ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained by Green Synthesis as an Alternative to Improve the Germination Characteristics of L. esculentum.

Tomato is an important crop due to its nutritional contributions and organoleptic properties, which make it an appetizing vegetable around the world. In its sowing, the use of seed is the most accessible propagation mechanism for farmers. However, the induction to germination and emergence is often limited in the absence of stimulants that promote the development and growth of the seedling, added to the interference of infectious agents that notoriously reduce the vitality and viability of the seed. Given this, it was proposed as a research objective to determine the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) mediated by a green route on the germinative characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 1768 "tomato". The experimental phase consisted of the synthesis of ZnO NPs and its subsequent characterization. After its synthesis, its inoculation was conducted during the germination of seeds of L. esculentum, considering six sample groups for the treatment with zinc nanoparticles (T1: Control; T2: 21.31 ppm; T3: 33.58 ppm; T4: 49.15 ppm; T5: 63.59 and T6: 99.076 ppm). The results indicate that concentrations close to 100 ppm of ZnO NPs are ideal in the treatment of L. esculentum seeds, due to the promotion of enzymatic and metabolic activity to achieve cell elongation; likewise, the biosynthesized nanoparticles showed no phytotoxicity, due to the fact that, in all the treatments, there were processes of germination and emergence. This was linked to the generation of a Zn0-phenolate complex through a chelating effect, which generates compatibility with the seed and, compared to classic inorganic synthesis, usually shows phytotoxicity. In this sense, green synthesis is presented as a great alternative in this type of application.

Valor de uso etnomedicinal de la flora del Cerro "La Botica" empleada por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán - Perú / Ethnomedicinal use value of the flora of the Hill "La Botica" used by the Andean Community of Cachicadán - Perú

La presente investigación se avocó a determinar el valor de uso etnomedicinal dado a la flora del Cerro "La Botica", por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, Santiago de Chuco, Perú. Se aplicaron 96 entrevistas semiestructuradas, siguiendo la técnica "bola de nieve". Se realizaron colectas mediante exploraciones botánicas. Para cada una de las especies se detallaron los datos de familia, nombre científico y común, parte utilizada, enfermedad o dolencia tratada, ubicación en UTM e índice de valor de uso (IVU). Se reportan 48 especies empleadas etnomedicinalmente por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, distribuidas en 46 géneros y 26 familias, de las que destacan por su número de especies: Asteraceae (10), Rosaceae (5) y Lamiaceae (3). De estas, el 72 % (35 especies) resultan muy importantes para la cura o tratamiento de sus enfermedades, según su valor de uso (IVU). Además los pobladores de la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, refieren padecer de 38 enfermedades o dolencias; agrupadas en 10 categorías, donde prevalecen, las de los sistemas: respiratorio (FCI=0.88), digestivo y gastrointestinal (FCI=0.85), reproductivo (FCI=0.84), urinario (FCI= 0.84), nervioso (FCI=0.83), Músculo-esquelético (FCI=0.82), cardiovascular (FCI=0.82) y rituales (FCI=0.81).

The present investigation was aimed at determining the value of ethnomedicinal use that is given to the flora of the Hill "La Botica", by the Andean Community of Cachicadán, Santiago de Chuco, Perú. 96 semi-structured interviews were applied, following the "snowball" technique. Collections were made by botanical explorations.For each of the species, family data, scientific and common name, part used, disease or disease treated, location in UTM and use value index (IVU) were detailed. 48 species of flora are used ethnobotanically by the Andean Community of Cachicadán, distributed in 46 genera and 26 families, of which they stand out for their number of species: Asteraceae (10), Rosaceae (5) and Lamiaceae (3). Of these, 72% (35 species) are very important for the cure or treatment of their diseases, according to their use value (IVU). In addition the inhabitants of the Andean Community of Cachicadán, report suffering from 38 diseases or ailments; grouped into 10 categories, where they prevail, those of the systems: respiratory (FCI = 0.88), digestive and gastrointestinal (FCI = 0.85), reproductive (FCI = 0.84), urinary (FCI = 0.84), nervous (FCI = 0.83), Musculoskeletal (FCI = 0.82), cardiovascular (FCI = 0.82) and rituals (FCI = 0.81).

Papas nativas con potencial antioxidante, cultivadas en el norte del Perú / Native potatoes with antioxidant potential, grown in northern Peru

Peru is not only megadiverse in flora and fauna, but also in "native varieties of potatoes" that have been used by pre-Inca civilizations. In this context, "native potatoes" not only have a high nutritional value in antioxidants, but also a high capacity to cure and/or alleviate diseases; providing quality of life that is reflected in the longevity of the Andean population. However, in the absence of documentation and dissemination, many varieties and their ethnobotanical knowledge is being lost. To preserve and disseminate this valuable ancestral knowledge, a taxonomic, phytogeographic and ethnobotanical inventory was carried out, based on periodic botanical explorations during the period 1997-2017. The information obtained was complemented with other researches and reports by other authors. 317 "varieties of native potato" are reported for the North of Peru, of which 86, are "native varieties of colored pulp".

El Perú no sólo es megadiverso en flora y fauna, sino también en "variedades nativas de papas" que han sido utilizadas desde las civilizaciones preincas. En este contexto las "papas nativas" no sólo poseen un elevado valor nutricional en antioxidantes, sino también una alta capacidad de curar y/o aliviar enfermedades; brindando calidad de vida que se refleja en la longevidad de la población andina. Sin embargo, ante la falta de documentación y difusión, muchas variedades y su conocimiento etnobotánico se está perdiendo. Para preservar y difundir este valioso conocimiento ancestral, se llevó a cabo un inventario taxonómico, fitogeográfico y etnobotánico, en base a exploraciones botánicas periódicas durante el período 1997-2017. La información obtenida se complementó con otras investigaciones y reportes de otros autores. Se reportan para el Norte del Perú 317 "variedades de papa nativa", de las cuales 86, son variedades "nativas de pulpa de color".