Evaluation of immunization status in patients with cerebral palsy: a multicenter CP-VACC study.

Children with chronic neurological diseases, including cerebral palsy (CP), are especially susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections and face an increased risk of severe respiratory infections and decompensation of their disease. This study aims to examine age-appropriate immunization status and related factors in the CP population of our country. This cross-sectional prospective multicentered survey study included 18 pediatric neurology clinics around Turkey, wherein outpatient children with CP were included in the study. Data on patient and CP characteristics, concomitant disorders, vaccination status included in the National Immunization Program (NIP), administration, and influenza vaccine recommendation were collected at a single visit. A total of 1194 patients were enrolled. Regarding immunization records, the most frequently administrated and schedule completed vaccines were BCG (90.8%), hepatitis B (88.9%), and oral poliovirus vaccine (88.5%). MMR was administered to 77.3%, and DTaP-IPV-HiB was administered to 60.5% of patients. For the pneumococcal vaccines, 54.1% of children received PCV in the scope of the NIP, and 15.2% of children were not fully vaccinated for their age. The influenza vaccine was administered only to 3.4% of the patients at any time and was never recommended to 1122 parents (93.9%). In the patients with severe (grades 4 and 5) motor dysfunction, the frequency of incomplete/none vaccination of hepatitis B, BCG, DTaP-IPV-HiB, OPV, and MMR was statistically more common than mild to moderate (grades 1-3) motor dysfunction (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.00, and p < 0.001, respectively). Physicians' influenza vaccine recommendation was higher in the severe motor dysfunction group, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029).Conclusion: Children with CP had lower immunization rates and incomplete immunization programs. Clinicians must ensure children with CP receive the same preventative health measures as healthy children, including vaccines. What is Known: • Health authorities have defined chronic neurological diseases as high-risk conditions for influenza and pneumococcal infections, and they recommend vaccines against these infections. • Children with CP have a high risk of incomplete and delayed immunization, a significant concern given to their increased healthcare needs and vulnerability to infectious diseases. What is New: • Influenza vaccination was recommended for patients hospitalized due to pneumonia at a higher rate, and patients were administered influenza vaccine more commonly. • Children with CP who had higher levels of motor dysfunction (levels 4 and 5) were more likely to be overdue immunizations.

An analysis of 109 fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of complete agenesis of corpus callosum.

BACKGROUND: Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is the most frequent commissural malformation of the brain. It continues to be an important cause of the pregnancy termination associated with the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of fetuses with diagnosis of complete ACC, as well as postnatal neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS: The data of 75,843 fetuses were screened for evaluation of complete ACC between 2003 and 2017, and a total of 109 cases with complete ACC were included in the study. ACC was considered isolated when no additional anomalies were detected, and ACC was considered complex when additional anomalies were present. RESULTS: The prevalence of complete ACC was 9.4 per 10,000 live births, and the incidence was ranged from 1.8 to 16.6 per 10,000 person-years. Patients with isolated ACC had a significantly higher survival when compared with patients with complex ACC (97.4%, n = 38/39 vs. 68.8%, n = 22/32, P = 0.001).The most important cause of death were congenital heart disease and/or respiratory failure during neonatal period. Developmental and intellectual disabilities were significantly higher in the complex ACC cases (P < 0.001). Postnatal neurodevelopmental outcomes were completely normal in 79.4% of cases with isolated ACC. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated complete ACC is usually associated with a favorable outcome. The most important prognostic factors are the presence or absence of associated congenital anomalies.

Loss of Protocadherin-12 Leads to Diencephalic-Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To identify causes of the autosomal-recessive malformation, diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) syndrome. METHODS: Eight families with DMJD were studied by whole-exome or targeted sequencing, with detailed clinical and radiological characterization. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells were derived into neural precursor and endothelial cells to study gene expression. RESULTS: All patients showed biallelic mutations in the nonclustered protocadherin-12 (PCDH12) gene. The characteristic clinical presentation included progressive microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphism, psychomotor disability, epilepsy, and axial hypotonia with variable appendicular spasticity. Brain imaging showed brainstem malformations and with frequent thinned corpus callosum with punctate brain calcifications, reflecting expression of PCDH12 in neural and endothelial cells. These cells showed lack of PCDH12 expression and impaired neurite outgrowth. INTERPRETATION: DMJD patients have biallelic mutations in PCDH12 and lack of protein expression. These patients present with characteristic microcephaly and abnormalities of white matter tracts. Such pathogenic variants predict a poor outcome as a result of brainstem malformation and evidence of white matter tract defects, and should be added to the phenotypic spectrum associated with PCDH12-related conditions. Ann Neurol 2018;84:646-655.

The use of rapamycin in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: Long-term results.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of eight cases diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and receiving rapamycin therapy because of epileptic seizures and/or accompanying TSC findings. METHOD: Rapamycin therapy was initiated at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2. Seizure frequency, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, renal and cranial imaging findings, and cutaneous lesions over 3- to 6-month periods during follow-up and treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: Four girls and four boys aged 4-16 years at the start of rapamycin therapy and now aged 9-24 years were evaluated. Duration of rapamycin therapy was 1-5 years, and the monitoring period after commencement of rapamycin therapy lasted 5-8 years. Positive effects were observed at 9-12 months in three out of six cases of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) and in the second year of treatment in one. An increase in AML dimensions was observed in three cases after treatment was stopped. Seizure control was established in the first year of rapamycin therapy in all cases. An increased frequency of seizures was observed in three cases after the second year of treatment. No seizure recurrence was determined in the second year of treatment with rapamycin in five out of eight cases. Recurrence of seizure was observed in 6-12 months after the discontinuation of rapamycin in three cases. CONCLUSION: Rapamycin therapy exhibits positive effects on epileptic seizures in cases of TSC in 1-2 years but these positive effects on seizure control of rapamycin therapy decline after the second year. Larger case series are still needed to determine the duration and effectiveness of treatment in childhood.

Neurological Manifestations in Familial Mediterranean Fever: Results of 22 Children from a Reference Center in Kayseri, an Urban Area in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

Background Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited inflammatory disorder characterized by attacks of fever with polyserositis. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate pediatric patients with FMF who had central nervous system (CNS) findings. Materials and Methods Our medical records database for 2003 to 2014 was screened retrospectively. In total, 104 patients with FMF were identified, 22 of whom had undergone neurological examination for CNS symptoms. Results Neurological findings included headache in 16 patients (72.7%), epilepsy in 6 patients (27.3%), pseudotumor cerebri in 2 patients (9.1%), tremor in 2 patients (9.1%), and multiple sclerosis in 1 patient (4.5%). The most common MEFV gene mutation was homozygous M694V (40.9%). Conclusions Patients with FMF can present with various CNS manifestations. Further studies that include large populations are needed to elucidate the neurological manifestations of FMF.

Whole-exome sequencing identifies recessive WDR62 mutations in severe brain malformations.

The development of the human cerebral cortex is an orchestrated process involving the generation of neural progenitors in the periventricular germinal zones, cell proliferation characterized by symmetric and asymmetric mitoses, followed by migration of post-mitotic neurons to their final destinations in six highly ordered, functionally specialized layers. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding these intricate processes is in its infancy, substantially driven by the discovery of rare mutations that cause malformations of cortical development. Mapping of disease loci in putative Mendelian forms of malformations of cortical development has been hindered by marked locus heterogeneity, small kindred sizes and diagnostic classifications that may not reflect molecular pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate the use of whole-exome sequencing to overcome these obstacles by identifying recessive mutations in WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) as the cause of a wide spectrum of severe cerebral cortical malformations including microcephaly, pachygyria with cortical thickening as well as hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Some patients with mutations in WDR62 had evidence of additional abnormalities including lissencephaly, schizencephaly, polymicrogyria and, in one instance, cerebellar hypoplasia, all traits traditionally regarded as distinct entities. In mice and humans, WDR62 transcripts and protein are enriched in neural progenitors within the ventricular and subventricular zones. Expression of WDR62 in the neocortex is transient, spanning the period of embryonic neurogenesis. Unlike other known microcephaly genes, WDR62 does not apparently associate with centrosomes and is predominantly nuclear in localization. These findings unify previously disparate aspects of cerebral cortical development and highlight the use of whole-exome sequencing to identify disease loci in settings in which traditional methods have proved challenging.

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome Induced by Levetiracetam in a Pediatric Patient.

BACKGROUND: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, life-threatening hypersensitivity drug reaction. Patients present with cutaneous rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, hematologic abnormalities with eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytes, and visceral organ involvement. The prognosis of DRESS syndrome is related to the degree of end-organ damage, and the mortality rate is approximately 10%. CASE REPORT: We report a 9-year-old girl treated with only levetiracetam because of intracranial space occupying mass-related seizures. The patient developed pharyngitis accompanied by exudative membrane, bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, tender hepatomegaly, skin rash, and fever after 19 days of levetiracetam therapy. Laboratory findings revealed leukocytosis, lymphocytosis with an atypical lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum transaminases. Serologic studies of viruses were negative. The patient was diagnosed with DRESS syndrome and antiepileptic therapy was ceased immediately. The systemic signs and symptoms of the patient were improved after systemic steroid and antihistamine therapy. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: It is important that emergency physicians be aware of the possibility of DRESS syndrome when attending children that present with clinical viral infections. We would like to emphasize that obtaining a careful and detailed medication history is an essential part of clinical assessment for the diagnosis of DRESS syndrome.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia with recessive trait caused by mutation in KLC4 gene.

We report an association between a new causative gene and spastic paraplegia, which is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Clinical phenotyping of one consanguineous family followed by combined homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing analysis. Three patients from the same family shared common features of progressive complicated spastic paraplegia. They shared a single homozygous stretch area on chromosome 6. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation (c.853_871del19) in the gene coding the kinesin light chain 4 protein (KLC4). Meanwhile, the unaffected parents and two siblings were heterozygous and one sibling was homozygous wild type. The 19 bp deletion in exon 6 generates a stop codon and thus a truncated messenger RNA and protein. The association of a KLC4 mutation with spastic paraplegia identifies a new locus for the disease.

The Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Seizures, Cognitive Functions, and Other Neurological Disorders in Classical Phenotype of Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize patients who were diagnosed with glucose transporter protein 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1D), and also to assess the efficacy of ketogenic diet (KD) therapy on seizure control, cognitive functions, and other neurological disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied six unrelated patients with the classical phenotype of Glut1D, focusing on clinical and laboratory features, the KD therapy and outcome over the 25-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Five patients became seizure-free with the onset of ketosis, and anticonvulsants were discontinued. Other neurological features such as ataxia, spasticity, and dystonia showed a less striking improvement than seizure control. There was no significant change in the intelligence quotient (IQ) level or microcephaly. In all patients, alertness, concentration, motivation, and activity resulted in a moderate improvement of variable degree. The early-onset adverse effects of KD were observed in five patients. The KD regimen failed in one patient, therefore, his diet was changed with an alternative to KD. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with KD resulted in a marked improvement in seizures and cognitive functions but its effect appeared to be less striking on the other neurological disorders of the patients. When the classic KD is not tolerated, an alternative to KD may be helpful.

Clinical, Electrodiagnostic, and Genetic Features of Tangier Disease in an Adolescent Girl with Presentation of Peripheral Neuropathy.

Tangier disease (TD) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by a mutation in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene, which results in a decrease in plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Peripheral neuropathy can be seen in approximately 50% of patients with TD, which usually occurs after the age of 15 years, and is characterized by relapsing-remitting mono- or polyneuropathy or syringomyelia-like neuropathy. Herein, we report a 16-year-old female patient who was initially diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy at the age of 13 years. Whole exome sequencing was performed, and a nonsense mutation (p.Arg1817X) in ABCA1 was identified. The patient was investigated for systemic findings of TD after the genetic diagnosis was made, and low (< 5 mg/dL) levels of HDL cholesterol were detected by lipid electrophoresis. Other family members were reexamined after the diagnosis of the proband, and asymptomatic sister of the proband was diagnosed with TD. We would like to emphasize that TD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy; furthermore detection of HDL levels by lipid electrophoresis is a simple but indicative diagnostic test.

Torticollis in children: an alert symptom not to be turned away.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the spectrum of underlying disease in children with torticollis. METHODS: We investigated the spectrum of underlying disease and to evaluate the clinical features of the children presented with torticollis in the last 2 years. RESULTS: Of the 20 children (13 girls and 7 boys with the mean age of 8 years, ranging 2 months-12 years), eight of them have craniospinal pathologies (cerebellar tumors in three, exophytic brain stem glioma, eosinophilic granuloma of C2 vertebra, neuroenteric cyst of the spinal cord, Chiari type 3 malformation, arachnoid cysts causing brainstem compression, and cerebellar empyema), followed by osseous origin in five (congenital vertebral anomalies including hemivertebrae, blocked vertebra, and segmentation anomalies), two muscular torticollis (soft tissue inflammation due to subclavian artery catheterization, myositis ossificans with sternocleidomastoid muscle atrophy), and ocular (congenital cataract and microphthalmia), Sandifer syndrome, paroxysmal torticollis, retropharyngeal abscess each in one patients were detected. Ten patients underwent surgery; two patients received medical therapy for reflux and benign paroxysmal torticollis; and one patient with torticollis due to muscle spasm and soft tissue inflammation was treated with physiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Various underlying disorders from relatively benign to life-threatening conditions may present with torticollis. The first step should be always a careful and complete physical examination, which must include all systems. Imaging must be performed for ruling out underlying life-threatening diseases in children with torticollis, particularly, if acquired neurological symptoms exist. Besides craniospinal tumors, ophthalmological problems and central nervous system infections should also be kept in mind. Moreover, early diagnosis of these disorders will reduce mortality and morbidity. Therefore, alertness of clinicians in pediatric and pediatric neurosurgery practice must be increased about this alert symptom.

Different etiologies of acquired torticollis in childhood.

INTRODUCTION: Torticollis can be congenital or may be acquired in childhood. Acquired torticollis occurs because of another problem and usually presents in previously normal children. The causes of acquired torticollis include ligamentous, muscular, osseous, ocular, psychiatric, and neurologic disorders. OBJECTIVE: We performed this study to evaluate the underlying causes of torticollis in childhood. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten children presented with complaints of torticollis between April 2007 and April 2012 were enrolled in this study. The additional findings of physical examination included neck pain, twisted neck, walking disorder, imbalance, and vomiting The identified etiologies of the enrolled children was acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a 2.5-year-old boy, posterior fossa tumor in a 10-month-old boy, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a 5-year-old hemophiliac boy, cervical osteoblastoma in a 3-year-old boy, arachnoid cyst located at posterior fossa in a 16-month-old boy, aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery in a 6-year-old girl, pontine glioma in a 10-year-old girl, and a psychogenic torticollis in a 7-year-old boy were presented. CONCLUSION: There is a wide differential diagnosis for a patient with torticollis, not just neurological in etiology which should be considered in any patient with acquired torticollis. Moreover, early diagnosis of etiological disease will reduce mortality and morbidity. Therefore, clinicians managing children with torticollis must be vigilant about underlying neurological complications.

Rapamycin has a beneficial effect on controlling epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: results of 7 children from a cohort of 86.

PURPOSE: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of hamartomas in various organ systems. We would like share our experience from 86 patients and the results of rapamycin treatment in seven children with TSC. METHODS: Eighty-six children with TSC were enrolled into this retrospective study. The clinical features of seven children treated with oral rapamycin were presented in detail. RESULTS: The most common complaint of administration was convulsion in 77 children (89.5%). Hypopigmented skin lesions, adenoma sebaceum, resistant epilepsy, intracardiac mass, renal angiomyolipomas, and West syndrome were detected (n = 83, 96.5%; n = 47, 54.7%; n = 36, 41.9%; n = 27, 31.4%; n = 18, 20.9%; and n = 13, 15.1%, respectively). Subependymal nodules were the most frequent finding in cranial imaging followed by cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (n = 75, 87.2%; n = 71, 82.6%; and n = 8, 9.3%, respectively). Of the seven patients treated with rapamycin, the lesions of six children with facial adenoma sebaceum showed regression in various degrees. The frequency of convulsions decreased in five patients with resistant epilepsy within the first 6 months of the treatment, and complete control of convulsion for all patients was achieved in the second 6 months. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that showed that rapamycin is an effective agent for controlling epilepsy without any significant side effect in children with TSC. Rapamycin seems to be effective after 6 months of therapy, and we recommend tapering the dosage after successful management of epilepsy.

Intracranial hemorrhages and late hemorrhagic disease associated cholestatic liver disease.

Deficiency of vitamin K predisposes to early, classic or late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN); of which late HDN may be associated with serious and life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. Late HDN is characterized intracranial bleeding in infants aged 1 week to 6 months due to severe vitamin K deficiency. Late HDN is still an important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries where vitamin K prophylaxis is not routinely practiced. Children with cholestatic liver disease are at risk for developing secondary vitamin K deficiency because of fat malabsorbtion and inadequate dietary intake. In this study, we described 11 infants with cholestatic liver disease with different etiologies exhibiting intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Six patients underwent surgical evacuation of ICH, following the administration of vitamin K and/or fresh frozen plasma. The possibility of cholestatic liver disease should be considered in the treatment of ICH due to vitamin K deficiency.

Transverse myelitis and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy due to Legionella pneumophila: a case report.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rapidly progressive symmetrical muscle weakness associated with acute inflammatory disease. Transverse myelitis (TM) is the inflammation of the spinal cord characterized by rapidly evolving muscle weakness in the lower extremities, defects in sensory level and sphincter dysfunction. Guillain-Barré syndrome, and TM association occurs very rarely in childhood. A 7-year-old girl presented with complaints of neck pain, spout-style vomiting, cough, shortness of breath, and acute paraparesis with sensory and sphincter disturbance. The patient was intubated because of increased respiratory distress. A positive direct fluorescein antigen test in bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed Legionella pneumophila infection. Imaging and neurophysiologic studies were diagnostic for TM with acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy. She was treated with a combination of high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulins, and we observed incomplete recovery. The presented case is the first child with concomitant TM and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy related to L. pneumophila infection.

Polymicrogyria: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between clinical presentation and the extent of cortical involvement in patients with polymicrogyria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The magnetic resonance imaging findings of 26 patients were evaluated for the location and distribution of polymicrogyria. Presence of asphyxia at birth and serological tests for TORCH infections, the presence and type (spastic, flaccid) of motor deficits, mental development,microcephaly, and epilepsy were noted. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had bilateral, whereas seven had unilateral involvement. Patients with unilateral polymicrogyria presented later with milder symptoms. The most encountered symptom in patients with bilateral involvement was mental motor retardation (MMR) (89%) and speech problems (84%).The clinical presentations of patients with asphyxia and positive serological tests for cytomegalovirus (CMV) were worse.All patients with positive serological tests for CMV had bilateral involvement. The perisylvian region was affected in five(71%) patients with unilateral involvement. The most encountered presenting symptom in these patients was epilepsy. Cerebral palsy was seen in three (43%) of the patients, and all of them had left hemiparesis. Microcephaly, MMR, and speech delay were detected in one (14%) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Late presenting epilepsy may be a predictor of aunilateral polymicrogyria and is associated with relatively good prognosis. CMV infection and the presence of asphyxia are predictors of worse prognosis.

Evaluating the brainstem in children with breath-holding spells.

OBJECTIVE: Breath-holding spells (BHSs) are a non-epileptic paroxysmal phenomenon characterized by frequent apnea episodes, loss of consciousness, and changes in skin tone and postural tone triggered by negative stimuli of childhood. The pathophysiology of the disease remains unclear; autonomic dysregulation caused by delayed myelination is believed to play a role. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the brainstems of children with BHS using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and investigate the etiology of this phenomenon. METHODS: The study group consisted of 16 children with a history of severe breath-holding episodes (accompanied by loss of consciousness and tonic contraction due to prolonged anoxic response) and 18 age-, gender-, and handedness-matched controls. All children underwent systemic, neurologic, and cardiologic evaluation, including complete blood count, blood biochemistry, serum iron and ferritin level, serum vitamin B12 level, electrocardiogram, and electroencephalograms. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed using a 1.5-Tesla Siemens Aera scanner (Siemens, Germany). RESULTS: Evaluation of brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) volumes revealed no statistically significant differences between the BHS patient and control groups. In a voxel-wise analysis of DTI data, the BHS patient group had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values than the control group in the bilateral midbrain and medulla, right corticospinal tract, bilateral corpus callosum body and splenium, and left corpus callosum genu. In contrast, there were no significant differences in FA values in the pons, cerebellum, left corticospinal tract, and right corpus callosum genu. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, we think that patients with BHS should be treated with an approach similar to other neurodevelopmental diseases and that this study may help elucidate the pathophysiology and establish the groundwork for future studies on its treatment.

Treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with topiramate.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated a topiramate (TPM) regimen for treating refractory status epilepticus in the largest pediatric series, reported to date. METHODS: Fourteen patients received TPM via the nasogastric route. Initially, all patients received TPM as a 5 mg/kg loading dose followed by 5 mg/kg/day in two doses as maintenance. Thereafter, patients were divided into three groups based on the response to TPM therapy and seizure cessation time (full responder, partial responder, and nonresponder). Four patients received only thiopental, two received thiopental, and high-dose midazolam, one received thiopental, high-dose midazolam, and propofol, two received only propofol, one received propofol, and high-dose midazolam and four patients were on a high-dose midazolam infusion. RESULTS: The median time to seizure cessation was 5.5 h (range 2-48 h). Nine patients were full responders, three were partial responders, and two were nonresponders At follow-up, six patients were weaned successfully from thiopental, two patients from high-dose midazolam and three patients from propofol. Three patients developed mild metabolic acidosis during TPM theraphy. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients responded to this treatment which was well tolerated. So we recommended its use for terminating refractory status epilepticus in children.

The comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam sedation on electroencephalography in pediatric patients with febrile convulsion.

BACKGROUND: When electroencephalogram (EEG) activity is recorded for diagnostic purposes, the effects of sedative drugs on EEG activity should be minimal. This study compares the sedative efficacy and EEG effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: EEG recordings of 60 pediatric subjects with a history of simple febrile convulsions were performed during physiologic sleep. All of these patients required sedation to obtain follow-up (control) EEGs. Subjects in Group D received 0.5 µg·kg(-1) of dexmedetomidine, and those in Group M received 0.1 mg·kg(-1) of midazolam. For rescue sedation, the same doses were repeated to maintain a Ramsey sedation score level of between 4 and 6. RESULTS: The mean doses that were required for sedation were 0.76 µg·kg(-1) of dexmedetomidine and 0.38 mg·kg(-1) of midazolam. Diastolic blood pressure and HR were lower in Group D than in Group M (P < 0.05). Hypoxia was observed in 11 (36.7%) subjects in Group M and none in Group D; this was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Frontal and parieto-occipital (PO) EEG frequencies were similar during physiologic sleep and dexmedetomidine sedation. However, EEG frequencies in these areas (P < 0.001) and PO EEG amplitude (P = 0.030) were greater during midazolam sedation than during physiologic sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine is a suitable agent to provide sedation for EEG recording in children. There is less change in EEG peak frequency and amplitude after dexmedetomidine than after midazolam sedation.