monocyte chemoattractant protein, an indicator of inflammation, was not found to predict the prognosis of COVID-19 disease in kidney recipients.

Extraction of the essential oil from endemic Origanum bilgeri P.H.Davis with two different methods: comparison of the oil composition and antibacterial activity.

The antibacterial activity and chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from Origanum bilgeri P.H.Davis by two different extraction methods, i.e., hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), were examined. This endemic Origanum species had shown very good antibacterial activity. The composition of the O. bilgeri EOs obtained by SFME and HD was investigated by GC/MS analysis. The main components of the oils obtained by both methods were carvacrol (90.20-84.30%), p-cymene (3.40-5.85%), γ-terpinene (0.47-1.20%), and thymol (0.69-1.08%). The EO isolation by SFME offered many important advantages, including a higher extraction yield, a shorter extraction time, and a higher content of the active component carvacrol. The carvacrol-rich oils obtained by both HD and SFME showed a good antibacterial activity. The largest inhibition zones were observed for the O. bilgeri EO obtained by SFME. Our study suggests that O. bilgeri EO has the potential to be used as preventative against bacterial contamination in many foods, instead of the common synthetic antimicrobial products.

In vitro activity of carvacrol in combination with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Carbapenem resistance observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains limits treatment options. Therefore, use of antibiotics combined with bioactive compounds may be an important strategy to control K. pneumoniae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of combination of carvacrol and meropenem on carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) strains. The presence of blaOXA-48 carbapenemase in all 25 CRKP strains was identified using the PCR technique. The combination of carvacrol and meropenem was tested for antimicrobial activity on CRKP strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol and meropenem were detected within a range of 32-128 µg/mL using the broth microdilution method. Synergy between carvacrol and meropenem was observed on 8 of the 25 CRKP strains by checkerboard assay (FICI = 0.5) and confirmed by time-kill assay. According to the live-dead test results, the viability percentage of the cells exposed to synergistic combination was 35.47% at the end of 24 h. The membrane damage caused by the synergistic combination was spectrophotometrically measured (A = 0.21) and further confirmed by SEM analysis. According to the MTT assay, both carvacrol and meropenem did not show any statistically significant cytotoxic effect on Vero cells (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that carvacrol and meropenem can act synergistically to inhibit the growth of CRKP.

The role of hematological parameters in distinguishing acute appendicitis from lymphoid hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: One of the most misdiagnosed appendicular pathologies is lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) that can be managed con-servatively when identified early and is self-limiting. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare acute appendicitis (AA) with LH in terms of hematological parameters to determine whether there is a hematological predictor to distinguish the two diseases. METHODS: Complete blood cell counts of patients with AA were compared with those having LH. RESULTS: One-hundred-ninety-five patients (118 male/77 female) underwent appendectomy. Histopathological examination re-vealed acute AA in 161 patients (82.6%), and negative appendectomy (NA) in 19 patients (9.7%). Of the NA specimens, 16 were LH (8.2%). Thirteen patients (6.7%) had AA with simultaneous LH. White blood cell count (p=0.030, neutrophil (p=0.009), neutrophil per-centage (p=0.009), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p=0.007) were significantly higher in AA whereas lymphocyte count (p=0.027), lymphocyte percentage (p=0.006) were significantly higher in LH. Multi logistic regression analysis revealed white blood cell count as the only independent predictor in distinguishing AA from LH with a 69.1% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, 77.5% positive predictive value, and 72.1% negative predictive value. The cut-off value for white blood cell count was 11.3 Ku/L, and every one unit (1000/mm3) increase in white blood cell count raises the risk of AA by 1.24 times, while values below this value will increase the likelihood of LH. CONCLUSION: The most predictive complete blood count parameter in distinguishing LH from AA appears to be as white blood cell count.

Evaluation of antivaccination movement in Turkey: qualitative reports of family physicians.

Background: In Turkey, childhood vaccination rates are decreasing in the context of increasingly visible antivaccination movements. Aims: To evaluate the antivaccination movement based on communication experiences between family physicians and antivaccine parents in Turkey. Methods: We conducted 39 face-to-face in-depth interviews with family physicians in Sakarya Province who had experiences of communicating with antivaccine parents during October-December 2019. With the permission of the participants, audio recording was obtained in all interviews except one; these were transcribed verbatim and checked. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Results: The most common concern about vaccination was the possible side-effects, followed by the origin of the vaccines, religious concerns and distrust of vaccines. The physicians said they assumed an inquisitive, informative and anxiety-relieving attitude towards antivaccine parents.They said they were able to persuade most parents to vaccinate their children and that highly educated parents or those whose attitudes and behaviours were strongly influenced by their religious leaders were the hardest to convince. Physicians emphasized the importance of trust in increasing vaccine acceptance and noted the need to educate religious leaders and families to introduce mandatory vaccination policies. Conclusion: Parents had various reasons for refusing childhood vaccinations, however, the family physicians used persuasive methods to convince them to accept the vaccinations. Strengthening the communication and persuasive skills of health care professionals regarding vaccination may help increase acceptance of childhood vaccinations.

Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale: Measurement Invariance over Gender.

Background: Research handling structural differences among groups presume that the measurement tool works similarly among the groups and the results of measurements provide similar psychometric properties. Therefore, the aim of the study is to provide evidence for measurement invariance of the construct validity Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS). Methods: The research sample consisted of a total of 1984 adults who exercise, including 864 women and 1120 men during 2021-2022 in Antalya City, Turkey. The MI of the PHORS was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, which test the invariance of the covariance structures within the scope of structural equation modelling. Invariance tests were gradually conducted for the implicit variables in the model, CFI (comparative fit index criteria) and AIC (Akaike information criterion) were inquired between structural invariance, where no restriction was applied on the analyses and the other invariance tests (metric invariance, scalar invariance and string invariance respectively) where more restraints are applied. Results: The study yielded evidence showing that the measurement model defined for the factor structure of the scale provided measurement invariance by gender. ΔCFI values were ≤0.010 in all subscales for metric and scalar invariance. Conclusion: The items of PHORS represented the same psychological structure, different groups responded to the items in the same way, the constant values in regression equations generated for the items in regression equations were equal/invariable between the groups.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis essential oil obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction: comparison with hydrodistillation.

The components of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and hydrodistillation (HD) from endemic Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis were identified by using GC/MS. The main constituents of both EOs obtained by SFME and HD, respectively, from O. saccatum were p-cymene (72.5 and 70.6%), thymol (9.32 and 8.11%), and carvacrol (7.18 and 6.36%). The EO obtained by SFME contained substantially higher amounts of oxygenated compounds and lower amounts of monoterpenes than did the EO obtained by HD. The antibacterial activities of the EOs obtained by SFME and HD were evaluated with the disc diffusion method by comparison with 10 different bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of the EO extracted by SFME was found to be more effective than that of the EO extracted by HD against seven of the tested bacteria.

Does pterygium morphology affect corneal astigmatism?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between corneal astigmatism and the morphology of pterygium with anterior segment optic coherence tomography (AS-OCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The size of pterygium (horizontal length, vertical width) was measured manually; pterygium area and percentage extension of the pterygium onto the cornea were calculated. Anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, Sim K, K1, K2 were measured using a dual Scheimpflug analyzer. Morphological patterns of the pterygium analyzed with AS-OCT were determined according to the extension of the pterygium apex below the corneal epithelium. Two tomographic patterns were identified: continuous and nodular. Correlation between anterior corneal astigmatism and pterygium size, percentage extension of the pterygium, and morphological pattern of the pterygium was analyzed. RESULTS: The mean ages of the 47 patients were 49.4 ± 16.6 (22-80) years. Mean horizontal pterygium length, vertical width, pterygium area, and percentage extension of the pterygium were 2.8 ± 1.2 mm, 4.8 ± 1.6 mm, 7.42 ± 5.6 mm2 and 24.5 ± 10.4%, respectively. Mean anterior corneal astigmatism was 2.3 ± 2.3 D and simulated keratometry was 43.4 ± 2.02 D. In terms of the morphological pattern of the pterygium, 24 eyes had continuous, 23 eyes had a nodular pattern and the median (interquartile range) anterior corneal astigmatism was 1.87 (1.01-3.80) and 1.22 D (0.58-2.35), respectively (p = 0.102). Other topographic and pterygium size parameters were similar between groups. Analyzing the correlations in groups separately, a positive moderate statistically significant correlation was present between vertical width, percentage extension, pterygium area, and anterior corneal astigmatism in both continuous and nodular groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although not statistically significant, anterior corneal astigmatism was higher in continuous group. Using AS-OCT to standardize the morphology of pterygium could provide additional clinical information.

Outbreak anxiety scale: Development, validity, and reliability.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemic and pandemic outbreak periods are as stressful for psychiatric symptoms as well as the physical symptoms of the epidemic disease and can trigger and aggravate psychiatric symptoms, especially anxiety. There is no scale specific to the outbreak period and which can be used in other outbreaks. In this study, it was planned to develop a scale to evaluate the anxiety associated with epidemic disease, especially during the epidemic period. METHODS: In this study, a Likert type scale with 15 items was developed by our research team to evaluate outbreak disease anxiety, and the scale form created was transferred to online use and the reliability of validity was evaluated by obtaining the results of 311 participants in the online environment. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with Cronbach's Alpha coefficients. Split-half reliability was estimated using Spearman-Brown coefficients unequel length. Explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS, correlation analysis, and construct validity analysis (convergent validity and discriminant validity) were conducted. Beck Anxiety Inventory and Health Anxiety Inventory was used to evaluate concurrent and discriminant validity. RESULTS: The Cronbach Alpha coefficient calculated for the evaluation of the internal consistency (homogeneity) of the outbreak anxiety scale was determined as 0.94 and this value shows that the scale has high reliability. With the results of this study, the scale's content validity and construct validity, discrimination, and criterion validity were evaluated and it was shown to have acceptable valid features in all. CONCLUSION: Outbreak anxiety scale is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate anxiety related with outbreak of epidemic and pandemic disease.

The efficiency of a mixed exercise program on quality of life and fatigue levels in patients with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Exercise is a nonpharmacological supportive therapy which has been specifically identified to reduce postoperative complications or adverse events of cancer or treatments. Although there are few studies combining resistance and aerobic exercise in cancer survivors, exercise programs are very rare in different places in the literature. This study aims to investigate the effects of mixed-type exercise in different venues on weight, body mass index, fatigue, and quality of life in cancer survivors. METHODS: This is a descriptive, intervention study. Participants were included in the study, and the exercise process was between January and November 2019. The exercise group consisted of 32 patients who had just completed their breast cancer treatment and did not have distant metastases, and they applied a mixed exercise program including resistance at home and aerobic exercise in the fitness center for 12 weeks. The patients with breast cancer in the control group (30 patients) did not receive any exercise program. RESULTS: Subjective feelings of fatigue and decrease in concentration, motivation, and physical activity significantly decreased after exercise (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006, p=0.008, and p<0.001, respectively) in the study group. The results also showed that physical health, general health status, and emotional and social health status significantly increased with the exercise program (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.004, and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results show that a mixed (fitness center and home) 12-week exercise program provides an improvement in general health and reduces the side effects of the treatments and fatigue in patients with breast cancer. For a good prognostic process after medical treatment, exercise can be recommended in every accessible area.