[The stability of cell composition of fetus blood in norm and under hypoferric anemia].

The article deals with indicators of cell composition of umbilical blood (fetus blood) in case of normal pregnancy (n = 38) and hypoferric anemia of light degree (n = 14)10 the hematologic analyzer of medium class was applied. The parameters of erythrocytes of fetus blood in case of hypoferric anemia of light degree were sufficiently stable and had no differences with normal values both in mean values and variability. The variety of adaptive index of fetus blood (Garkavi index) was significantly higher in case of hypoferric anemia as compared with normal values. This occurrence testifies higher stability of indicators of adaptation in case of moderate ferric deficiency. The study results testify the informativity of applied approach related to assessment of stability of cell composition of fetus blood.

[New capabilities for diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia by computer morphometry of reticulocytes].

With the advent of new cytological techniques, such as computer morphometry, the problems in the study of the structure of reticulocytes that characterize insignificant changes in the parameters of erythroid population functioning in the bone marrow in response to altered hemoglobin synthesis in patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) become topical. The changes in peripheral blood reticulocytes in IDA determine those in red blood cells and may be a reliable differential diagnostic tool to identify IDA.

[Current methods for preparing samples on working with hematology analyzers].

The paper raises a problem of preparing samples in hematology. It considers whether the preanalytical stage is of importance in hematological studies. The use of disposal vacuum blood collection systems is shown to solve the problem in the standardization of a blood sampling procedure. The benefits of the use of close tube hematology analyzers are also considered.

[Characteristics of anemia in patients with oncogynecological pathology].

The aim of the study was to elucidate complex changes in Hgb, erythrocyte count, ESR, and MCH in patients with oncogynecological problems depending on the affected organ and stage of the disease. A total of 340 women were examined in the oncogynecological department of No 40 city hospital, Moscow, from 2005 to 2008. The group included 132 patients with gynecological, 177 with oncogynecological and 31 with oncologycal diseases. A common coefficient was derived to characterize functional activity of erythrocytes The notion of intoxication effect coefficient (IC) is introduced and substantiated. Erythrocyte IC is shown to be useful for the comparison of groups with gynecological and oncogynecological problems. It decreases in patients with a tumorigenic process depending on its phase.

[A new approach to studying anemia in patients with gynecological diseases and gynecological neoplasms].

The authors have used a coefficient that characterizes the functional activity of red blood cells. Evidence is provided for the significance of the coefficient, by comparing the groups of gynecological and gynecological cancer patients.

[Examining the relationship between the electrophoretic mobility of peripheral red blood cells and their sedimentation rate in patients with hemophilia].

The correlation between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of red blood cells in patients with hemophilia was studied due to the data available in the literature, showing an inverse relation. Anticoagulant-stabilized venous blood was a material to be tested. Patients with severe hemophilia A or B (factor VIII/IX < 1%; the normal values were 50-200%) were examined. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those with an exacerbation of hemorrhagic syndrome and 2) those without an exacerbation. The patients with hemophilia with an exacerbation of the hemorrhagic syndrome showed a certain correlation between ESR and EPM, yielding two type of curves, which corresponded to two subgroups of patients. There was no correlation between EPM and ESR in the no-exacerbation group.

[Determination of the electrophoretic mobility of peripheral red blood cells from healthy individuals, by using ethylene-2-amine-4-chloroacetic acid as a preservative].

It is now known that the electric charge of a surface cellular membrane is a rather characteristic value for each type of a cell. Cellular electrophoresis may be used to study the electrokinetic properties of red blood cells in each specific case, thereby obtaining indirect information on the state of a surface membrane as the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) rate is directly proportional to the value of a cellular electric charge. The study was undertaken to compare the EPM rates of peripheral red blood cells from donors, by employing two different preservatives: EDTCHA and sodium citrate. No statistically significant differences were found in the groups under study and these parameters were comparable.

[Some aspects of human mineral metabolic disturbances in viral hepatitis of various genesis].

A new prognostic criterion was developed to evaluate the severity of different forms of viral hepatitis, by studying zinc metabolism. In patients with viral hepatitis, zinc metabolic disturbances were ascertained to occur concurrently with pigment, protein, and carbohydrate metabolic disturbances, an increase in the activity of some serum enzymes (glutamine alkaline transferase, glutamine pyruvate transferase, alanine aminotransferase), and a reduction in hepatic antitoxic function. The indicator of normalization of zinc metabolism may be an additional prognostic criterion for evaluating the full recovery of a patient. The studied criterion enables the chronic pattern of viral hepatitis to be predicted in convalescents after their discharge from hospital.

[Principles and potentialities of the standardization of morphocytochemical diagnosis of acute leukemias].

Under the present conditions, the competitive capacity of a health care facility is provided by the high level and timeliness of diagnosis of disease. The diagnosis of the types of acute leukemia (AL) may be accomplished immunologically, by using a 33-marker panel and without consideration of the morphocytochemical parameters of blast cells. But such an approach complicates and prolongs the examination of patients with AL. Moreover, morphocytochemical data more exactly define the stages of blast cell differentiation than does the immunological phenotype. Their preparation methods are simple and cost-effective. Only M0, M6, and M7 forms of leukemia require compulsory blast cell phenotyping, particularly in the differential diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Search for new markers of leukemia cells, including lesions at the chromosomal or molecular levels, is under way. Some of them are only of theoretical value while other markers have been already used by hematologists to diagnose leukemia. Standardization in this essence is the self-assessment of a facility and reference comparison, which are based on the principles of its orientation to the patient, the adjusted system for controlling the quality of health care that is up to the world standards rather than the compliance with the state-regulated standard. The present paper discusses the ways of establishing the uniform rates and requirements for the morphocytochemical diagnosis of acute leukemias.

[Morphobiochemical assay of the red blood system in members of the prime crews of the International Space Station].

According to the experiment Hematology protocol, blood samples from the Russian members of ISS prime crews 1 to 5 were gathered on L-30 and R+0, 7, 15 to study metabolic parameters (ATP, reduced glutathione, LHG and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities). Lipid spectrum of membrane erythrocytes was determined in frozen erythrocyte mass; iron turnover and erythropoietin were investigated in frozen serum. Ratios of different erythrocyte forms were established in 32 microl of fixated whole blood using scanning electron microscopy. On R+0, the morpho-biochemical parameters of red blood appear to still carry the imprints of space effects and, to an extent, certain difference in the setting of blood sampling from the Mir crew on landing in the space "shuttle" vehicle. Low level of iron and significantly increased erythropoietin on R+0 are the testimony of intensive hemoglobin production and an adequate bone morrow response to the increased oxygen demand. Shifts in erythron are of no clinical implications but indicative of the red blood adaptation to the factors of space fight.

[The red blood system in men during long-term head-down bed rest].

Red blood was analyzed in six 25 to 40 yr. old male volunteers in a 120-d head-down bedrest (HDBR) study. The hematological investigation included morphological analyses (erythrocyte count and hemoglobin), and determination of iron turnover, erythrocyte IgA, IgG and IgM, metabolism, lipids and phospholipids, and lipid peroxidation rate (LPO). At the beginning of HDBR (day 7), the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content were found increased w/o any visible changes in the other parameters. Further exposure to HDBR (days 50-100) resulted in modification of intracellular metabolism in erythrocytes, increases in serum iron, and serum and erythrocyte ferritin. On HDBR days 50 and 100, and post-HDBR day 9, cholesterol was increased, LPO intensified and antioxidant activities inhibited, which suggested destabilization of the cell membrane. Hematological shifts in the bedrested volunteers were of the type and pattern similar to those in cosmonauts who fulfilled extended space missions.

[Morphometric research on the nuclei and argentophilic structures of the nucleoli of granulocytopoietic cells in rats after long-term cyclophosphamide exposure]. / Morfometricheskoe issledovanie iader i argentofil'nykh struktur nukleol kletok granulotsitopoéza krys posle dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia tsiklofosfamida.

The Ag-staining intensity of interphase bone marrow granulopoietic cells decreases during their maturation as evidenced by TV computerized morphometry. These data are in accordance with the phenomenon of RNA transcription reduction in mature granulocytes. The Ag-positive material amount increases during S and G2 phases of proliferative pool granulocytes. 8 days after every day injection of 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide an integral area of silver grains in proliferative pool granulocytes decreased 1.5 times. In mature granulocytes it decreased and was two times higher than in the control. The nuclear area of all granulocytes increased. There was a positive correlation (p less than 0.01) between the quantity of the silver grains and nuclear areas. It seems that mature granulocytes inherit the increased Ag-positive material amount from G2 blocked progenitors (promyelocytes and myelocytes) and this increase is not due to the RNA transcriptional activity.

[Mechanisms of the origination of hypersegmented (hyperdiploid) neutrophils in rats as affected by cyclophosphamide]. / O mekhanizmakh obrazovaniia gipersegmentirovannykh (giperdiploidnykh) neitrofilov u krys pod vliianiem tsiklofosfamida.

Feulgen cytophotometry has revealed tetraploid DNA content in some hypersegmented mature granulocytes in rat peripheral blood after two weeks of daily injections of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg of body weight). In bone marrow of rats which were given the preparation for 7 days myeloblasts, promyelocytes and myelocytes are blocked in G2 phase of the mitotic cycle. About 50% of metamyelocytes, bands and segmented granulocytes are also tetraploid. Thus cyclophosphamide has induced tetraploid hypersegmented neutrophils in rats as a result of maturation of G2 blocked proliferative pool granulocytes.

[Hemopoietic precursor cells during the development of carminomycin resistance]. / Rodonachal'nye kletki gemopoéza pri razvitii rezistentnosti k karminomitsinu.

A comparative quantitative investigation of colony-forming ability of mouse bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells in the case of ordinary leukemia variant (P-388) and carminomycin-resistant variant (P-388/k) was carried out. Leukemia bearing mice received single injections of increasing doses of carminomycin on the 5th day after transplantation and 24 hours later the bone marrow was investigated for quantity of colony-forming units in the spleen (CFUs). Dynamics investigation of bone marrow cells in the case of P-388 and P-388/k (without treatment) reveals the common tendency to a decrease of these cells in the period before animal death. Sensitivity of colony forming cells (CFUs) to different doses of the antibiotic of mouse bone marrow in both cases (P-388 and P-388/k) was practically the same. Dynamics of CFUs in two populations of cells after a single injection of carminomycin in doses causing the killing of 50% of CFUs showed that the antibiotic inhibited CFUs equally (50%). However this inhibition in case of CFUs with P-388/k leukemia was almost five times longer than in the case of ordinary P-388 one. Based on the investigations conducted the second injection of the antibiotic to mice with P-388/k leukemia on the fifteenth day after the first one may be recommended.

[Colony-forming ability of bone marrow hematopoietic cells in mice with transplanted leukemia during administration of carminomycin]. / Kolonieobrazuiushchaia sposobnost' gemopoéticheskikh kletok kostnogo mozga myshei s perevivnym leikozom pri vvedenii karminomitsina.

Effects of carminomycin on the colony-forming ability of bone marrow haemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) were compared in normal mice with steady state and actively regenerating bone marrow, and in P-388 and La leukemia-bearing mice. CFUs assays were performed 24 h after treatment of donor mice with the increasing doses of the drug. Leukemia-bearing mice received carminomycin on the 5th day after transplantation. The dose-effect curves were exponential for CFUS normal mice with both the steady state and active proliferation state of bone marrow. The maximal effect was found 24 h after injection of 0.7 mg/kg of carminomycin (ED50 for CFUS) being more pronounced in regenerating bone marrow. The dose-effect curves for leukemias were also exponential. In the case of La leukemia the killing of CFUs by carminomycin was the highest as compared with P-388 leukemia.

[Cytological characteristics of carminomycin-resistant P-388 lymphoid leukosis]. / Tsitologicheskaia kharakteristika limfoleikoza P-388, rezistentnogo k karminomitsinu.

The carminomycin-resistant strain (P-388/c) of P-388 lymphoid leukemia is obtained. Resistance development is accompanied by higher sensitivity to cytostatics, rise of hyperploidy, replacement of the stem line, presence of definite markers in leukemic cells as well as by the appearance of a clone of cells with higher dry mass. At the level of CFUs after the carminomycin administration more remote terms of cell restoration than in case of P-388/c lymphoid leukemia are determined. The P-388/c lymphoid leukemia cells lost their sensitivity to carminomycin at the stage of the DNA synthesis. Accumulation of cells is observed in phase G2 of the mitotic cycle.

[Electric charge of the surface of lymphocytes and their ability to divide mitotically during induced carcinogenesis]. / Elektricheskii zariad poverkhnosti limfotsitov i ikh sposobnost' k mitoticheskomu deleniiu pri indutsirovannom kartsinogeneze.

Electrophoretic mobility of murine lymphocytes of the spleen was investigated during the development of reaction to damage and to the initial stages of induced cancerogenesis. These two processes differ in kinetics data of the change of electrophoretic mobility. A correlation was found between the electrophoretic mobility and ability of the cell for blast transformation under the influence of lectin PHA.

[Morphological indicators of the peripheral blood leukocytes at different periods of development of myocardial infarct (experimental study)]. / Morfokunktsional'nye pokazateli leikotsitov perifericheskoi krovi v raznye sroki razvitiia infarkta miokarda (eksperimental'noe issledovanie).

The morpho-functional features of peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 50 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction at various intervals after ligation of the anterior interventricle artery. Changes in the leukocytes were compared with the morphological picture of myocardial infarction. In the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction not only quantitative changes were found to occur but also functional values of leukocytes changes: the content of glycogen and the activities of peroxidase and phagocytic activity of granulocytes were reduced, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased. Electron microscopic examinations of lymphocytes revealed ultrastructural changes in mitochondria. In the subacute period of the disease some of the values showed a trend for normalization. In the period of recuperation when the zone of infarction in rabbits is replaced by crude fiber connective tissue all the values under study in the peripheral blood became normal. The exceptions were the animals with extensive as well as complicated myocardial infarctions.

[Surface architectonics of peripheral blood erythrocytes of the rat according to scanning electron microscopy findings]. / Poverkhnostnaia arkhitektonika éritrotsitov perifericheskoi krovi krysy po dannym skaniruiushchei élektronnoi mikroskopii.

Proceeding from the G. I. Kozinets et al. (1977) classification of human red cells, 9 types of red cells were distinguished with scanning electron microscopy in peripheral blood of Wistar male rats: discocytes, discocytes with processes on their surface, mulberry-like red cells, dome-like red cells, spherical red cells with smooth and rough surface, red cells similar to a flat ball, degeneratively altered red cells. Percentage of different shapes of the erythrocytes was determined.

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the bone marrow erythroid cells in some forms of the myelodysplastic syndrome]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika éritroidnykh kletok kostnogo mozga pri nekotorykh formakh mielodisplasticheskogo sindroma.

Refractory anemia (RA) and RA with blast excess (RABE) showed inhibited proliferation of bone marrow erythroid cells (EC), the lowest values being in RABE. The latter, however, was accompanied with the highest count of PAS-positive EC, uneffective erythropoiesis being present in both RA and RABE. In sideroblast anemia the above proliferation was also inhibited, but uneffective erythropoiesis played much more pronounced role in pathogenesis of this anemia than in RA and RABE. The percentage of PAS-positive EC averaged 39.0%. The findings contribute to more profound understanding of anemia arising in myelodysplasia syndrome, to more accurate evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis in the above disease.