High proportion of patients with bleeding of unknown cause in persons with a mild-to-moderate bleeding tendency: Results from the Vienna Bleeding Biobank (VIBB).

INTRODUCTION: Data on clinical characteristics and the prevalence of underlying coagulopathies in patients with mild-to-moderate bleeding disorders (MBDs) are scarce. AIM: We established the Vienna Bleeding Biobank (VIBB) to characterize and thoroughly investigate Austrian patients with MBDs. RESULTS: Four hundred eighteen patients (female = 345, 82.5%) were included. A platelet function defect (PFD) was diagnosed in 26 (6.2%) and a possible PFD in 30 (7.2%) patients. Eight patients (1.9%) were diagnosed with von Willebrand disease (VWD) (type 1 n = 6; type 2 n = 2), and 29 patients had low VWF (30-50 IU/dL). Deficiencies in factor VIII, IX, XI or XIII were found in 11 (2.6%), 3 (0.7%), 3 (0.7%) and 1 patient(s), 2 patients had dysfibrinogenaemia, and further 2 had possible PFD and FXI deficiency. Probable causal mutations were detected in 8 of 11 patients with FVIII deficiency, 2 of 3 patients with FIX deficiency and 2 of 8 patients with VWD. Three hundred three patients (72.5%) had normal results in the coagulation assays and were categorized as patients with bleeding of unknown cause (BUC). The bleeding score did not differ between patients with and without established diagnosis. A diagnosis of a bleeding disorder was more frequently made in men than in women (49.3% vs 22.9%). Male sex (OR 3.55, 95% CI: 2.02-6.22; P < .001) and blood group 0 (OR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.17-2.94; P = .008) were independently associated with diagnosis of a bleeding disorder. CONCLUSION: The high rate of patients with BUC despite in-depth haemostatic assessment underlines the incompleteness of available routine laboratory tests. Males with MBDs were more likely to be diagnosed with an established bleeding disorder than females.

Thrombin generation in haemophilia A patients with factor VIII inhibitors after infusion of recombinant factor VIIa.

BACKGROUND: Development of factor VIII inhibitors is a serious complication in haemophilia A patients. Recombinant factor VIIa (rVIIa) is clinically effective, but its effects on haemostatic system need still to be fully elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an open controlled study, we measured thrombin generation (peak thrombin) in venous blood and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and D-dimer in venous and in shed blood in five haemophilia A patients with inhibitors before and after rVIIa infusion. A total of five healthy individuals who did not receive rVIIa served as controls. RESULTS: At baseline, patients had lower mean (min-max) peak thrombin levels than controls [0.12 (0.0-0.6) vs. 186.9 (116.0-254.4) nM, P = 0.001]. After infusion, peak thrombin levels increased in average to 40.7 (28.3-51.6) nM, which translates into 80.2% (95% CI 65.4-88.6%) lower levels compared to that of controls. Mean (min-max) F1 + 2 levels in venous blood did not differ significantly between patients and controls [160.7 (89.8-331.3) vs. 160.8 (104.4-242.3) pmol L(-1)], but increased in average (min-max) by 39.4% (14.1-58.5%) after infusion. In blood emerging from incisions made to determine the bleeding (shed blood), F1 + 2 levels were lower in patients than controls [1383.3 (906.4-2044.6) vs. 2981.7 (1610.0-4539.6) pmol L(-1); P = 0.04], but were not affected by rVIIa; D-dimer levels were significantly higher in haemophiliacs than in controls and remained unchanged after infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Haemophilia A patients with factor VIII inhibitors have low thrombin generation. After rVIIa, the extent of coagulation activation as measured by levels of F1 + 2 is increased, but thrombin generation is restored to only 20%. Peak thrombin levels could reflect the effects of rVIIa on coagulation mechanisms, and their relevance with regard to the clinical coagulation defect of haemophilia A patients with factor VIII inhibitors might be evaluated.

Mechanisms underlying acquired von Willebrand syndrome associated with an IgM paraprotein.

Acquired von Willebrand (vW) syndrome is a rare bleeding disorder which is frequently associated with immunological, malignant or cardiovascular disorders. The underlying pathomechanisms, particularly in patients with IgM monoclonal gammopathies, often remain unknown. We report a patient with indolent small B-cell lymphoma (immunocytoma) and plasmacytic differentiation with an IgM kappa paraprotein who was admitted with retroperitoneal haematoma. Medical history and coagulation testing were consistent with acquired vW syndrome. vW immunohistochemistry showed normal cytoplasmic labelling of endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, whereas the lymphomatous infiltrate was negative. Acquired vW syndrome due to adsorption of vW factor on malignant cells was thus excluded. In the multimeric analysis, all multimers were present similar to that in type 1 vW syndrome, but the triplet structures were blurred. The bands on serum immunofixation electrophoresis were also atypically broadened, which suggested complex formation between the IgM and vW factor. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the 176-kDa proteolytic fragment of vW factor co-precipitated with the IgM paraprotein in the patient but not in the controls, suggesting a specific interaction between vW factor and the paraprotein in the patient. The patient required surgery and was successfully managed by chemotherapy consisting of rituximab and fludarabin as well as plasma exchange.

6 versus 30 months anticoagulation for recurrent venous thrombosis in patients with high factor VIII.

Patients with first venous thromboembolism (VTE) and high factor VIII (FVIII) are at increased risk of recurrence. It is unknown whether these patients benefit from prolonged secondary thrombophrophylaxis. In a prospective trial patients with first spontaneous VTE and FVIII levels >230 IU/dl were randomized to discontinue vitamin K Antagonist (VKA) after 6 months or to continue VKA for additional 24 months. Patients were excluded if they had a natural inhibitor deficiency, lupus anticoagulant, cancer, were pregnant, required long-term antithrombotic therapy or had acute-phase reaction. Primary study endpoints were symptomatic recurrent VTE or major bleeding within 2 years. Follow-up was continued beyond 2 years. Of 3,219 screened patients 34 met the inclusion criteria. Mean observation time was 37 months. Two of 17 patients allocated to discontinue VKA and two of 17 patients randomized to prolonged anticoagulation had recurrent VTE within 2 years. In the prolonged treatment group, one patient had recurrence during VKA therapy and one patient 4 weeks after voluntary discontinuation of VKA. One major nonfatal bleeding (severe epistaxis) after 10 months of VKA occurred in the prolonged treatment group. Five patients allocated to prolonged anticoagulation had recurrent VTE after discontinuation of VKA. The probability of recurrence at 2 years after discontinuation of VKA was 30% (95% CI 13-46%). Patients with high FVIII are at increased risk of recurrence. Our findings in a small number of patients indicate that prolonged anticoagulation seems to be effective but that the benefit is not maintained after discontinuation of anticoagulation.

Effects of clopidogrel with or without aspirin on the generation of extracellular vesicles in the microcirculation and in venous blood: A randomized placebo controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a standard strategy in acute coronary heart disease; however, it confers a considerable bleeding risk. Single-antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) inhibits haemostatic system activation ex vivo to a similar extent as DAPT. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are procoagulant and contribute to haemostatic system activation. We aimed to investigate the effect of DAPT compared with SAPT on EV. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 44 healthy volunteers received DAPT (clopidogrel + aspirin) or SAPT (clopidogrel + placebo) for 7 days. Blood was obtained from a standardized microvascular injury and through venipuncture at baseline (BL) and at 2 h, 24 h, and 8 days after treatment initiation. The number, origin, and surface expression of EV were assessed using flow cytometry. Data are given as median (quartiles). Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the short-term (BL vs 2 h) and long-term differences (2 h to 8 days), as well as the differences between treatment groups. RESULTS: There was no difference either in the short-term effects on the number (×103 mL-1) of EV in microvascular blood between DAPT [BL: 1433 (653; 3184) vs 2 h: 862 (545; 2026), p = 0.39] and SAPT [(BL: 614 (552; 1402) vs 2 h: 1079 (781; 1538), p = 0.75)] or in the long-term effects. DAPT and SAPT did not exhibit differential short-term effects on the number and proportion (36% and 27% vs 55% and 36%) of platelet-derived EV. DAPT and SAPT resulted in a significant short-term increase in phosphatidylserine expression in microvascular blood. The effects of DAPT and SAPT on EV in venous blood were similar to those in microvascular blood. CONCLUSION: DAPT and SAPT have comparable effects on the amount, origin, and surface characteristics of EV.

Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes: innate immune response and venous thromboembolic disease.

Essentials Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes have antithrombotic properties. We evaluated the relation between natural IgM and IgG antibodies and the venous thrombosis risk. Risk of recurrent thrombosis was higher in patients with low natural IgM antibody levels. The protective effect of high IgM levels suggests a role of innate immune response in thrombosis. SUMMARY: Background and objectives Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes protect from atherothrombotic events. Whether mechanisms of innate immunity are relevant in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. Patients/Methods We measured plasma levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) and phosphocholine (PC) by enzyme linked immune assay in 663 patients with unprovoked VTE, who were prospectively followed after discontinuation of anticoagulation for a median of 8.8 years. The study endpoint was recurrent VTE. Results IgM antibody levels to OxLDL and PC were higher in patients without compared to those with recurrent VTE (n = 174, 26.2%). For each doubling of OxLDL-IgM or PC-IgM the hazard ratio (HR) of recurrence was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.01) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71-0.94), respectively. After 5 years the probability of recurrence in patients with PC-IgM levels in the highest tertile (> 19.6 RLU/100 ms) was 13.0% (95% CI, 8.1-17.6%), compared with 21.1% (95% CI, 14.9-26.9%) in the middle tertile and 20.6% (95% CI, 14.7-26.0%) in the lowest tertile. The corresponding HR was 0.56 (0.39-0.82) for PC-IgM levels in the highest compared with the lowest tertile. Neither immunoglobulin G IgG antibody levels to OxLDL nor those to PC were associated with risk of VTE. Conclusion Levels of natural IgM antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes are inversely related to the risk of VTE.

von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate (Haemate P) dosing based on pharmacokinetics: a prospective multicenter trial in elective surgery.

BACKGROUND: While plasma-derived concentrates containing large amounts of von Willebrand factor (VWF) are effective in treating von Willebrand disease (VWD), optimal dosing remains to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility of dosing Haemate P VWF/factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate based on pharmacokinetics (PK) in the management of surgical subjects with VWD. METHODS: VWD subjects scheduled for elective surgery were enrolled in a prospective multicenter open-label cohort study. A pre-operative loading dose of VWF/FVIII concentrate based upon prior individual subject PK analysis was administered followed by postoperative therapeutic/maintenance infusions. RESULTS: Twenty-eight subjects with types 1, 2A or 3 VWD and one with type 2 M were enrolled. Median in vivo recovery of VWF ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) was 1.9 IU dL(-1) (IU kg(-1))(-1) with an interquartile range (IQR) of 1.6-2.5 IU dL(-1) (IU kg(-1))(-1). Median response, half-life and clearance were 74.0% (IQR, 55.5-100%), 15.6 h (IQR, 9.0-28.4 h) and 3.26 mL kg(-1) h(-1) (IQR, 2.29-5.21 mL kg(-1) h(-1)), respectively. A PK-guided median VWF:RCo loading dose of 62.4 IU kg(-1) (IQR, 50.1-87.0 IU kg(-1)) was administered. Postoperative mean trough VWF:RCo levels of 62-73 IU dL(-1) were sufficient to prevent bleeding. Investigators rated hemostasis excellent or good in 96.3% of subjects on the day of surgery and 100% on the next day and on day 14. A subject with multiple risk factors developed pulmonary embolism, which resolved without sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Haemate P provided effective and safe hemostasis in VWD subjects undergoing elective surgery. Selection of Haemate P loading dose on the basis of VWF PK proved feasible.

Chemotherapy-induced thrombin generation via procoagulant endothelial microparticles is independent of tissue factor activity.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy predisposes cancer patients to thromboembolic events. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether endothelial damage, via formation of procoagulant endothelial microparticles (EMPs), contributes to cisplatin-related hypercoagulability. METHODS: Cell viability and caspase-3/7 activities were assessed in two endothelial cell (EC) lines [human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and human pulmonary microvascular ECs (HMVEC-Ls)] after exposure to cisplatin (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 microm) for up to 120 h. Counts and procoagulant activity of EMPs were measured by flow cytometry and a thrombin generation assay, respectively. Tissue factor (TF) antigen and TF-dependent procoagulant activity of EMP were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a novel functional assay. RESULTS: By inducing apoptosis, cisplatin dose- and time-dependently decreased the viability of confluent HUVECs and HMVEC-Ls. Progression of EC death was accompanied by an increased release of EMPs (relative increase at 20 microm cisplatin for 48 h vs. control: HUVECs 6.5-fold, P < 0.001; HMVEC-Ls 18.4-fold, P < 0.001). EMPs were highly procoagulant (relative increase at 20 microm cisplatin for 48 h vs. control: HUVECs 2.5-fold, P < 0.001; HMVEC-Ls 5.9-fold, P < 0.001). EMP-driven thrombin generation, however, was not dependent on TF: TF expression and TF procoagulant activity levels on microparticles were only marginal and EMP-associated thrombin generation remained unchanged when the extrinsic pathway was blocked by omission of factor VIIa and/or incubation with an anti-human TF antibody. In contrast, blocking of phospholipids by annexin V markedly diminished EMP-associated procoagulant activity. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro, cisplatin induced the release of EMPs that showed TF-independent procoagulant activity.

Risk of cancer after anticoagulation in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism: an observational cohort study.

Essentials Data on long-term cancer risk are controversial in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). We assessed long-term rates and risk factors of cancer in patients with VTE. Cancer risk after anticoagulation is not higher in VTE patients than in the general population. VTE recurrence is not predictive of a future cancer diagnosis. SUMMARY: Background Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of having a subsequent cancer diagnosis. The risk is highest during the first 6 months. Reports on cancer rates thereafter are controversial. We aimed to assess long-term rates and risk factors of cancer in patients with VTE. Methods and Results We followed patients with a first unprovoked VTE after discontinuation of anticoagulation, and excluded those receiving long-term antithrombotic therapy or with major thrombophilia. The study endpoint was the occurrence of cancer. Sixty-two (5.2%) of 1188 patients developed cancer during a median follow-up of 98 months. The cumulative incidence rates of cancer were 0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-1.2%), 3.1% (95% CI 2.0-4.1%) and 9% (95% CI 6.5-11.5) after 1, 5 and 15 years; these were not significantly different from those in the matched general population (0.6%, 3.4%, and 12.2%, respectively). The corresponding standardized incidence ratios (ratio of the observed cancer cases and the number of cases based on national cancer incidence rates) of 1.1 (95% CI 0.5-2.5), 1.0 (95% CI 0.6-1.4) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.7-1.2) did not indicate a difference in cancer incidence between our cohort and the general population. Advancing age (hazard ratio [HR] per decade 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-2.0) and shorter duration of anticoagulation (HR per 1-month decrease 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6) were associated with an increased cancer risk, whereas VTE recurrence was not (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.66-2.07). Conclusions Asymptomatic patients with unprovoked VTE who have completed anticoagulation therapy do not have a higher cancer risk. The inverse association between the duration of anticoagulation and the incidence of cancer warrants further investigation.

Prediction of recurrent venous thromboembolism by the activated partial thromboplastin time.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multi-factorial disease. Extensive thrombophilia screening is costly and often inconclusive. Simple laboratory methods are required to predict the risk of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To assess if measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 918 patients with a first unprovoked VTE and studied the relationship between recurrence and an APTT after discontinuation of anticoagulation. APTT was expressed as a ratio of test to reference coagulation times. Study endpoint was symptomatic recurrent VTE. RESULTS: Venous thromboembolism recurred in 101 (11%) patients. Patients without recurrence had a greater APTT ratio than those with recurrence (0.97 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.09, P = 0.001). After 4 years, probability of recurrent VTE was 8.5% (95% CI: 5.5-11.5%) among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 and 15.6% (95% CI: 11.4-19.9%) among patients with a lower ratio (P = 0.005). Compared with patients with an APTT ratio < 0.95, the relative risk (RR) of recurrence among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.38-0.84, P = 0.005) before and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.87, P = 0.009) after adjustment for sex, age, factor V Leiden, and factor II G20210A. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of APTT allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence.

Idiopathic venous thrombosis. Long-term anticoagulant therapy? No.

Venous thrombosis is a chronic disease with a recurrence rate of approximately 30% within 5-8 years. The optimal duration of secondary thromboprophylaxis in these patients entails balancing the risk of recurrence against the risk of treatment-associated bleeding. There is agreement that patients with a first idiopathic venous thrombosis should receive vitamin K antagonists for at least 3-6 months. Convincing trials showing a clinical benefit in terms of morbidity or mortality with respect to expansion of anticoagulation beyond 6 months are lacking. Nevertheless, some subgroups of patients with venous thrombosis may benefit from indefinite anticoagulation. Thus, patients with antithrombin deficiency, combined or homozygous defects, more than one unprovoked episode of thrombosis, the lupus anticoagulant or high factor VIII plasma levels are good candidates for long-term prevention.

Effects of P2Y12 receptor inhibition with or without aspirin on hemostatic system activation: a randomized trial in healthy subjects.

UNLABELLED: ESSENTIALS: In acute coronary syndromes, dual antiplatelet therapy inhibits platelets but confers a bleeding risk. Healthy male volunteers received clopidogrel or ticagrelor plus aspirin or clopidogrel or ticagrelor alone. The decrease in ß-thromboglobulin in shed blood was comparable after single and dual antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesize that patients with acute coronary syndromes may not require dual antiplatelet therapy. BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin is standard in acute coronary syndromes. Dual antiplatelet therapy causes more bleeding than single antiplatelet therapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of dual and single antiplatelet therapies on hemostatic system activation. PATIENTS/METHODS: In a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 44 healthy volunteers received clopidogrel (600 mg, then 150 mg d(-1) ) and aspirin (100 mg d(-1) ) or placebo for 7 days; An additional 44 volunteers received single-dose ticagrelor (180 mg) and aspirin (300 mg) or placebo. ß-Thromboglobulin (ß-TG [IU L(-1) ]) and prothrombin fragment 1.2 (f1.2 [nmol L(-1) ]) were measured in blood obtained from bleeding time incisions. Data are given as geometric mean ratio (GMR [95% confidence interval]) to describe the differences in the first 2 h and as mean differences (Δ [95% confidence interval]) in area under the curve (AUC) to discriminate differences in effects over the total observation time. RESULTS: Clopidogrel plus aspirin and clopidogrel plus placebo reduced ß-TG by a GMR of 0.51 (0.42-0.63) and 0.54 (0.46-0.64) at 2 h. Ticagrelor plus aspirin and ticagrelor plus placebo decreased ß-TG by a GMR of 0.38 (0.26-0.57) and 0.47 (0.31-0.72). Ticagrelor plus aspirin and ticagrelor plus placebo reduced f1.2 by a GMR of 0.58 (0.45-0.75) and 0.55 (0.38-0.80); clopidogrel did not. Over 24 h, no difference in ß-TG occurred between clopidogrel plus aspirin and clopidogrel plus placebo (ΔAUC = -2.9 [-9.9 to 4.1]) or between ticagrelor plus aspirin and ticagrelor plus placebo (ΔAUC = -3.5 [-11.8 to 4.7]). No difference in f1.2 occurred between clopidogrel plus aspirin and clopidogrel plus placebo (ΔAUC = -4.2 [-10.2 to 1.8]) or between ticagrelor plus aspirin and ticagrelor plus placebo (ΔAUC = -3.6 [-10.9 to 3.7]). CONCLUSIONS: P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy and dual antiplatelet therapy inhibit hemostatic system activation to a comparable extent.

The long-term recurrence risk of patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism: an observational cohort study.

Essentials Long-term recurrence risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. We performed a prospective cohort study of 839 patients with first unprovoked VTE. VTE recurrence risk is high, particularly in men with proximal thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Sex and VTE site determine the recurrence risk and should be considered for patient counseling. SUMMARY: Background The long-term recurrence risk (ltRR) of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. Objective To assess the ltRR of patients with first unprovoked VTE. Patients/methods Patients were classified into three categories: distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT), proximal DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE), that is, PE associated with DVT or isolated PE. Patients with major thrombophilia or antithrombotic therapy were excluded. The endpoint was recurrent symptomatic VTE. Results A total of 839 patients were followed for a median of 7.7 years. VTE recurred in 263 patients (31%). After 10 and 20 years, the cumulative ltRR was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29-36) and 44% (95% CI, 38-49) with 3.9 (95% CI, 3.3-4.6) and 3.3 (95% CI, 2.7-4.0) events per 100 patient-years, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.4-3.2) and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.4-3.2) for patients with proximal DVT or PE compared with patients with distal DVT and was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.6-2.9) for men compared with women. At 10 years, 4.7 (95% CI, 3.8-5.8) events per 100 patient-years occurred in men with proximal DVT or PE, 2.4 (95% CI, 1.2-4.4) in men with distal DVT, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8) in women with proximal DVT or PE and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.2-1.9) in women with distal DVT. Conclusion The ltRR of patients with first unprovoked VTE is high and dependent upon sex and VTE site.

Risk of pregnancy-associated recurrent venous thromboembolism in women with a history of venous thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the risk of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women with a history of VTE. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of recurrent pregnancy-associated thrombosis in women with previous VTE in a large retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-nine women with at least one pregnancy (293 pregnancies in total) after a VTE were included into the study. The patients underwent a standardized interview on their history of thrombosis and pregnancy-associated complications. RESULTS: Eight recurrent events occurred during 197 pregnancies without thrombosis prophylaxis. The probability of VTE during pregnancy without thrombosis prophylaxis was 6.2% (95% confidence interval 1.6-10.9%). The risk was constant over the whole period of pregnancy. Of the eight women with VTE during pregnancy four had heterozygous FV:R506Q, two in combination with hyperhomocysteinemia. No VTE occurred during 87 pregnancies with thrombosis prophylaxis. In the postpartum period 15 VTEs occurred, two of 83 (2.4%) after pregnancy termination, one of 53 (1.9%) after miscarriage, three of 10 (30%) after stillbirth and nine of 138 (6.5%) after live birth. CONCLUSIONS: Without thrombosis prophylaxis the risk for recurrent symptomatic VTE is substantial during the whole period of pregnancy in women with previous VTE. The majority of events occurred after delivery, reflecting the very high risk during the postpartum period. Prospective and comparative trials to ascertain efficacy and safety of prophylactic heparin are urgently needed.

The post-thrombotic syndrome: risk factors and impact on the course of thrombotic disease.

BACKGROUND: The post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a frequent complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Patients with recurrent ipsilateral DVT have an increased risk of PTS; other risk factors are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To establish risk factors of PTS and its impact on venous thrombotic disease. PATIENTS: We prospectively followed 406 patients after a first symptomatic DVT for a median of 60 months. Patients with recurrent DVT, a natural inhibitor deficiency, the lupus anticoagulant, cancer, long-term anticoagulation, an observation time < 18 months and DVT-recurrence prior PTS-assessment were excluded. Study outcomes were occurrence of PTS and recurrent symptomatic DVT. RESULTS: PTS was assessed after 44 +/- 23 months (mean +/- SD) using a clinical classification score. PTS developed in 176 of 406 patients (43.3%). Severe PTS was rare (1.4%). Proximal DVT was the strongest risk factor of PTS [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-3.7]. Male gender (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.8) and elevated D-dimer levels (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.9) were weaker risk factors. Factor V Leiden, factor II G20210A or high factor VIII did not confer an increased risk of PTS. At 4 years, the cumulative probability of recurrence was 7.4% (95% CI 3.2-11.7) among patients with PTS when compared with 1.6% (95% CI 0-3.5; P < 0.02) among patients without PTS. The risk of recurrence was 2.6-fold (95% CI 1.2-5.9) increased when PTS was present. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal DVT, male gender, and high D-dimer levels are independently associated with the development of PTS in patients with a first DVT. Patients with PTS have an increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism.

P-glycoprotein expression as unfavorable prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia.

In order to further define the role of the MDR1 gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we determined the association between the presence of P-glycoprotein on leukemic cells and the efficacy of therapy in patients with AML. Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibody C219 was performed to demonstrate the presence of P-glycoprotein. Positive staining ranged from 0 to 60% of the leukemic cells. For further analysis, patients were assigned into groups with 0-5% staining cells (group 1, n = 33) and with > 5% staining cells (group 2, n = 19). The complete remission rate of induction chemotherapy was 76% for group 1 but only 32% for group 2 (p = 0.002). The median duration of overall survival was 19 months for patients in group 1 as compared to 3 months for patients in group 2 (p = 0.007). The data indicate that P-glycoprotein expression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with AML.

Rapid achievement of PML-RAR alpha polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-negativity by combined treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid and chemotherapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia: a pilot study.

The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the fusion transcript of PML-RAR alpha can be used to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We have applied a semi-quantitative two-step PCR assay (sensitivity: step 1 = 1 in 10(3) cells; step 2 = 1 in 10(6) cells) to monitor the dynamics of MRD after combined therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy (CT) in 5 patients in whom complete clinical remission (CR) was achieved. The patients received an induction treatment with ATRA for 47, 40, 38, 14 or 10 days. In three patients ATRA was followed by CT. Two patients with hyperleukocytosis at diagnosis or after ATRA received an overlapping CT starting from day 3 or 7. Four of the five patients became two-step PCR-negative in their bone marrow within 43 to 82 days after onset of therapy. Two-step PCR-negatively was achieved with ATRA plus one course of CT in these four patients who are still in continuous complete remission after 19, 18, 7 and 5 months. One of these patients did not even receive consolidation CT because of congestive heart failure. The fifth patient remained second-step PCR-positive and relapsed after 5 months. Our results indicate that the combined regimen can rapidly reduce MRD below a detection limit of 1 in 10(6) cells within 1-3 months and that these results can even by achieved by a short course of ATRA together with only one cycle of CT.

Hypofibrinogenemia in non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia. Incidence, clinical and laboratory characteristics and prognosis.

Among 379 patients with AML with FAB type M1, 2 and M4-7 diagnosed between 1978 and 1997 in our institution, 19 (5%) had hypofibrinogenemia (HF), ie a fibrinogen level <180 mg/dl. Compared to patients with normal fibrinogen (n = 360) patients with HF had significantly elevated markers of activation of coagulation (TAT, F1.2, FPA) and fibrinolysis (D-dimer, FDP) indicating that disseminated intravascular coagulation/hyperfibrinolysis was the cause of hypofibrinogenemia. Patients with HF had significantly longer prothrombin times, thrombin clotting and reptilase times. Factor X and VIII were significantly lower than in patients without HF. With the exception of M7, HF occurred in all FAB subtypes, but was most common in M5 (12.1%). Patients with HF did not differ from those with normal fibrinogen with regard to age, sex, leukocyte count and other hematological parameters. During induction chemotherapy fibrinogen normalized rapidly (median 5 days) and there was no increased incidence of early hemorrhagic death. The overall and disease-free survival was similar to that of patients without HF.

Sex difference in the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis: a detailed analysis in four European cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Previous analyses reported a higher risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in men than women. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the risk of recurrence in men compared with women whilst taking female reproductive risk factors (oral contraception, postmenopausal hormone therapy and pregnancy) into account. In addition, we hypothesized that the sex difference in venous thrombosis was related to F9 Malmö, an X-linked prothrombotic factor. METHODS: In four pooled European cohorts (CARROT study, Glasgow, UK; CVTE study, Cambridge, UK; AUREC study, Vienna, Austria; and LETS follow-up study, Leiden, the Netherlands), the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis was calculated in men, women with reproductive risk factors and women without reproductive risk factors at the time of their first venous thrombosis. F9 Malmö was genotyped and carriers and non-carriers contrasted. RESULTS: In total, 2185 patients with a first venous thrombosis, 1043 men and 1142 women, were included. Overall, men had a 2.8-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-3.4) higher risk of recurrent venous thrombosis than women. This risk was 5.2-fold (95% CI, 3.5-7.7) higher in men than in women with reproductive risk factors, and 2.3-fold (95% CI, 1.7-3.2) higher in men than in women without reproductive risk factors. No difference in risk of recurrence was found for carriers vs. non-carriers of F9 Malmö. CONCLUSION: Men experienced a recurrent venous thrombosis twice as often as women without reproductive risk factors. These findings indicate that men have a higher intrinsic risk of venous thrombosis than women, which is partly masked by female reproductive risk factors. The sex difference cannot be explained by F9 Malmö.