Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients aged over 80 years: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Immuno-oncology (IO) drugs are essential for treating various cancer types; however, safety concerns persist in older patients. Although the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is similar among age groups, higher rates of hospitalization or discontinuation of IO therapy have been reported in older patients. Limited research exists on IO drug safety and risk factors in older adults. Our investigation aimed to assess the incidence of irAEs and identify the potential risk factors associated with their development. METHODS: This retrospective analysis reviewed the clinical data extracted from the medical records of patients aged > 80 years who underwent IO treatment at our institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the incidence of irAEs. RESULTS: Our study included 181 patients (median age: 82 years, range: 80-94), mostly men (73%), with a performance status of 0-1 in 87% of the cases; 64% received IO monotherapy. irAEs occurred in 35% of patients, contributing to IO therapy discontinuation in 19%. Our analysis highlighted increased body mass index, eosinophil counts, and albumin levels in patients with irAEs. Eosinophil count emerged as a significant risk factor for any grade irAEs, particularly Grade 3 or higher, with a cutoff of 118 (/µL). The group with eosinophil counts > 118 had a higher frequency of irAEs, and Grade 3 or higher events than the group with counts ≤ 118. CONCLUSION: IO therapy is a safe treatment option for patients > 80 years old. Furthermore, patients with elevated eosinophil counts at treatment initiation should be cautiously managed.

Investigation of a practical assessment index to capture the clinical presentation of cachexia in patients with lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer cachexia constitutes a poor prognostic factor in patients with lung cancer. However, the factors associated with cancer cachexia remain unclear. This study aimed to identify factors that influence cancer cachexia in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study conducted at the Kansai Medical University, 76 patients with lung cancer were evaluated for physical function, nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form) and physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form) at the first visit to the rehabilitation outpatient clinic. The patients were divided into cachexia and noncachexia groups. The log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards model were used to investigate the relationship between cachexia and prognosis. To examine the factors that influence cachexia, multivariate regression analysis with significant (P < 0.05) variables in the univariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the association between International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and performance status. RESULTS: Overall, 42 patients (55.2%) had cachexia associated with survival time since their first visit to the outpatient rehabilitation clinic, even after confounders adjustment (hazard ratio: 3.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.12-9.45, P = 0.031). In the multivariate analysis, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (odds ratio: 20.34, 95% confidence interval: 4.18-99.02, P < 0.001) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (odds ratio: 4.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-17.89, P = 0.026) were identified as independent factors for cachexia. There was no correlation between International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and performance status (r = 0.155, P = 0.181). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition and low physical activity were associated with cachexia in patients with lung cancer. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form may be a useful indicator of physical activity in cachexia. Regularly assessing these factors and identifying suitable interventions for cachexia remain challenges to be addressed in the future.

Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung cancer in KEYNOTE-407.

The global phase III KEYNOTE-407 (NCT02775435) trial showed that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy prolonged overall and progression-free survival (OS/PFS) versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present outcomes of patients from Japan enrolled in KEYNOTE-407. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo with paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 every 3 weeks (Q3W) or nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 (weekly) plus carboplatin area under the concentration-time curve of 6 mg/mL/min Q3W for four cycles, followed by pembrolizumab or placebo Q3W for a total of 35 cycles. Primary end-points were OS and PFS per RECIST version 1.1 by blinded independent central review. Fifty patients were randomized at Japanese sites (pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, n = 22; placebo plus chemotherapy, n = 28). Median follow-up time at data cut-off (May 9, 2019) was 15.1 (range, 0.5-24.0) months. Median OS (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 17.3 (12.5-not reached) versus 11.0 (8.6-19.5) months in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56; 95% CI, 0.27-1.15). Median PFS (95% CI) was 8.3 (6.1-13.0) versus 7.2 (3.9-8.8) months (HR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.35-1.23). Grade 3-5 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 86% and 75% of patients, respectively. There were three fatal AEs, two of which were treatment-related (one from each treatment group, pneumonitis and pulmonary hemorrhage). Efficacy and safety outcomes were consistent with the global study and support the use of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC.

Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Untreated, EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib is a third-generation, irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKI) that selectively inhibits both EGFR-TKI-sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations. A phase 3 trial compared first-line osimertinib with other EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The trial showed longer progression-free survival with osimertinib than with the comparator EGFR-TKIs (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.46). Data from the final analysis of overall survival have not been reported. METHODS: In this trial, we randomly assigned 556 patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with an EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion or L858R allele) in a 1:1 ratio to receive either osimertinib (80 mg once daily) or one of two other EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg once daily or erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg once daily, with patients receiving these drugs combined in a single comparator group). Overall survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS: The median overall survival was 38.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.5 to 41.8) in the osimertinib group and 31.8 months (95% CI, 26.6 to 36.0) in the comparator group (hazard ratio for death, 0.80; 95.05% CI, 0.64 to 1.00; P = 0.046). At 3 years, 79 of 279 patients (28%) in the osimertinib group and 26 of 277 (9%) in the comparator group were continuing to receive a trial regimen; the median exposure was 20.7 months and 11.5 months, respectively. Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were reported in 42% of the patients in the osimertinib group and in 47% of those in the comparator group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with an EGFR mutation, those who received osimertinib had longer overall survival than those who received a comparator EGFR-TKI. The safety profile for osimertinib was similar to that of the comparator EGFR-TKIs, despite a longer duration of exposure in the osimertinib group. (Funded by AstraZeneca; FLAURA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02296125.).

Afatinib plus osimertinib in the treatment of osimertinib-resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma: a phase I clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Conquering acquired resistance to osimertinib remains a major challenge in treating patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of combination treatment with osimertinib and afatinib for patients with acquired resistance to osimertinib. METHODS: This open-label phase I study was a feasibility study of the combination of afatinib and osimertinib for patients with advanced EGFR-positive NSCLC who had progressive disease after receiving osimertinib. The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). We enrolled patients who received afatinib at three different dose levels (level 1, 20 mg; level 2, 30 mg; level 3, 40 mg) combined with osimertinib at a standard dose of 80 mg once per day. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were enrolled in this study. The MTD was defined as 30 mg afatinib when combined with daily oral administration of osimertinib (80 mg). The most frequent adverse events were diarrhea (76.9%), anemia (76.9%), and rash (69.2%). Considering the toxicity profiles during all treatment periods, the recommended oral dose of afatinib was determined as 20 mg daily, with an osimertinib dose of 80 mg. For all evaluable patients (n = 12), the response rate was 7.7% and the disease-control rate was 46.2%. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with osimertinib and afatinib was tolerable; however, the synergistic effect of afatinib with osimertinib may be limited in osimertinib-resistant patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials ID: jRCTs051180008, registered date: 08/11/2018.

Phase I study of weekly nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin and concurrent thoracic radiotherapy in elderly patients with unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Few clinical studies have been designed for elderly patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We conducted a phase I study to evaluate the tolerability of carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel and concurrent thoracic radiotherapy in elderly patients with locally advanced NSCLC. The eligibility criteria were: unresectable stage III NSCLC, performance status 0 or 1, and age ≥ 75 years. Eligible patients received 6 weeks of weekly carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel and concurrent thoracic radiotherapy with a total dose of 64 Gy in 32 fractions. Carboplatin was fixed to an area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of 2 mg/mL/min, and the recommended dose of nab-paclitaxel was evaluated using a dose-escalation study (30 or 40 mg/m2). Tolerability at the recommended dose was evaluated in an expansion study. Nineteen patients were enrolled at four institutions, all of whom were eligible and assessable. The recommended nab-paclitaxel dose was set at 30 mg/m2 because two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity at 40 mg/m2. The treatment completion rate of the 17 patients analyzed at the recommended dose was 100% (80% confidence interval (CI), 83.8-100%). The overall response rate was 76.5%, and the median progression free survival was 13.4 months (95% CI, 4.2-21.4 months). Common grade 3 and 4 toxicities included leukopenia (23.5%), neutropenia (17.6%), anemia (5.9%), and infection (5.9%). One treatment-related death due to pneumonitis was observed six months after the end of the study. In conclusion, carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel and concurrent thoracic radiotherapy show good tolerability and exhibit promising efficacy in elderly patients with locally advanced NSCLC. This trial was registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials on March 11, 2019 (trial no. jRCTs042180077).

Massive digital gene expression analysis reveals different predictive profiles for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of advanced lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors prolong the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Although it has been acknowledged that there is some correlation between the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody therapy and immunohistochemical analysis, this technique is not yet considered foolproof for predicting a favorable outcome of PD-1 antibody therapy. We aimed to predict the efficacy of nivolumab based on a comprehensive analysis of RNA expression at the gene level in advanced NSCLC. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on patients with NSCLC who were administered nivolumab at the Kansai Medical University Hospital. To identify genes associated with response to anti-PD-1 antibodies, we grouped patients into responders (complete and partial response) and non-responders (stable and progressive disease) to nivolumab therapy. Significant genes were then identified for these groups using Welch's t-test. RESULTS: Among 42 analyzed cases (20 adenocarcinomas and 22 squamous cell carcinomas), enhanced expression of MAGE-A4, BBC3, and OTOA genes was observed in responders with adenocarcinoma, and enhanced expression of DAB2, HLA-DPB,1 and CDH2 genes was observed in responders with squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: This study predicted the efficacy of nivolumab based on a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression at the gene level in advanced NSCLC. We also revealed different gene expression patterns as predictors of the effectiveness of anti PD-1 antibody therapy in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum for metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: KEYNOTE-189 Japan Study.

Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum significantly improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with manageable safety compared with placebo plus pemetrexed-platinum in patients with previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without EGFR/ALK alterations in the global, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 study. We present results of Japanese patients enrolled in the KEYNOTE-189 global and Japan extension studies. Patients were randomized 2:1 to intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 35 cycles. All patients received pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 plus the investigator's choice of cisplatin or carboplatin Q3W for four cycles, followed by maintenance pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 Q3W (all intravenous). Co-primary endpoints were OS and PFS. Forty Japanese patients enrolled (pembrolizumab, n = 25; placebo, n = 15). At data cutoff (20 May 2019; median time from randomization to data cutoff, 18.5 [range, 14.7-38.2] months), the median OS was not reached in the pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum arm; the median OS was 25.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9-29.0) months in the placebo plus pemetrexed-platinum arm (hazard ratio [HR] .29; 95% CI, .07-1.15). The median (95% CI) PFS was 16.5 (8.8-21.1) compared with 7.1 (4.7-21.4) months (HR, .62; 95% CI, .27-1.42), respectively. There were no grade 5 adverse events (AE). Grade 3/4 AE occurred in 72% vs 60% of patients in the pembrolizumab vs placebo arms; 40% vs 20% had immune-mediated AE, and 4% vs 0% had infusion reactions. Efficacy and safety outcomes were similar to those from the global study and support first-line therapy with pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum in Japanese patients with nonsquamous NSCLC without EGFR/ALK alterations.

First-line pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: KEYNOTE-024 Japan subset.

This prespecified subanalysis of the global, randomized controlled phase III KEYNOTE-024 study of pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in previously untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score of 50% or greater evaluated clinical outcomes among patients enrolled in Japan. Treatment consisted of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks (35 cycles) or platinum-based chemotherapy (four to six cycles). The primary end-point was progression-free survival; secondary end-points included overall survival and safety. Of 305 patients randomized in KEYNOTE-024 overall, 40 patients were enrolled in Japan (all received treatment: pembrolizumab, n = 21; chemotherapy, n = 19). The hazard ratio (HR) for progression-free survival by independent central review (data cut-off date, 10 July 2017) was 0.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.64; one-sided, nominal P = .001). The HR for overall survival (data cut-off date, 15 February 2019) was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.17-0.91; one-sided, nominal P = .012). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 21/21 (100%) pembrolizumab-treated and 18/19 (95%) chemotherapy-treated patients; eight patients (38%) and nine patients (47%), respectively, had grade 3-5 events. Immune-mediated adverse events and infusion reactions occurred in 11 patients (52%) and four patients (21%), respectively; four patients (19%) and one patient (5%), respectively, had grade 3-5 events. Consistent with results from KEYNOTE-024 overall, first-line pembrolizumab improved progression-free survival and overall survival vs chemotherapy with manageable safety among Japanese patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02142738.

Phase I/II Study of Cisplatin plus Nab-Paclitaxel with Concurrent Thoracic Radiotherapy for Patients with Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

LESSONS LEARNED: The combination of cisplatin plus nab-paclitaxel with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer is a promising therapeutic strategy. Further investigation is warranted. BACKGROUND: We conducted a phase I/II trial of cisplatin plus nab-paclitaxel with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to determine the recommended dose (RD) of nab-paclitaxel and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this regimen. METHODS: In the phase I study, escalating doses of weekly nab-paclitaxel were administered together with cisplatin at 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and concurrent radiotherapy. In the phase II study, nab-paclitaxel was administered at the RD. RESULTS: In the phase I study, whereas no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed with nab-paclitaxel at 50 or 60 mg/m2 , one of six patients experienced DLT (esophagitis of grade 3) at 70 mg/m2 , determined as the RD. Twenty-four patients at RD were evaluable for safety and efficacy in phase II. Common toxicities included esophagitis (87.5%) and leukopenia (79.2%). Pneumonitis and treatment-related deaths were not observed, but 20 patients (83.3%) experienced radiation pneumonitis, with one case of grade 3 and four of grade 2, after completion of concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The 2-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 73.9% and 56.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.3%-74.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Concurrent chemoradiation with nab-paclitaxel at 70 mg/m2 and cisplatin at 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks showed encouraging feasibility and activity for locally advanced NSCLC.

Osimertinib in Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib is an oral, third-generation, irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) that selectively inhibits both EGFR-TKI-sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations. We compared osimertinib with standard EGFR-TKIs in patients with previously untreated, EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: In this double-blind, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 556 patients with previously untreated, EGFR mutation-positive (exon 19 deletion or L858R) advanced NSCLC in a 1:1 ratio to receive either osimertinib (at a dose of 80 mg once daily) or a standard EGFR-TKI (gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg once daily or erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg once daily). The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival. RESULTS: The median progression-free survival was significantly longer with osimertinib than with standard EGFR-TKIs (18.9 months vs. 10.2 months; hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.57; P<0.001). The objective response rate was similar in the two groups: 80% with osimertinib and 76% with standard EGFR-TKIs (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.90; P=0.24). The median duration of response was 17.2 months (95% CI, 13.8 to 22.0) with osimertinib versus 8.5 months (95% CI, 7.3 to 9.8) with standard EGFR-TKIs. Data on overall survival were immature at the interim analysis (25% maturity). The survival rate at 18 months was 83% (95% CI, 78 to 87) with osimertinib and 71% (95% CI, 65 to 76) with standard EGFR-TKIs (hazard ratio for death, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.88; P=0.007 [nonsignificant in the interim analysis]). Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were less frequent with osimertinib than with standard EGFR-TKIs (34% vs. 45%). CONCLUSIONS: Osimertinib showed efficacy superior to that of standard EGFR-TKIs in the first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC, with a similar safety profile and lower rates of serious adverse events. (Funded by AstraZeneca; FLAURA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02296125 .).

Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: First-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that lacks targetable mutations is platinum-based chemotherapy. Among patients with a tumor proportion score for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) of 50% or greater, pembrolizumab has replaced cytotoxic chemotherapy as the first-line treatment of choice. The addition of pembrolizumab to chemotherapy resulted in significantly higher rates of response and longer progression-free survival than chemotherapy alone in a phase 2 trial. METHODS: In this double-blind, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio) 616 patients with metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without sensitizing EGFR or ALK mutations who had received no previous treatment for metastatic disease to receive pemetrexed and a platinum-based drug plus either 200 mg of pembrolizumab or placebo every 3 weeks for 4 cycles, followed by pembrolizumab or placebo for up to a total of 35 cycles plus pemetrexed maintenance therapy. Crossover to pembrolizumab monotherapy was permitted among the patients in the placebo-combination group who had verified disease progression. The primary end points were overall survival and progression-free survival, as assessed by blinded, independent central radiologic review. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10.5 months, the estimated rate of overall survival at 12 months was 69.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.1 to 73.8) in the pembrolizumab-combination group versus 49.4% (95% CI, 42.1 to 56.2) in the placebo-combination group (hazard ratio for death, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.64; P<0.001). Improvement in overall survival was seen across all PD-L1 categories that were evaluated. Median progression-free survival was 8.8 months (95% CI, 7.6 to 9.2) in the pembrolizumab-combination group and 4.9 months (95% CI, 4.7 to 5.5) in the placebo-combination group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.64; P<0.001). Adverse events of grade 3 or higher occurred in 67.2% of the patients in the pembrolizumab-combination group and in 65.8% of those in the placebo-combination group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without EGFR or ALK mutations, the addition of pembrolizumab to standard chemotherapy of pemetrexed and a platinum-based drug resulted in significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival than chemotherapy alone. (Funded by Merck; KEYNOTE-189 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02578680 .).

Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: An earlier analysis in this phase 3 trial showed that durvalumab significantly prolonged progression-free survival, as compared with placebo, among patients with stage III, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who did not have disease progression after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Here we report the results for the second primary end point of overall survival. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive durvalumab intravenously, at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight, or matching placebo every 2 weeks for up to 12 months. Randomization occurred 1 to 42 days after the patients had received chemoradiotherapy and was stratified according to age, sex, and smoking history. The primary end points were progression-free survival (as assessed by blinded independent central review) and overall survival. Secondary end points included the time to death or distant metastasis, the time to second progression, and safety. RESULTS: Of the 713 patients who underwent randomization, 709 received the assigned intervention (473 patients received durvalumab and 236 received placebo). As of March 22, 2018, the median follow-up was 25.2 months. The 24-month overall survival rate was 66.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.7 to 70.4) in the durvalumab group, as compared with 55.6% (95% CI, 48.9 to 61.8) in the placebo group (two-sided P=0.005). Durvalumab significantly prolonged overall survival, as compared with placebo (stratified hazard ratio for death, 0.68; 99.73% CI, 0.47 to 0.997; P=0.0025). Updated analyses regarding progression-free survival were similar to those previously reported, with a median duration of 17.2 months in the durvalumab group and 5.6 months in the placebo group (stratified hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.63). The median time to death or distant metastasis was 28.3 months in the durvalumab group and 16.2 months in the placebo group (stratified hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.68). A total of 30.5% of the patients in the durvalumab group and 26.1% of those in the placebo group had grade 3 or 4 adverse events of any cause; 15.4% and 9.8% of the patients, respectively, discontinued the trial regimen because of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Durvalumab therapy resulted in significantly longer overall survival than placebo. No new safety signals were identified. (Funded by AstraZeneca; PACIFIC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02125461 .).

First-line pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: KEYNOTE-024 Japan subset.

This prespecified subanalysis of the global, randomized controlled phase III KEYNOTE-024 study of pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in previously untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score of 50% or higher evaluated clinical outcomes among patients enrolled in Japan. Treatment consisted of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks (35 cycles) or platinum-based chemotherapy (four to six cycles). The primary end-point was progression-free survival; secondary end-points included overall survival and safety. Of 305 patients randomized in KEYNOTE-024 overall, 40 patients were enrolled in Japan (all received treatment: pembrolizumab, n = 21; chemotherapy, n = 19). Median progression-free survival was 41.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2-42.5) months with pembrolizumab and 4.1 (95% CI, 2.8-8.3) months with chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.27 [95% CI, 0.11-0.65]; one-sided, nominal P = .001). Median overall survival was not reached (NR) (95% CI, 22.9-NR) and 21.5 (95% CI, 5.2-35.0) months, respectively (HR, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.17-0.91]; one-sided, nominal P = .012). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 21/21 (100%) pembrolizumab-treated and 18/19 (95%) chemotherapy-treated patients; eight patients (38%) and nine patients (47%), respectively, had grade 3-5 events. Immune-mediated adverse events and infusion reactions occurred in 11 pembrolizumab-treated patients (52%) and four chemotherapy-treated patients (21%), respectively; four patients (19%) and one patient (5%), respectively, had grade 3-5 events. Consistent with results from KEYNOTE-024 overall, first-line pembrolizumab improved progression-free survival and overall survival vs chemotherapy with manageable safety among Japanese patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or higher. The trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02142738.

Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer without tumor PD-L1 expression: A pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Pembrolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy has demonstrated improved clinical outcomes over chemotherapy alone in patients with previously untreated advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), regardless of tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. This study pooled data from 3 randomized controlled trials to evaluate outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC negative for PD-L1 (ie, a tumor proportion score < 1%). METHODS: Individual patient data were pooled from KEYNOTE-021 cohort G (nonsquamous; NCT02039674), KEYNOTE-189 (nonsquamous; NCT02578680 and NCT03950674), and KEYNOTE-407 (squamous; NCT02775435). Treatment comprised pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (pemetrexed and platinum for nonsquamous histology and carboplatin and paclitaxel/nab-paclitaxel for squamous histology) or chemotherapy alone. Responses were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 by blinded, independent, central review. No α was assigned to this descriptive, exploratory analysis. RESULTS: Four hundred forty-four of the 1328 patients (33.4%) who were enrolled across the 3 trials had PD-L1-negative tumors (256 on pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy [nonsquamous, n = 155; squamous, n = 94; other, n = 7] and 188 on chemotherapy alone [nonsquamous, n = 83; squamous, n = 99; other, n = 6]). The median time from randomization to the data cutoff was 28.0 months (range, 14.7-55.4 months). Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy improved overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50-0.79) and progression-free survival (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.83) over chemotherapy. Sixteen patients in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy arm completed 2 years of treatment; the objective response rate was 87.5% (95% CI, 61.7%-98.4%), and the 3-year OS rate was 100%. Adverse events (AEs) were experienced by 99.2% of the patients who received pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy and by 98.9% of the patients who received chemotherapy alone, with grade 3 or higher AEs occurring in 71.4% and 72.0%, respectively; immune-mediated AEs and infusion reactions were experienced by 29.0% and 12.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy demonstrated response and survival improvements with manageable safety in comparison with chemotherapy alone in PD-L1-negative advanced/metastatic NSCLC, and it is a standard-of-care first-line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC, regardless of PD-L1 expression. LAY SUMMARY: Some tumors produce a protein called programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which interacts with the body's immune system and prevents an immune response against cancer. Antibody therapies such as pembrolizumab block interactions between tumor PD-L1 and the immune system and enable an immune response. Used alone, pembrolizumab provides benefit for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors that produce PD-L1. However, when it is combined with chemotherapy, which can stimulate anticancer immune responses, pembrolizumab provides a benefit, regardless of tumor PD-L1 production. This article shows that among patients with NSCLC whose tumors produce no PD-L1, outcomes are better with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in comparison with chemotherapy alone.

Evaluation of FOLFOX or CAPOX reintroduction with or without bevacizumab in relapsed colorectal cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin as adjuvant chemotherapy (REACT study).

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy in relapsed colorectal cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin as adjuvant chemotherapy is under debate. REACT study aimed to investigate the efficacy of reintroducing modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) or CAPOX with or without bevacizumab in recurrent colorectal cancer patients after oxaliplatin adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Patients that participated in this trial had a medical history of adjuvant chemotherapy, including oxaliplatin with a cumulative dose greater than 400 mg/m2, and recurrence that was diagnosed more six months post adjuvant chemotherapy. Primary endpoints were response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR), while key secondary endpoints were time to treatment failure (TTF), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were enrolled between October 2012 and October 2016. Of the 29 eligible patients, 7 received mFOLFOX6 and 22 received CAPOX. The RR was 62.1% (95% confidence interval 42.3-79.3) and the DCR was 82.8% (95% confidence interval 64.2-94.2). The RR for oxaliplatin-free interval was 100.0% in months 6-12 and 56.0% after 12 months. Median TTF, PFS, and OS were 6.3, 10.8, and 28.7 months, respectively. Grade 3 or worse peripheral sensory neuropathy developed in 6.5%. Allergic reactions occurred in 12.9% of the patients, with one (3.2%) grade 3 episode. There were no other severe treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Reintroduction of oxaliplatin was feasible and achieved high RR or DCR in patients after more than 6 months post oxaliplatin adjuvant chemotherapy.

Genetic Profiling of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer at Development of Resistance to First- or Second-Generation EGFR-TKIs by CAPP-Seq Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA.

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) eventually acquire resistance to these drugs. The identification of various resistance mechanisms for determination of subsequent treatment for these patients will require a method for simultaneous detection of multiple genetic alterations with high sensitivity. We performed cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing (CAPP-Seq) with circulating tumor DNA obtained from patients with NSCLC who acquired resistance to first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs. Plasma samples from 27 patients were analyzed, and 24 samples underwent CAPP-Seq successfully. Original activating EGFR mutations were detected in 23 patients, with the remaining patient showing MET amplification. With regard to known mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance, the T790M mutation of EGFR was detected in 17 of the 24 patients, MET amplification in 9 patients (6 of whom also harbored T790M), ERBB2 amplification in 2 patients (1 of whom also harbored T790M), and EGFR amplification in 4 patients (all of whom harbored T790M). Our results thus show that CAPP-Seq is applicable to clinical samples for the identification of multiple somatic mutations in circulating tumor DNA obtained from patients with NSCLC at the time of disease progression during treatment with first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs. Patients positive for the T790M mutation of EGFR were also found to constitute a molecularly heterogeneous population. KEY POINTS: CAPP-Seq is applicable to clinical samples for the identification of multiple somatic mutations.The T790M mutation of EGFR is associated with amplification of MET, ERBB2, or EGFR in NSCLC patients resistant to EGFR-TKIs.T790M-positive patients are molecularly heterogeneous, and genetic alterations coexisting with T790M may differ between patients treated with first-generation or second-generation EGFR-TKIs.

Osimertinib versus standard-of-care EGFR-TKI as first-line treatment for EGFRm advanced NSCLC: FLAURA Japanese subset.

BACKGROUND: The FLAURA study was a multicenter, double-blind, Phase 3 study in which patients with previously untreated epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma were randomized 1:1 to oral osimertinib 80 mg once daily or standard-of-care (gefitinib 250 mg or erlotinib 150 mg, once daily) to compare safety and efficacy. In the overall FLAURA study, significantly better progression-free survival was shown with osimertinib versus standard-of-care. METHODS: Selected endpoints, including progression-free survival (primary endpoint), overall survival, objective response rate, duration of response and safety were evaluated for the Japanese subset of the FLAURA study. RESULTS: In Japan, 120 eligible Japanese patients were randomized to osimertinib (65 patients) or gefitinib (55 patients) treatment from December 2014 to June 2017. Median progression-free survival was 19.1 (95% confidence interval, 12.6, 23.5) and 13.8 (95% confidence interval, 8.3, 16.6) months with osimertinib and gefitinib, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.38, 0.99). Median overall survival was not reached in either treatment arm (data were immature). In the osimertinib and gefitinib arms, objective response rate was 75.4% (49/65) and 76.4% (42/55), and median duration of response from onset was 18.4 (95% confidence interval, not calculated) and 9.5 (95% confidence interval, 6.2, 13.9) months, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups. The frequency of Grade ≥3 interstitial lung disease and pneumonitis in the two groups were the same (one patient). CONCLUSIONS: As the first-line therapy, osimertinib showed significantly improved efficacy versus gefitinib in the Japanese population of the FLAURA study. No new safety concerns were raised. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02296125 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Exploration of resistance mechanisms for epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on plasma analysis by digital polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing.

Liquid biopsy offers a potential alternative to tissue biopsy for detection of genetic alterations in cancer, and it has been introduced into clinical practice to detect the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance-conferring T790M mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We prospectively collected tumor and plasma samples from 25 NSCLC patients who harbored activating mutations of EGFR and experienced failure of treatment with afatinib. The samples were analyzed by digital PCR (dPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). T790M was detected in plasma with a respective sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 70.0% by dPCR and 50.0% and 70.0% by NGS relative to analysis of corresponding tumor samples. Quantitation of T790M based on the ratio of the number of T790M alleles to that of activating mutation alleles (T/A ratio) improved the specificity of plasma analysis to 100% for both dPCR and NGS without a reduction in sensitivity. Although several afatinib resistance mechanisms other than T790M-including copy number gain of NRAS or MET-were identified in tumor samples, the corresponding genetic alterations were not detected in plasma. TP53 mutations were frequently identified in plasma and tumor samples, with most such mutations also having been detected before afatinib treatment. The presence of de novo TP53 mutations was associated with reduced progression-free survival. Quantitation of T790M in plasma is thus a clinically relevant approach to determine the T790M status of tumors. In addition, genetic alterations coexisting with EGFR mutations can affect the efficacy of EGFR-TKI treatment.

Phase 3 study of ceritinib vs chemotherapy in ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib (ASCEND-5): Japanese subset.

BACKGROUND: In the global, Phase 3, ASCEND-5 study, ceritinib improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs chemotherapy in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had previously progressed on crizotinib and platinum-based chemotherapy. Here, we report efficacy and safety in a subset of Japanese patients from the ASCEND-5 study. METHODS: Patients with advanced ALK-rearranged NSCLC received oral ceritinib 750 mg/day or chemotherapy (intravenous pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 [investigator's choice], every 21 days). RESULTS: Among the 231 patients, 29 were Japanese, of which, 11 were treated with ceritinib and 18 were treated with chemotherapy (5 with pemetrexed and 13 with docetaxel). All the patients received prior crizotinib and one or two lines of prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. Median follow-up time was 16.6 months for ceritinib arm and 16.4 months for chemotherapy arm in the overall population. The median PFS by blinded independent review committee was 9.8 months (95% CI, 4.3-14.0) in ceritinib arm vs 1.6 months (95% CI, 1.4-3.0) in chemotherapy arm. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events, suspected to be study drug related, were reported in 36.4% of ceritinib arm and 72.2% of chemotherapy arm, respectively. No Grade 3 or 4 events of diarrhea, nausea and vomiting were reported in both the treatment arms. Adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation were reported in one patient in each arm: Grade 3 central-nervous system metastases in ceritinib-treated patient and Grade 3 febrile neutropenia in chemotherapy-treated patient. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with overall population, ceritinib demonstrated better efficacy compared with the standard second-line chemotherapy in Japanese patients with crizotinib-resistant ALK+ NSCLC. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01828112.