[Factors associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile]. / Factores asociados al deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores en Chile.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment are not well known. AIM: To identify socio-demographic, lifestyle and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data analysis of 1,384 participants ≥ 60 years who participated in the National Health Survey of Chile 2009-2010. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related factors were used as exposure variables of interest. Cognitive impairment was assessed using an abbreviated version of the Mini Mental test and defined as a score < 13 points of a maximum of 19. A logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with cognitive impairment. RESULTS: In this sample, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 11.6 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 8.8; 15.2]. The factors associated with cognitive impairment were age (Odds ratio (OR) for > 76 years: 4.89, p < 0.01), male sex (OR: 2.42, p = 0.02), lower education (OR: 21.6, p < 0.01), physical inactivity (OR: 2.07, p = 0.02), sedentary behavior (OR: 2.23, p = 0.01), sleeping > 9/hours/day (OR: 2.98, p = 0.01), consumption of < 5 portions/day of fruit and vegetables (OR: 2.02, p = 0.05), having an unhealthy lifestyle (OR: 6.10, p = 0.0001), being underweight (OR: 3.67, p < 0.01), obesity (OR: 3.32, p = 0.03), having hearing impairment (OR: 2.26, p = 0.02), having a visual impairment (OR: 3.89, p < 0.01), a history of depression (OR: 3.03, p = 0.01) and having a physical disability (OR: 5.63, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We identified 14 factors associated with cognitive impairment. Although some of these factors were non-modifiable such as age and sex, most of them could be modified by implementing prevention programs aiming to improve lifestyle behaviors in older adults in Chile.

[Association of a healthy lifestyle index with cardiovascular risk factors in Chileans adults]. / Asociación de un índice de estilos de vida saludable con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población chilena.

BACKGROUND: Healthy lifestyles are associated with a better metabolic and cardiovascular health profile. AIM: To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A healthy lifestyle score was derived for 2,774 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 and based on seven modifiable behaviors (salt intake, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviors). A high score represented a healthier lifestyle whereas a low score represents an unhealthy lifestyle. The association between the lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome), was explored using logistic regression models. RESULTS: One quartile increment in the healthy lifestyle score was associated with a lower risk for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.82 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.75 to 0.90], p < 0.01), central obesity (OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.81 to 0.96], p < 0.01), diabetes (OR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.75 to 0.95], p < 0.04) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.83 to 0.98], p = 0.01). These results were independent of major confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with lower cardiovascular risk.

[Association between eating behavior and nutritional status in Chilean preschoolers]. / Asociación entre conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional en preescolares chilenos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: the eating behavior is associated with the nutritional status at early ages. However, in Chile there are still no studies that evaluate this relationship in the preschool stage. OBJECTIVE: to associate the nutritional status and eating behavior of Chilean preschoolers. METHODS: cross-sectional study in 247 preschoolers (2-4 years) from the region of Araucanía, Chile. The nutritional status was evaluated through the anthropometric index weight/height and waist circumference/age. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) survey was applied to mothers to assess their children's eating. RESULTS: one hundred and thirty were men and 117 were women with an overweight/obese percentage of 58.6% and 49.6%, respectively. Eating behavior scores pro-intake (food approach) have a positive and significant association with nutritional status) and in the food responsiveness sub-scale in the total sample. Regarding the anti-intake score (food avoidant), an inverse trend with nutritional status is shown; however, there is a negative and significant association in the satiety responsiveness scale and slowness in eating. CONCLUSION: the pro-intake eating behavior is directly associated with nutritional status, and anti-ingest score is inversely related only to certain sub-scales.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la conducta alimentaria se asocia con el estado nutricional en edades tempranas. Sin embargo, en Chile aún no existen estudios que evalúen esta relación en la etapa preescolar. OBJETIVO: asociar el estado nutricional y la conducta alimentaria de preescolares chilenos. MÉTODO: estudio de corte transversal en 247 preescolares (2-4 años) de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se evaluó el estado nutricional a través del índice antropométrico peso/talla y perímetro de cintura/edad. Se aplicó la encuesta Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) a las madres para evaluar la conducta alimentaria de sus hijos. RESULTADOS: ciento treinta fueron hombres y 117 fueron mujeres, con una malnutrición por exceso del 58,6% y 49,6%, respectivamente. Las puntuaciones de conducta alimentaria (CA) proingesta presentaron una asociación positiva y significativa con el estado nutricional y la dimensión respuesta a los alimentos. En cuanto a las puntuaciones de CA antiingesta, se observó una tendencia inversa no significativa con el estado nutricional; sin embargo, existe una asociación negativa y significativa en las dimensiones respuesta a la saciedad y lentitud para comer. CONCLUSIÓN: la conducta alimentaria proingesta se asocia directamente con el estado nutricional y la conducta antiingesta, de manera inversa solo con ciertas dimensiones.

Obesidad en lactantes: efecto protector de la lactancia materna versus fórmulas lácteas / Childhood obesity: the benefits of breastfeeding versus formula feeding

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el posible efecto protector de la lactancia materna respecto a la obesidad infantil versus fórmulas lácteas. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Scielo, considerándose los artículos más actualizados sobre el tema. La evidencia analizada señala que los menores alimentados con lactancia materna exclusiva reportan bajos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad, a diferencia de los alimentados con fórmulas lácteas infantiles. Se concluye que la lactancia materna exclusiva, hasta el sexto mes de vida del lactante, y complementada con alimentación solida (no láctea) hasta los dos o más años, es recomendada y podría proteger contra la obesidad infantil y sus comorbilidades asociadas en la vida adulta.

The aim was to review the evidence supporting the possible health benefits for obesity of breastfeeding versus formula feeding in infants. The search for studies addressing this topic was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo databases. "Breastfeeding", "formula feeding" and "obesity" were the keywords used in the search. Only studies with a full version of the manuscript were included. The evidence analyzed indicated that children fed exclusively through breastfeeding reported low levels of overweight and obesity in comparison to those fed by infant milk formulas. To conclude, exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month of life, and supplementation with solid (non-dairy) food until two years and more, is the gold standard and could protect against childhood obesity and its associated comorbidities in adult life.

Factores asociados al deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores en Chile / Factors associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile

Background: The risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment are not well known. Aim: To identify socio-demographic, lifestyle and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Data analysis of 1,384 participants ≥ 60 years who participated in the National Health Survey of Chile 2009-2010. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related factors were used as exposure variables of interest. Cognitive impairment was assessed using an abbreviated version of the Mini Mental test and defined as a score < 13 points of a maximum of 19. A logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results: In this sample, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 11.6 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 8.8; 15.2]. The factors associated with cognitive impairment were age (Odds ratio (OR) for > 76 years: 4.89, p < 0.01), male sex (OR: 2.42, p = 0.02), lower education (OR: 21.6, p < 0.01), physical inactivity (OR: 2.07, p = 0.02), sedentary behavior (OR: 2.23, p = 0.01), sleeping > 9/hours/day (OR: 2.98, p = 0.01), consumption of < 5 portions/day of fruit and vegetables (OR: 2.02, p = 0.05), having an unhealthy lifestyle (OR: 6.10, p = 0.0001), being underweight (OR: 3.67, p < 0.01), obesity (OR: 3.32, p = 0.03), having hearing impairment (OR: 2.26, p = 0.02), having a visual impairment (OR: 3.89, p < 0.01), a history of depression (OR: 3.03, p = 0.01) and having a physical disability (OR: 5.63, p < 0.01). Conclusions: We identified 14 factors associated with cognitive impairment. Although some of these factors were non-modifiable such as age and sex, most of them could be modified by implementing prevention programs aiming to improve lifestyle behaviors in older adults in Chile.

Asociación de un índice de estilos de vida saludable con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población chilena / Association of a healthy lifestyle index with cardiovascular risk factors in Chileans adults

Background: Healthy lifestyles are associated with a better metabolic and cardiovascular health profile. Aim: To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: A healthy lifestyle score was derived for 2,774 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 and based on seven modifiable behaviors (salt intake, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviors). A high score represented a healthier lifestyle whereas a low score represents an unhealthy lifestyle. The association between the lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome), was explored using logistic regression models. Results: One quartile increment in the healthy lifestyle score was associated with a lower risk for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.82 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.75 to 0.90], p < 0.01), central obesity (OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.81 to 0.96], p < 0.01), diabetes (OR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.75 to 0.95], p < 0.04) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.83 to 0.98], p = 0.01). These results were independent of major confounding factors. Conclusions: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with lower cardiovascular risk.

Asociación entre conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional en preescolares chilenos / Association between eating behavior and nutritional status in Chilean preschoolers

Introducción: la conducta alimentaria se asocia con el estado nutricional en edades tempranas. Sin embargo, en Chile aún no existen estudios que evalúen esta relación en la etapa preescolar. Objetivo: asociar el estado nutricional y la conducta alimentaria de preescolares chilenos. Método: estudio de corte transversal en 247 preescolares (2-4 años) de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se evaluó el estado nutricional a través del índice antropométrico peso/talla y perímetro de cintura/edad. Se aplicó la encuesta Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) a las madres para evaluar la conducta alimentaria de sus hijos. Resultados: ciento treinta fueron hombres y 117 fueron mujeres, con una malnutrición por exceso del 58,6% y 49,6%, respectivamente. Las puntuaciones de conducta alimentaria (CA) proingesta presentaron una asociación positiva y significativa con el estado nutricional y la dimensión respuesta a los alimentos. En cuanto a las puntuaciones de CA antiingesta, se observó una tendencia inversa no significativa con el estado nutricional; sin embargo, existe una asociación negativa y significativa en las dimensiones respuesta a la saciedad y lentitud para comer. Conclusión: la conducta alimentaria proingesta se asocia directamente con el estado nutricional y la conducta antiingesta, de manera inversa solo con ciertas dimensiones

Introduction: the eating behavior is associated with the nutritional status at early ages. However, in Chile there are still no studies that evaluate this relationship in the preschool stage. Objective: to associate the nutritional status and eating behavior of Chilean preschoolers. Methods: cross-sectional study in 247 preschoolers (2-4 years) from the region of Araucanía, Chile. The nutritional status was evaluated through the anthropometric index weight/height and waist circumference/age. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) survey was applied to mothers to assess their children’s eating. Results: one hundred and thirty were men and 117 were women with an overweight/obese percentage of 58.6% and 49.6%, respectively. Eating behavior scores pro-intake (food approach) have a positive and significant association with nutritional status) and in the food responsiveness sub-scale in the total sample. Regarding the anti-intake score (food avoidant), an inverse trend with nutritional status is shown; however, there is a negative and significant association in the satiety responsiveness scale and slowness in eating. Conclusion: the pro-intake eating behavior is directly associated with nutritional status, and anti-ingest score is inversely related only to certain sub-scales