The Critical Assessment of Oxidative Stress Parameters as Potential Biomarkers of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

In conventional clinical toxicology practice, the blood level of carboxyhemoglobin is a biomarker of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning but does not correspond to the complete clinical picture and the severity of the poisoning. Taking into account articles suggesting the relationship between oxidative stress parameters and CO poisoning, it seems reasonable to consider this topic more broadly, including experimental biochemical data (oxidative stress parameters) and patients poisoned with CO. This article aimed to critically assess oxidative-stress-related parameters as potential biomarkers to evaluate the severity of CO poisoning and their possible role in the decision to treat. The critically set parameters were antioxidative, including catalase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, glutathione, thiol and carbonyl groups. Our preliminary studies involved patients (n = 82) admitted to the Toxicology Clinical Department of the University Hospital of Jagiellonian University Medical College (Kraków, Poland) during 2015-2020. The poisoning was diagnosed based on medical history, clinical symptoms, and carboxyhemoglobin blood level. Blood samples for carboxyhemoglobin and antioxidative parameters were collected immediately after admission to the emergency department. To evaluate the severity of the poisoning, the Pach scale was applied. The final analysis included a significant decrease in catalase activity and a reduction in glutathione level in all poisoned patients based on the severity of the Pach scale: I°-III° compared to the control group. It follows from the experimental data that the poisoned patients had a significant increase in level due to thiol groups and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical, with no significant differences according to the severity of poisoning. The catalase-to-glutathione and thiol-to-glutathione ratios showed the most important differences between the poisoned patients and the control group, with a significant increase in the poisoned group. The ratios did not differentiate the severity of the poisoning. The carbonyl level was highest in the control group compared to the poisoned group but was not statistically significant. Our critical assessment shows that using oxidative-stress-related parameters to evaluate the severity of CO poisoning, the outcome, and treatment options is challenging.

Stinging insect identification in children with Hymenoptera venom allergy and their parents.

Introduction: The treatment of Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) is based among others on the proper identification of the culprit insect. Aim: To assess the accuracy in identifying stinging insects by children with HVA and their parents. Material and methods: Participants were recruited from a paediatric medical centre. The data on their demographics, sting history and ability of insect identification (based on pictures) were obtained using a questionnaire. The study sample consisted of 102 children with HVA and their parents as well as 98 children without HVA and their parents. Results: The rates of subjects correctly identifying insects in the groups were 91.2%, 92.5%, 78.8%, 82.4%, respectively. When compared to children with HVA, those without HVA were less likely to correctly identify the bee, bumblebee and hoverfly. In this group, the correct identification of the wasp was more common among children living in the countryside. The correct identification of the bee and bumblebee by children without HVA was more common among children living in the city. Conclusions: Some children with HVA and their parents cannot correctly identify stinging insects despite previous life-threatening allergic reactions. The ability to identify stinging insects may depend on the HVA diagnosis and place of residence.

Ni and Cr impurities profile in Valeriana officinalis L., radix-based herbal medicinal product available in polish pharmacies due to ICH Q3D guideline.

Elemental impurities (EIs) profiling in final pharmaceutical products is often not adequately treated, however it is crucial problem in pharmaceutical analysis by reason of the various regulatory authorities (like ICH Q3D guideline). EIs in pharmaceuticals may arise from numerous sources of which the herbal ingredients are not a frequent subject of pharmaceutical analyses. However, based on number of traditional use registrations per year for herbal medicinal products (HMPs) in the EU, it can be stated that monocomponent HMPs are still very popular for use. Due to the high frequency of use, exposure to EIs from HMPs may be high during long-term use. The aim of our article was Ni and Cr impurities profiling of Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root) as an example of the HMP available in Polish pharmacies for the relief of mild nervous tension and sleep disorders. The choice of metals was justified by: (1) a single dose of Ni administered via oral route can induce dermatitis in nickel-sensitised individuals; (2) Cr is a very problematic element from toxicological point of view. Our results indicate that the standards of the ICH Q3D guideline are met for all EIs.

Protective effect of myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin pretreatments on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression.

Aim: Major side effects of cyclophosphamide administration are immunosuppression and myelosuppression. The immunomodulatory effects of plant bioactive compounds on chemotherapy drug-induced immunosuppression may have significant effects in cancer treatment. For this reason, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in rats.Methods: In our study, a total of 64 rats were used, and divided into eight equal groups. These groups were: control, cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide + myricetin (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + myricetin (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + apigenin (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + apigenin (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + hesperidin (100 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide + hesperidin (200 mg/kg). Myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin pretreatments were performed for 14 d, while cyclophosphamide application (200 mg/kg) was performed only on the 4th day of the study. Levels of humoral antibody production, quantitative hemolysis, macrophage phagocytosis, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity were determined. In addition, we measured pro-inflammatory cytokines, and followed lipid peroxidation and antioxidant markers and examined the histology of bone marrow, liver and spleen in all groups.Results: During cyclophosphamide treatment, all three phytochemicals increased the levels of humoral antibody production, quantitative hemolysis, macrophage phagocytosis, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, antioxidant markers, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, the agents decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, reduced lipid peroxidation markers, and reduced tissue damage in liver, spleen, and bone marrow.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin can reduce the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide by enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses, and these compounds may be useful immunomodulatory agents during cancer chemotherapy.

Punicalagin induces apoptosis in A549 cell line through mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Punicalagin is an ellagitannin mostly found in pomegranate husk and shows very strong antitumoral activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism in which punicalagin acts as an antiproliferative agent on A549 cell line (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells) and MRC-5 cell line (normal lung fibroblast cells). The cultured cells were treated with punicalagin at concentrations of 1-100 µM for 24 h. For this aim, cell growth inhibition, percentage of apoptotic cells, cell cycle distribution, morphological changes, cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and expression of apoptotic proteins were evaluated. Cell viability test and morphological examinations showed that punicalagin at 50 and 75 µM concentrations exhibited toxic effect against lung cancer cells but not toxic against normal lung cells. Cytoplasmic ROS production decreased with the application of punicalagin, while the level of ROS released from mitochondria increased due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Studies of apoptosis indicated that both punicalagin concentrations induced apoptotic process in A549 cells. However, cell cycle was arrested in the G1/S phase after punicalagin treatment. These findings suggest that punicalagin has antiproliferative and apoptotic properties in these concentrations.

Roe protein hydrolysate of Alburnus tarichi induces apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells through a caspase-dependent pathway.

The protein hydrolysates of fishes have been reported to be a potential source of many health benefits components for pharmaceutical or nutritional applications. The aim of this study is to examine the possible antiproliferative function of roe protein hydrolysates of Alburnus tarichi using enzymatic hydrolysis against breast cancer cells and explore its detailed mechanisms. In addition, we evaluated the effects of protein hydrolysate on the proliferation and apoptosis of two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The cultured cells were treated with protein hydrolysate at concentrations of 0-5 µg/ml for 24 h and 48 h. Inhibition of cell proliferation, percentage of apoptotic cells, cell cycle distribution, morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptotic protein levels were also examined. Decreases in proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were observed after treatment with the protein hydrolysate in a dose-dependent manner. Distinct morphological changes, a typical pattern of fragmented DNA, and increased intracellular ROS production and apoptotic protein levels were observed in both cell lines after hydrolysate treatment (p < 0.05). The results suggested that the protein hydrolysate inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines by introducing apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway in a dose-dependent manner.

Prophylactic effect of Biochanin A in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.

Aim/Purpose of the study:Inhibition of microglial activation using phytochemicals may be a potential candidate for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective role of Biochanin A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were treated with LPS in the presence and absence of Biochanin A. Materials and methods: For this aim, nitric oxide production, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), and toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) protein expressions, Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels were measured. Results:Biochanin A pretreatment resulted in significant and concentration-dependently reduced the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, PGE2, and ROS compared to the untreated group. Biochanin A prophylaxis exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing iNOS, COX-2, MyD88, and TLR-4 protein expressions and Akt and ERK1/2 pathway activation. Conclusion:Taken together, these results show that Biochanin A exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, thus may be beneficial for preventing neurodegenerative diseases mediated by microglial cells.

Ferric reducing ability of plasma and assessment of selected plasma antioxidants in adults with celiac disease.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress with an excessive free radical production and a reduction in the activity of protective antioxidants is considered as one of the mechanisms responsible for gluten toxicity. However, its role in celiac disease (CD) is unclear. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of plasma nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity in patients with CD (both untreated patients and those receiving gluten-free diet [GFD]) by measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as well as assessing selected plasma antioxidants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 169 adult patients: 48 patients with untreated active CD, 72 patients with CD on a GFD, and 49 healthy controls. In each group, we measured the serum levels of selected antioxidants (uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, and vitamin E) and used the FRAP assay to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plasma. In each patient, serological and histopathological activity of CD was also evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the TAC of plasma measured with the FRAP assay between the study groups. Patients with CD had higher uric acid levels compared with controls (p <0.001), while bilirubin levels were lower in patients with active disease than in controls (p <0.05). Serum vitamin E levels were lower in all patients with CD compared with controls (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The FRAP assay is not the method of choice for assessing the TAC of plasma in patients with CD. Owing to high serum uric acid levels, the FRAP assay results in these patients may be overestimated despite the reduced levels of other plasma antioxidants.

SERUM ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS POISONED BY DIFFERENT XENOBIOTICS.

There is a great diversity of the acute drugs overdose cases in clinical toxicology. Clinical situation is complicated by the coexistence of factors predisposing to the development of adverse drug reactions (chronic use of drugs, polypharmacy, alcohol or drugs dependence, nutritional disorders) and by the presence of chronic organ damage, especially the liver and the kidney. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are sensitive plasma markers belonging to the antioxidant system in patients exposed to various xenobiotics. We measured the activity of antioxidant parameters: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX3), glutathione (GSH), sulfhydryl groups (-SH), carbonyl groups (=CO) and free radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH, assay) in serum of 49 patients with acute intoxication caused by carbamazepine (CBZ, n = 9), mixed drug intoxication (MDI) (n = 9), alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS, n = 9), acetaminophen (APAP, n = 7), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (n = 5), valproic acids (VA, n = 4), narcotics (N, n = 3), and three others (benzodiazepines, BZD, n = 2; barbiturates, n = 1). The results were compared with the parameters of not intoxicated patients (n = 39). All patients had lower catalase activity in comparison to the control group (41.9 ± 16.5 vs. 196.0 ± 82.2 U/mg protein, p = 0.000), while the increase of GSH level was particularly apparent only in patients with AWS (391.3 ± 257.9 µmol/mg protein) compared to the control group (171.4 ± 88.4 µmol/mg protein, p = 0.034) and to patients intoxicated with carbamazepine (152.8 ± 102.5 µmol/mg protein, p = 0.027). Some differences, but without statistical significance, were also observed in GPX3 activity between different groups of poisoned patients.

The neuroprotective effect of cornus MAS on brain tissue of Wistar rats.

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) is a valuable source of phenolic antioxidants. Flavonoid derivatives as nonenzymatic antioxidants are important in the pathophysiology of many diseases including neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or heart disease. In this study, we examined the effect of an addition of freeze-dried fruit of cornelian cherry on three types of diets: control diet, fructose diet, and diet enriched in fats (high-fat diet). This effect was studied by determining the following antioxidant parameters in both brain tissue and plasma in rats: catalase, ferric reducing ability of plasma, paraoxonase, protein carbonyl groups, and free thiol groups. Results indicate that both fructose diet and high-fat diet affect the antioxidant capacity of the organism. Furthermore, an addition of cornelian cherry resulted in increased activity of catalase in brain tissue, while in plasma it caused the opposite effect. In turn, with regard to paraoxonase activity in both brain tissue and plasma, it had a stimulating effect. Adding cornelian cherry to the tested diets increased the activity of PON in both tested tissues. Moreover, protective effect of fruits of this plant was observed in the process of oxidation of proteins by decreasing levels of protein carbonyl groups and thiol groups in brain tissue as well as in plasma.

Effects of vanadium complexes supplementation on V, Cu, Mn, K, Fe, Zn, and Ca concentration in STZ diabetic rats pancreas.

The objective of the study was to assess the effects of Na[V(V)O(O2)2(2,2'-bpy)] x 8 H2O (complex 1), Na[V(V)O(O2)2(1,10'-phen)] x 5 H2O (complex 2), Na[V(V)O(O2)2(4,4'-Me-2,2'-bpy)] x 8 H2O (complex 3), [V(V)O(SO,)(1,10'-phen)] x 2 H2O, (complex 4), [V(IV)O(SO4)(2,2'-bpy)] x H2O (complex 5), where: 2,2'-bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 1.10'-phen = 1,10'-phenanthroline, 4,4'-Me-2,2'-bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine and a small insulin injection on V, Cu, Mn, K, Fe, Zn, and Ca concentration in the STZ (streptozotocin) diabetic rats pancreas during a 5-week treatment with the tested complexes. In all groups of animals metal concentration in the pancreas was investigated by means of Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method. Maximum concentration of vanadium was observed in the pancreas for complex 5 (1.69 +/- 0.09 mg/kg dry weight), lower for complex 3 (1.51 +/- 0.10 mg/kg dry weight), and the lowest for complex 1 (1.21 +/- 0.27 mg/kg dry weight) supplementation. The influence of vanadium administration on other metals' concentration in the rats' pancreas was also investigated. All vanadium-tested complexes showed an increase of zinc concentration in the examined pancreas in comparison to the diabetic animals not treated with vanadium. The results were the highest for complex 1 and the lowest for complex 5. The concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, K and Ca in the pancreas is not evidently influenced by administration of the vanadium complexes.

Investigation of the influence of vanadium compounds treatment in NZO mice model--preliminary study.

Abstract: New Zealand obese mice (NZO) are characterized by symptoms similar to human metabolic syndrome. Vanadium in different investigations showed anti-diabetic activity but until now an NZO mice model has not been tested with this element. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-diabetic activity of three vanadium compounds (VOSO4, VO(mal)2 and Na(VO(O2)2bpy) x 8H2O) in the NZO model. Metabolic syndrome was induced by special diet (1.5% of cholesterol and 15% of saturated fatty acids) during 8 weeks. In the next 5 weeks, the tested vanadium compounds were administered once daily, in a dose of 0.063 mmol/kg of body mass. At the end of the experiment, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine transaminase were measured in the serum. The obtained results showed that the glucose level was decreased nearly to the healthy NZO mice in comparison to the NZO mice with metabolic syndrome. In all groups on the diet with cholesterol, the level of this parameter was statistically higher in comparison to the group without cholesterol addition. Vanadium treatment in a dose 0.063 mmol/kg of body mass does not influence cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine transaminase activity.

The toxicological analysis of lead impurities in traditional herbal medicinal product with Thymi herba (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) from pharmacies in Poland: the impurity profile and comprehensive toxicological risk assessment.

Traditional herbal medicinal products (THMP) with Thymi herba (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) are very popular among the European population. The idea of our study was the toxicological analysis of lead impurities in THMP with Thymi herba obtained from Polish pharmacies. For this purpose, we prepared the impurity profiles and comprehensive toxicological risk assessment. The Pb impurity profiles show lead impurities in all samples investigated (in the range: 2.15-6.99 µg/L). The estimations of Pb impurities in the single dose (32.25-105.01 ng/single dose) and in the daily dose (64.50-210.00 ng/day) were based on the posology recommended by the manufacturers. All the results obtained meet the standards of the ICH Q3D (R1) guideline on elemental impurities according to the levels of Pb. It can be concluded that all investigated THMPs with Thymi herba available in Poland should not represent any health risk to adults.

The comprehensive strategy in the human health risk assessment of total chromium impurities in cough syrups with Marshmallow Root (Althaea officinalis) available in Polish pharmacies: regulatory aspects and special emphasis on Cr(VI) mode of action.

Chromium, which can currently only be considered pharmacologically active and not an essential element, is a very intriguing elemental impurity in final pharmaceutical products, especially traditional herbal medicinal products. This kind of traditional herbal medicinal product with Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis L., radix) registered in the EU is widely used among the European population. The aim of this article is to propose a double regulatory strategy in assessing the human health risk of total chromium impurities in cough syrups with Marshmallow Root (Althaea officinalis) available in Polish pharmacies. We applied the strategy based on the requirements of the ICH Q3D (R1) guideline for the assessment of Cr impurities in final traditional herbal medicinal products with Marshmallow Root registered in the EU. Furthermore, we applied the strategy based on the concept of margin of exposure (MoE) considering Cr(VI) genotoxicity mode of action (MOA) and based on BMD10 for Cr(VI) as a point of departure (PoD). The total Cr content was in the range: 1.12-9.61 µg/L (in comparison with the ICH Q3D R1 guidelines: 1100 µg/g). Total Cr levels in a single dose were relatively high compared to raw results, but were not a threat to patients. Comparison of estimated results with oral PDE value for Cr in final drugs suggested by the ICH Q3D R1 guideline (10,700 µg/day) show that all the products analyzed were below this value (the highest result was 278.40 ng/day). Despite conservative assumptions, the MoE values obtained for Cr in daily dose for each Marshmallow Root cough syrup were above 10,000; therefore, exposure to Cr would not cause a health risk for specific population groups (children and adults). It can be summarized that each of the phytopharmaceuticals analysed with Marshmallow root available in Polish pharmacies does not represent a health hazard to patients. We confirm the safety of Cr impurities by applying a double regulatory strategy without the application of an expansive and demanding HPLC-ICP-MS technique for Cr speciation.

The Control and Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Heavy Metal Impurities (As, Pb, and Cd) in Green Tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Samples (Infusions) Available in Poland.

Tea is the world's most common drink after water, and the world's annual sales exceed $43 billion, of which more than $11 billion is green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)). Increasing evidence continues to show that green tea consumption and its ingredients have a variety of potential health benefits. The aim of the study was to control and assess the toxicological risk (TRA) of three heavy metals (As, Pb, and Cd) in infusions of green tea (n = 12) from Polish markets. We applied the method of inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the selected heavy metal and designed a specific toxicological risk assessment with three crucial tiers. The first tier of our strategy was to determine the elements investigated (heavy metal impurities, µg/L). The second step was to estimate the weekly intake of green tea infusions (µg/week) based on weekly consumption. The third tier was to estimate the weekly intake per weight (µg/L/week/bw), based on the average weekly intake of green tea infusion per adult compared to the provisional weekly intake (PTWI) established by the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additives Expert Committee (JECFA). The levels of the investigated heavy metals occur at different levels in all of the investigated green tea infusions. The heavy metal profile indicated that As (0.0721-10.585 µg/L), Pb (0.386-1.695 µg/L), and Cd (0.126-0.346 µg/L) were present in all samples. Basic analysis of general content shows that As (average = 0.325 µg/L) was at a level similar to Cd (average = 0.214 µg/L). Surprisingly, the Pb content (average 0.891 µg/L) was approximately 2.75-4 times higher than that of As and Cd, respectively. The application of our proposed safety assessment methodology (three tiers) provides satisfactory results for regulatory purposes. The evaluation of the investigated heavy metals in all products analysed from green tea samples (infusions) showed that there were no health hazards to consumers due to weekly exposure. The results indicated that after drinking green tea infusions from Polish markets, the amount of investigated elements in weekly doses does not represent any health risks to consumers.

Fungal species and element type modulate the effects of environmental factors on the concentration of potentially toxic elements in mushrooms.

Numerous edible mushrooms accumulate Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE), such as cadmium, mercury, and lead, within their sporocarps. This accumulation poses a potential risk of poisoning for humans and is influenced by factors such as the mushroom species, type of element, and the level of industrialization in the region. In our study, we investigated how soil and tree stand characteristics, including C/N ratio, pH, tree diversity, canopy cover, and the proportion of deciduous trees, influence PTE concentration in mushrooms. We collected edible mushrooms from 20 plots situated in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest, one of Europe's best-preserved lowland forests. Plots varied in terms of tree species composition, with other factors minimized. We used ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) technique to analyze the concentration of eight PTE (Ag, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl) in eight edible mushroom species (M.procera, L.perlatum, R. butyracea, R.cyanoxantha, R.heterophylla, L.vellereus, A.mellea, and Xerocomellus chrysenteron). Our research revealed that the presence of the effect of specific factors on concentration of PTE and its direction depends on mushroom species and type of PTE. The proportion of deciduous tree species and pH of the topsoil layer emerged as the most influential factors affecting PTE concentration in mushroom samples. Tree species richness in the canopy layer did not affect PTE concentration in mushrooms, except for the concentration of Pb in X. chrysenteron. We observed a consistent profile of PTE concentration in mushrooms with similar ecological roles (ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, parasite mushrooms) and from comparable phylogenetic affinities.

The Assessment of Iodine Concentrations in Colostrum and Breast Milk Using ICP-MS: The Impact of Delivery Type, Thyroid Function and Gestational Diabetes-A Pilot Study.

Considering the spectrum of benefits of breast milk feeding, determining the essential components of an infant's only food-mother's milk-seems justified, especially in the case of those whose deficiency (e.g., iodine) may result in developmental disorders. The main aim of this study was the determination of the total iodine content of breast milk (including colostrum and mature milk). A secondary objective was to assess the influence of factors such as the type of delivery, hypothyroidism, gestational diabetes or the stage of lactation on this parameter. The study materials were colostrum and milk after 1 (n = 14), 2 and 3 months (n = 8) of lactation with a range of iodine concentrations (µg/L): 195-1648 and 170-842, 174-650 and 273-751, respectively. Iodine was determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed, e.g., that delivery by caesarean section or dose of L-thyroxine taken by women to normalise thyroid hormones, had a significant effect on iodine concentrations in breast milk. Further research aimed at assessing the quality of breast milk should also include determining the factors influencing it.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists modulate sodium handling based on endogenous lithium clearance.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies based on assessment of lithium clearance demonstrated higher sodium reabsorption in renal proximal tubules in individuals with hypertension, overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes. AIMS: We aimed to assess the influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARB) treatment on sodium handling. METHODS: In a sample of 351Caucasian subjects without diuretic treatment with prevailing sodium consumption, we studied associations between renal sodium reabsorption in proximal (FPRNa) and distal (FDRNa) tubules assessed by endogenous lithium clearance and daily sodium intake measured by 24-hour excretion of sodium (UNaV), in the context of obesity and long-term treatment with ACE-I or ARB. RESULTS: In the entire study population, we found a strong negative association between FPRNa and ACE-I/ARB treatment (b = -19.5; SE = 4.9; P <0.001). Subjects with FPRNa above the median value showed a significant adverse association between FPRNa and age (b = -0.06; SE = 0.02; P = 0.003), with no association with ACE-I/ARB treatment (P = 0.68). In contrast, in subjects with FPRNa below the median value, we found a strongly significant adverse relationship between FPRNa and ACE-I/ARB treatment (b = -30.4; SE = 8.60; P <0.001), with no association with age (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: ACE-I/ARB long-term treatment modulates FPRNa in the group with lower reabsorption, but not in that with higher than median value for the entire study population.

Effects of vanadium complexes supplementation on V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca and K concentration in STZ diabetic rat's spleen.

Abstract: The objective of the study was to assess the effects of five vanadium organic complexes administered with small insulin injection, on V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca and K concentration in STZ (streptozotocin) diabetic rats tissues during a 5-week treatment with the tested complexes. In all groups of animals, metal concentration in a dry spleen samples was investigated by the proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Obviously, vanadium tissue concentration was higher in vanadium-treated rats. Concentration of vanadium in the spleen was x = 21.3 microg/g of dry sample. Vanadium administration influenced other metals concentration of rats tissues. The most pronounced influence of vanadium was observed on iron concentration in the spleen. All results were calculated for correlation between different groups of animals. Present study showed small interferences between trace element changes in diabetic, or non diabetic rats after vanadium treatment. Measured elements, especially zinc, manganese and copper, are co-factors of enzymes and their content changes can influence on organism homeostasis in diabetes treatment. Understanding and recognizing these relationship may permit better diabetes treatment in the future.

The Toxicological Risk Assessment (TRA) of Total Chromium Impurities in Menthae piperitae tinctura (Mentha x piperita L., folium) Available in Polish Pharmacies Including Regulatory Approaches with Special Emphasis of Cr Speciation and Genotoxicity.

Chromium is pharmacologically active and is not an essential element but is still very intriguing and demanding from the point of view of toxicological risk assessment. Especially as an elemental impurity in final pharmaceuticals. The aim of this article is toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of total Cr impurities in Menthae piperitae tinctura (Mentha x piperita L., folium) available in Polish pharmacies including triple approach. Obtained raw/basal results shows that impurities of total Cr impurities were present in all investigated pharmaceutical with Mentha x piperita L., folium. but at a relatively low level (in the range: 0.39-2.14 µg/L). The regulatory strategy based on the ICH Q3D (R1) elemental impurities guidelines confirms that all the requirements of the analyzed products meet the European Medicine Agency (EMA) requirements. Obtained results obtained show that the estimated maximum daily exposure to Cr (ng/day) are variable between the samples (0.521-3.792 ng/day), but at a relatively low level (< 4.0 ng/day).The final step confirms the safety of analyzed pharmaceuticals, because the comparison of the estimated results with the oral PDE value for Cr in final drugs suggested by the ICH Q3D guideline (10,700 µg/day) show that all the products are below this value. The approach based on the margin of exposure (MoE) for children and adults also confirms the safety of all the products with Mentha x piperita L., (in all cases MoE > > 10 000). It can be concluded that all the samples analyzed should not represent any health hazard to patients due to Cr impurities. To our knowledge, this is the first study about application of comprehensive TRA of total Cr impurities in phytopharmaceuticals with Mentha x piperita L., folium available in European pharmacies. Additionally, we confirm the safety of Cr impurities by applying triple regulatory strategy without the application of an expansive and demanding HPLC-ICP-MS technique for Cr speciation.