A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Tenofovir Alafenamide/Elvitegravir Insert Administered Rectally for HIV Prevention.

BACKGROUND: On-demand topical products could be an important tool for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of a tenofovir alafenamide/elvitegravir (TAF/EVG, 20 mg/16 mg) insert administered rectally. METHODS: MTN-039 was a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, 2-dose study. Blood, rectal fluid, and rectal tissue were collected over 72 hours following rectal administration of 1 and 2 TAF/EVG inserts for each participant. RESULTS: TAF/EVG inserts were safe and well tolerated. EVG and tenofovir (TFV) were detected in blood plasma at low concentrations: median peak concentrations after 2 inserts were EVG 2.4 ng/mL and TFV 4.4 ng/mL. Rectal tissue EVG peaked at 2 hours (median, 2 inserts = 9 ng/mg) but declined to below limit of quantification in the majority of samples at 24 hours, whereas tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) remained high >2000 fmol/million cells for 72 hours with 2 inserts. Compared to baseline, median cumulative log10 HIV p24 antigen of ex vivo rectal tissue HIV infection was reduced at each time point for both 1 and 2 inserts (P < .065 and P < .039, respectively). DISCUSSION: Rectal administration of TAF/EVG inserts achieved high rectal tissue concentrations of EVG and TFV-DP with low systemic drug exposure and demonstrable ex vivo inhibition of HIV infection for 72 hours. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT04047420.

MTN-017: A Rectal Phase 2 Extended Safety and Acceptability Study of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Safe and acceptable topical HIV prevention methods that target the rectum are needed. Methods: MTN-017 was a phase 2, 3-period, randomized sequence, open-label, expanded safety and acceptability crossover study comparing rectally applied reduced-glycerin (RG) 1% tenofovir (TFV) and oral emtricitabine/TFV disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF). In each 8-week study period participants were randomized to RG-TFV rectal gel daily, or RG-TFV rectal gel before and after receptive anal intercourse (RAI; or at least twice weekly in the event of no RAI), or daily oral FTC/TDF. Results: MSM and TGW (n = 195) were enrolled from 8 sites in the United States, Thailand, Peru, and South Africa with mean age of 31.1 years (range 18-64). There were no differences in ≥grade 2 adverse event rates between daily gel (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.09; P = .59) or RAI gel (IRR, 0.90; P = .51) compared to FTC/TDF. High adherence (≥80% of prescribed doses assessed by unused product return and Short Message System reports) was less likely in the daily gel regimen (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; P < .001), and participants reported less likelihood of future daily gel use for HIV protection compared to FTC/TDF (OR, 0.38; P < .001). Conclusions: Rectal application of RG TFV gel was safe in MSM and TGW. Adherence and product use likelihood were similar for the intermittent gel and daily oral FTC/TDF regimens, but lower for the daily gel regimen. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01687218.

An Open-Label Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Tenofovir Gel and Oral Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate.

The Microbicide Trials Network-017 study was undertaken to characterize the safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic profile of the reduced-glycerin (RG) 1% tenofovir (RG-TFV) gel compared to oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF). The study was a Phase 2, three-period, randomized sequence, open-label, expanded safety and acceptability crossover study. In each 8-week study period, HIV-1-uninfected participants were randomized to RG-TFV rectal gel daily or RG-TFV rectal gel before and after receptive anal intercourse (RAI) (or at least twice weekly in the event of no RAI), or daily oral FTC/TDF. A mucosal substudy was conducted at sites in the United States and Thailand. Samples were collected to evaluate PK and ex vivo biopsy challenge with HIV-1. A total of 195 men who have sex with men and transgender women were enrolled in the parent study and 37 in the mucosal substudy. As previously reported, both products were found to be safe and acceptable. Systemic TFV concentrations were significantly higher following oral exposure and daily rectal administration compared to RAI-associated product use (p < .001). All three routes of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) administration resulted in the inhibition of explant infection (p < .05), and there was a significant inverse correlation between explant HIV-1 p24 and tissue concentrations of TFV and FTC (p < .0001). Despite significant differences in systemic and mucosal drug concentrations, all three PrEP regimens were able to protect rectal explants from ex vivo HIV infection. These data suggest that there is a rationale for co-development of oral and topical antiretroviral PrEP for HIV prevention. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT01687218.

A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Study of Dapivirine Gel (0.05%) Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults (MTN-026).

Dapivirine (DPV), formulated as vaginal ring, demonstrated HIV risk reduction. MTN-026 explored DPV, formulated as rectal gel, for safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and acceptability. HIV-uninfected men and women aged 18-45 years were enrolled at United States and Thailand sites and randomized 2:1 to receive DPV 0.05% or placebo gel via rectal applicator. A single-dose phase was followed by seven observed daily doses. Plasma and fluid and tissue from both rectum and cervix were collected at baseline and after the final dose over 72 h for PK, ex-vivo HIV-1 biopsy challenge, histology, and flow cytometry. Twenty-eight participants were randomized; 2 terminated early; 9 were female and 19 male; 12 were white, 11 Asian, 4 black, and 1 other race/ethnicity. Mean age was 28.5 and 34.2 years in the DPV and placebo arms, respectively. Thirty adverse events occurred (all Grade 1 or 2, except one unrelated Grade 3) without study arm differences. DPV rectal tissue concentrations [median (interquartile range)] 0.5-1 and 2 h after a single dose were 256 ng/g [below the lower limit of quantification (BLQ)-666] and BLQ (BLQ-600), respectively, then BLQ (BLQ-BLQ) from 24 to 72 h; concentrations following multiple doses were similar. The largest median DPV plasma concentrations were 0.33 ng/mL (0.15-0.48) after one dose and 0.40 (0.33-0.49) after seven doses. The DPV rectal gel was acceptable and without safety concerns. While DPV plasma concentrations were similar to the vaginal ring, rectal tissue concentrations were well below vaginal ring tissue concentrations, suggesting need for reformulation. Clinical trial number: NCT03239483.

Acceptability of a Dapivirine Gel Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults (MTN-033 Study).

We triangulated quantitative and qualitative assessments to evaluate participants' acceptability of 0.05% dapivirine rectal microbicide (RM) gel administered via two separate modalities (a rectal applicator and an artificial phallus for use as a coital simulation device) as part of a Phase I trial (N = 14) among men who have sex with men (MSM) randomized using a 1:1 ratio. Overall, participants reported favorable acceptability of the gel (n = 11; 78.6%), the same or more at the end of the study compared to when they started the study. Additionally, when discussing their preferred administration modality, they noted that both methods had positive qualities but also potential areas of improvement. Our findings underscore the need to create multiple delivery methods for a future microbicide gel (i.e., with and without the need for an applicator) and highlight the importance of offering MSM choices in how biomedical HIV prevention strategies are delivered.

High levels of adherence to a rectal microbicide gel and to oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) achieved in MTN-017 among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women.

Trials to assess microbicide safety require strict adherence to prescribed regimens. If adherence is suboptimal, safety cannot be adequately assessed. MTN-017 was a phase 2, randomized sequence, open-label, expanded safety and acceptability crossover study comparing 1) daily oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF), 2) daily use of reduced-glycerin 1% tenofovir (RG-TFV) gel applied rectally, and 3) RG-TFV gel applied before and after receptive anal intercourse (RAI)-if participants had no RAI in a week, they were asked to use two doses of gel within 24 hours. Product use was assessed by mixed methods including unused product return count, text messaging reports, and qualitative plasma TFV pharmacokinetic (PK) results. Convergence interviews engaged participants in determining the most accurate number of doses used based on product count and text messaging reports. Client-centered adherence counseling was also used. Participants (N = 187) were men who have sex with men and transgender women enrolled in the United States (42%), Thailand (29%), Peru (19%) and South Africa (10%). Mean age was 31.4 years (range 18-64 years). Based on convergence interviews, over an 8-week period, 94% of participants had ≥80% adherence to daily tablet, 41% having perfect adherence; 83% had ≥80% adherence to daily gel, 29% having perfect adherence; and 93% had ≥80% adherence to twice-weekly use during the RAI-associated gel regimen, 75% having perfect adherence and 77% having ≥80% adherence to gel use before and after RAI. Only 4.4% of all daily product PK results were undetectable and unexpected (TFV concentrations <0.31 ng/mL) given self-reported product use near sampling date. The mixed methods adherence measurement indicated high adherence to product use in all three regimens. Adherence to RAI-associated rectal gel use was as high as adherence to daily oral PrEP. A rectal microbicide gel, if efficacious, could be an alternative for individuals uninterested in daily oral PrEP.

In vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicide.

BACKGROUND: Tenofovir gel has entered into clinical trials for use as a topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 infection but has no published data regarding pre-clinical testing using in vitro and ex vivo models. To validate our findings with on-going clinical trial results, we evaluated topical tenofovir gel for safety and efficacy. We also modeled systemic application of tenofovir for efficacy. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Formulation assessment of tenofovir gel included osmolality, viscosity, in vitro release, and permeability testing. Safety was evaluated by measuring the effect on the viability of vaginal flora, PBMCs, epithelial cells, and ectocervical and colorectal explant tissues. For efficacy testing, PBMCs were cultured with tenofovir or vehicle control gels and HIV-1 representing subtypes A, B, and C. Additionally, polarized ectocervical and colorectal explant cultures were treated apically with either gel. Tenofovir was added basolaterally to simulate systemic application. All tissues were challenged with HIV-1 applied apically. Infection was assessed by measuring p24 by ELISA on collected supernatants and immunohistochemistry for ectocervical explants. Formulation testing showed the tenofovir and vehicle control gels were >10 times isosmolar. Permeability through ectocervical tissue was variable but in all cases the receptor compartment drug concentration reached levels that inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. The gels were non-toxic toward vaginal flora, PBMCs, or epithelial cells. A transient reduction in epithelial monolayer integrity and epithelial fracture for ectocervical and colorectal explants was noted and likely due to the hyperosmolar nature of the formulation. Tenofovir gel prevented HIV-1 infection of PBMCs regardless of HIV-1 subtype. Topical and systemic tenofovir were effective at preventing HIV-1 infection of explant cultures. CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide a mechanism for pre-clinical prediction of safety and efficacy of formulated microbicides. Tenofovir was effective against HIV-1 infection in our algorithm. These data support the use of tenofovir for pre-exposure prophylaxis.