RESUMEN
Antibiotics are considered the most effective treatment against bacterial infections. However, most bacteria have already developed resistance to a broad spectrum of commonly used antibiotics, mainly due to their uncontrolled use. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are an essential class of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. It is of extreme urgency to develop a method that can detect ESBL-producing bacteria rapidly for the effective treatment of patients with bacterial infectious diseases. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy is a sensitive method that can rapidly detect cellular molecular changes. In this study, we examined the potential of FTIR spectroscopy-based machine learning algorithms for the rapid detection of ESBL-producing bacteria obtained directly from a patient's urine. Using 591 ESBL-producing and 1658 non-ESBL-producing samples of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, our results show that the FTIR spectroscopy-based machine learning approach can identify ESBL-producing bacteria within 40 minutes from receiving a patient's urine sample, with a success rate of 80%.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Humanos , Escherichia coli , beta-Lactamasas/farmacología , Bacterias , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Aprendizaje Automático , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a primary global healthcare concern as it hampers the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases. The development of bacterial resistance continues to escalate over time. Rapid identification of the infecting bacterium and determination of its antibiotic susceptibility are crucial for optimal treatment and can save lives in many cases. Classical methods for determining bacterial susceptibility take at least 48 h, leading physicians to resort to empirical antibiotic treatment based on their experience. This random and excessive use of antibiotics is one of the most significant drivers of the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, posing a severe threat to global healthcare. To address these challenges, considerable efforts are underway to reduce the testing time of taxonomic classification of the infecting bacterium at the species level and its antibiotic susceptibility determination. Infrared spectroscopy is considered a rapid and reliable method for detecting minor molecular changes in cells. Thus, the main goal of this study was the use of infrared spectroscopy to shorten the identification and the susceptibility testing time of Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 48 h to approximately 40 min, directly from patients' urine samples. It was possible to identify the Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa species with 99% accuracy and, simultaneously, to determine their susceptibility to different antibiotics with an accuracy exceeding 80%.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas , Infecciones Urinarias , Humanos , Pseudomonas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proteus , Bacterias , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Aprendizaje Automático , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiologíaRESUMEN
One of the most common human bacterial infections is the urinary tract infection (UTI). The main cause of UTI is Escherichia (E.) coli bacteria (â¼75%). Because most of the bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics as a result of their indiscriminate overuse, it is extremely important, for effective treatment, to identify the infecting bacteria and to determine, as quickly as possible, their susceptibility to antibiotics. Classical methods require at least 48 hours for determining bacterial susceptibility. In this study, 1798 E. coli isolates from different UTIs were isolated directly from patients' urine, measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy and analyzed by machine learning algorithms for simultaneous identification and susceptibility determination within 40 minutes since receiving the urine samples. Our results show that it is possible to identify the bacteria at the species level with an accuracy of â¼95% and to determine their susceptibility to different antibiotics with an accuracy ranging from 75% to 83%.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Infecciones Urinarias , Humanos , Escherichia coli , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Análisis de Fourier , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Aprendizaje Automático , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the most aggressive multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with human infections, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. We obtained 1190 K. pneumoniae isolates from different patients with urinary tract infections. The isolates were measured to determine their susceptibility regarding nine specific antibiotics. This study's primary goal is to evaluate the potential of infrared spectroscopy in tandem with machine learning to assess the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae within approximately 20 min following the first culture. Our results confirm that it was possible to classify the isolates into sensitive and resistant with a success rate higher than 80% for the tested antibiotics. These results prove the promising potential of infrared spectroscopy as a powerful method for a K. pneumoniae susceptibility test.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Infecciones por Klebsiella/tratamiento farmacológico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , MicroscopíaRESUMEN
Antimicrobial drugs have played an indispensable role in decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. However, the resistance of bacteria to a broad spectrum of commonly-used antibiotics has grown to the point of being a global health-care problem. One of the most important classes of multi-drug resistant bacteria is Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing (ESBL+) bacteria. This increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics is mainly due to the long time (about 48 h) that it takes to obtain lab results of detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. Thus, rapid detection of ESBL+ bacteria is highly important for efficient treatment of bacterial infections. In this study, we evaluated the potential of infrared microspectroscopy in tandem with machine learning algorithms for rapid detection of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) obtained from samples of patients with urinary tract infections. 285 ESBL+ and 365 ESBL-K. pneumoniae samples, gathered from cultured colonies, were examined. Our results show that it is possible to determine that K. pneumoniae is ESBL+ with â¼89% accuracy, â¼88% sensitivity and â¼89% specificity, in a time span of â¼20 minutes following the initial culture.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Algoritmos , Antibacterianos , Humanos , Infecciones por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Aprendizaje Automático , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , beta-LactamasasRESUMEN
Physicians diagnose subjectively the etiology of inaccessible infections where sampling is not feasible (such as, pneumonia, sinusitis, cholecystitis, peritonitis), as bacterial or viral. The diagnosis is based on their experience with some medical markers like blood counts and medical symptoms since it is harder to obtain swabs and reliable laboratory results for most cases. In this study, infrared spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms was used for the rapid and objective diagnosis of the etiology of inaccessible infections and enables an assessment of the error for the subjective diagnosis of the etiology of these infections by physicians. Our approach allows for diagnoses of the etiology of both accessible and inaccessible infections as based on an analysis of the innate immune system response through infrared spectroscopy measurements of white blood cell (WBC) samples. In the present study, we examined 343 individuals involving 113 controls, 89 inaccessible bacterial infections, 54 accessible bacterial infections, 60 inaccessible viral infections, and 27 accessible viral infections. Using our approach, the results show that it is possible to differentiate between controls and infections (combined bacterial and viral) with 95% accuracy, and enabling the diagnosis of the etiology of accessible infections as bacterial or viral with >94% sensitivity and > 90% specificity within one hour after the collection of the blood sample with error rate <6%. Based on our approach, the error rate of the physicians' subjective diagnosis of the etiology of inaccessible infections was found to be >23%.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas , Microscopía , Humanos , Recuento de Leucocitos , Leucocitos , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
Correction for 'Diagnosis of inaccessible infections using infrared microscopy of white blood cells and machine learning algorithms' by Adam H. Agbaria et al., Analyst, 2020, DOI: 10.1039/D0AN00752H.
RESUMEN
The spread of multidrug resistant bacteria has become a global concern. One of the most important and emergent classes of multidrug-resistant bacteria is extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL-positive = ESBL+). Due to widespread and continuous evolution of ESBL-producing bacteria, they become increasingly resistant to many of the commonly used antibiotics, leading to an increase in the mortality associated with resulting infections. Timely detection of ESBL-producing bacteria and rapid determination of their susceptibility to appropriate antibiotics can reduce the spread of these bacteria and the consequent complications. Routine methods used for the detection of ESBL-producing bacteria are time-consuming, requiring at least 48 h to obtain results. In this study, we evaluated the potential of infrared spectroscopic microscopy, combined with multivariate analysis for rapid detection of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli ( E. coli) isolated from urinary-tract infection (UTI) samples. Our measurements were conducted on 837 samples of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), including 268 ESBL+ and 569 ESBL-negative (ESBL-) samples. All samples were obtained from bacterial colonies after 24 h culture (first culture) from midstream patients' urine. Our results revealed that it is possible to detect ESBL-producing bacteria, with a 97% success rate, 99% sensitivity, and 94% specificity for the tested samples, in a time span of few minutes following the first culture.
Asunto(s)
Rayos Infrarrojos , Aprendizaje Automático , Microscopía , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/metabolismo , beta-Lactamasas/biosíntesis , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Human viral and bacterial infections are responsible for a variety of diseases that are still the main causes of death and economic burden for society across the globe. Despite the different responses of the immune system to these infections, some of them have similar symptoms, such as fever, sneezing, inflammation, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Thus, physicians usually encounter difficulties in distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections on the basis of these symptoms. Rapid identification of the etiology of infection is highly important for effective treatment and can save lives in some cases. The current methods used for the identification of the nature of the infection are mainly based on growing the infective agent in culture, which is a time-consuming (over 24 h) and usually expensive process. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the mid-infrared spectroscopic method for rapid and reliable identification of bacterial and viral infections based on simple peripheral blood samples. For this purpose, white blood cells (WBCs) and plasma were isolated from the peripheral blood samples of patients with confirmed viral or bacterial infections. The obtained spectra were analyzed by multivariate analysis: principle component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), to identify the infectious agent type as bacterial or viral in a time span of about 1 h after the collection of the blood sample. Our preliminary results showed that it is possible to determine the infectious agent with high success rates of 82% for sensitivity and 80% for specificity, based on the WBC data.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas/sangre , Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Rayos Infrarrojos , Microscopía , Virosis/sangre , Virosis/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Análisis Discriminante , Humanos , Análisis Multivariante , Virosis/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Rapid testing of bacteria for antibiotic susceptibility is essential for effective treatment and curbing the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The misuse of antibiotics, coupled with the time-consuming classical testing methods, intensifies the threat of antibiotic resistance, a major global health concern. In this study, employing infrared spectroscopy-based machine learning techniques, we significantly shortened the time required for susceptibility testing to 10 hours, a significant improvement from the 24 hours in our previous studies as well as the conventional methods that typically take at least 48 hours. This remarkable reduction in turnaround time (from 48 hours to 10 hours), achieved by minimizing the culturing period, offers a game-changing advantage for clinical applications. Our study involves a dataset comprising 400 bacterial samples (200 E. coli, 100 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 100 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with an impressive 96% accuracy in the taxonomic classification at the species level and up to 82% accuracy in bacterial susceptibility to various antibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja/métodos , Aprendizaje Automático , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , HumanosRESUMEN
Among the most prevalent and detrimental bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) is Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae. A rapid determination of its antibiotic susceptibility can enhance patient treatment and mitigate the spread of resistant strains. In this study, we assessed the viability of using infrared spectroscopy-based machine learning as a rapid and precise approach for detecting K. pneumoniae bacteria and determining its susceptibility to various antibiotics directly from a patient's urine sample. In this study, 2333 bacterial samples, including 636 K. pneumoniae were investigated using infrared micro-spectroscopy. The obtained spectra (27996spectra) were analyzed with XGBoost classifier, achieving a success rate exceeding 95 % for identifying K. pneumoniae. Moreover, this method allows for the simultaneous determination of K. pneumoniae susceptibility to various antibiotics with sensitivities ranging between 74 % and 81 % within approximately 40 min after receiving the patient's urine sample.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Infecciones por Klebsiella , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Infecciones por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Klebsiella/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas , Análisis Espectral , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which can lead to a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. In oncology patients, individuals undergoing cancer treatment have a higher risk of developing bacteremia due to a weakened immune system resulting from the disease itself or the treatments they receive. Prompt and accurate detection of bacterial infections and monitoring the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy are essential for enhancing patient outcomes and preventing the development and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Traditional methods of infection monitoring, such as blood cultures and clinical observations, are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often subject to limitations. This manuscript presents an innovative application of infrared spectroscopy of leucocytes of pediatric oncology patients with bacteremia combined with machine learning to diagnose the etiology of infection as bacterial and simultaneously monitor the efficacy of the antibiotic therapy in febrile pediatric oncology patients with bacteremia infections. Through the implementation of effective monitoring, it becomes possible to promptly identify any indications of treatment failure. This, in turn, indirectly serves to limit the progression of antibiotic resistance. The logistic regression (LR) classifier was able to differentiate the samples as bacterial or control within an hour, after receiving the blood samples with a success rate of over 95 %. Additionally, initial findings indicate that employing infrared spectroscopy of white blood cells (WBCs) along with machine learning is viable for monitoring the success of antibiotic therapy. Our follow up results demonstrate an accuracy of 87.5 % in assessing the effectiveness of the antibiotic treatment.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriemia , Neoplasias , Niño , Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Bacterias , Fiebre/complicaciones , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre/microbiología , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucocitos , Análisis EspectralRESUMEN
Cancer is the most common and fatal disease around the globe, with an estimated 19 million newly diagnosed patients and approximately 10 million deaths annually. Patients with cancer struggle daily due to difficult treatments, pain, and financial and social difficulties. Detecting the disease in its early stages is critical in increasing the likelihood of recovery and reducing the financial burden on the patient and society. Currently used methods for the diagnosis of cancer are time-consuming, producing discomfort and anxiety for patients and significant medical waste. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of Raman spectroscopy-based machine learning for the identification and characterization of precancerous and cancerous cells. As a representative model, normal mouse primary fibroblast cells (NFC) as healthy cells; a mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3), as precancerous cells; and fully malignant mouse fibroblasts (MBM-T) as cancerous cells were used. Raman spectra were measured from three different sites of each of the 457 investigated cells and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Our results showed that it was possible to distinguish between the normal and abnormal (precancerous and cancerous) cells with a success rate of 93.1%; this value was 93.7% when distinguishing between normal and precancerous cells and 80.2% between precancerous and cancerous cells. Moreover, there was no influence of the measurement site on the differentiation between the different examined biological systems.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Lesiones Precancerosas , Animales , Ratones , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Análisis Discriminante , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Bacterial infections cause serious illnesses that are treated with antibiotics. Currently used methods for detecting bacterial antibiotic susceptibility consume 48-72 h, leading to overuse of antibiotics. Thus, many bacterial species have acquired resistance to a broad range of available antibiotics. There is an urgent need to develop efficient methods for rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. The combination of machine learning and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has generated a promising diagnostic approach in medicine and biology. Our main goal is to examine the potential of FTIR spectroscopy to determine the susceptibility of urinary tract infection-Proteus mirabilis to a specific range of antibiotics, within about 20 min after 24 h culture and identification. We measured the infrared spectra of 489 different P. mirabilis isolates and used random forest to analyze this spectral database. A classification success rate of ~84% was achieved in differentiating between the resistant and sensitive isolates based on their susceptibility to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole antibiotics in a time span of 24 h instead of 48 h.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Infecciones Urinarias , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteus mirabilis , Bosques Aleatorios , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Bacterias , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
For effective treatment, it is crucial to identify the infecting bacterium at the species level and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility. This is especially true now, when numerous bacteria have developed multidrug resistance to most commonly used antibiotics. Currently used methods need â¼ 48 h to identify a bacterium and determine its susceptibility to specific antibiotics. This study reports the potential of using infrared spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms to identify E. coli isolated directly from patients' urine while simultaneously determining its susceptibility to antibiotics within â¼ 40 min after receiving the patient's urine sample. For this goal, 1,765 E. coli isolates purified directly from urine samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). After collection, the samples were tested by infrared microscopy and analyzed by machine learning. We achieved success rates of â¼ 96% in isolate level identification and â¼ 84% in susceptibility determination.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Aprendizaje Automático , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Resistant bacteria have become one of the leading health threats in the last decades. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria, including Escherichia (E.) coli and Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae (the most frequent ones), are a significant class out of all resistant infecting bacteria. Due to the widespread and ongoing development of ESBL-producing (ESBL+) resistant bacteria, many routinely used antibiotics are no longer effective against them. However, an early and reliable ESBL+ bacteria detection method will improve the efficiency of treatment and limit their spread. In this work, we investigated the capability of infrared (IR) spectroscopy based machine learning tools [principal component analysis (PCA) and Random Forest (RF) classifier] for the rapid detection of ESBL+ bacteria isolated directly from patients' urine. For that, we examined 1881 E. coli samples (416 ESBL+ and 1465 ESBL-) and 609 K. pneumoniae samples (237 ESBL+ and 372 ESBL-). All samples were isolated directly from the urine of midstream patients. This study revealed that within 40 min of receiving the patient urine it is possible to determine the infecting bacterium as E. coli or K. pneumoniae with 95% success rate while it was possible to determine the ESBL+E. coli and ESBL+K. pneumoniae with 83% and 78% accuracy rates, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Infecciones por Klebsiella , Humanos , Escherichia coli , beta-Lactamasas , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Aprendizaje Automático , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is a bacterium responsible for severe infections that have become a real concern in hospital environments. Nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa are often hard to treat because of its intrinsic resistance and remarkable ability to acquire further resistance mechanisms to multiple groups of antimicrobial agents. Thus, rapid determination of the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to antibiotics is crucial for effective treatment. The current methods used for susceptibility determination are time-consuming; hence the importance of developing a new method. Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy is known as a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool, with the ability to detect minor abnormal molecular changes including those associated with the development of antibiotic- resistant bacteria. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of FTIR spectroscopy together with machine learning algorithms, to determine the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to different antibiotics in a time span of â¼20 min after the first culture. For this goal, 590 isolates of P. aeruginosa, obtained from different infection sites of various patients, were measured by FTIR spectroscopy and analyzed by machine learning algorithms. We have successfully determined the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to various antibiotics with an accuracy of 82-90%.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Pseudomonas , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Aprendizaje Automático , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pseudomonas , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Análisis EspectralRESUMEN
SIGNIFICANCE: Accurate and objective identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is of major clinical importance due to the current lack of low-cost and noninvasive diagnostic tools to differentiate between the two. Developing an approach for such identification can have a great impact in the field of dementia diseases as it would offer physicians a routine objective test to support their diagnoses. The problem is especially acute because these two dementias have some common symptoms and characteristics, which can lead to misdiagnosis of DLB as AD and vice versa, mainly at their early stages. AIM: The aim is to evaluate the potential of mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy in tandem with machine learning algorithms as a sensitive method to detect minor changes in the biochemical structures that accompany the development of AD and DLB based on a simple peripheral blood test, thus improving the diagnostic accuracy of differentiation between DLB and AD. APPROACH: IR microspectroscopy was used to examine white blood cells and plasma isolated from 56 individuals: 26 controls, 20 AD patients, and 10 DLB patients. The measured spectra were analyzed via machine learning. RESULTS: Our encouraging results show that it is possible to differentiate between dementia (AD and DLB) and controls with an â¼86 % success rate and between DLB and AD patients with a success rate of better than 93%. CONCLUSIONS: The success of this method makes it possible to suggest a new, simple, and powerful tool for the mental health professional, with the potential to improve the reliability and objectivity of diagnoses of both AD and DLB.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Enfermedad por Cuerpos de Lewy , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Enfermedad por Cuerpos de Lewy/diagnóstico por imagen , Aprendizaje Automático , Microscopía , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Rapid diagnosis of the etiology of infection is highly important for an effective treatment of the infected patients. Bacterial and viral infections are serious diseases that can cause death in many cases. The human immune system deals with many viral and bacterial infections that cause no symptoms and pass quietly without treatment. However, oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy have a very weak immune system caused by leukopenia, and even minor pathogen infection threatens their lives. For this reason, physicians tend to prescribe immediately several types of antibiotics for febrile pediatric oncology patients (FPOPs). Uncontrolled use of antibiotics is one of the major contributors to the development of resistant bacteria. Therefore, for oncology patients, a rapid and objective diagnosis of the etiology of the infection is extremely critical. Current identification methods are time-consuming (>24 h). In this study, the potential of midinfrared spectroscopy in tandem with machine learning algorithms is evaluated for rapid and objective diagnosis of the etiology of infections in FPOPs using simple peripheral blood samples. Our results show that infrared spectroscopy enables the diagnosis of the etiology of infection as bacterial or viral within 70 minutes after the collection of the blood sample with 93% sensitivity and 88% specificity.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Niño , Humanos , Leucocitos , Microscopía , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
The early diagnosis of phytopathogens is of a great importance; it could save large economical losses due to crops damaged by fungal diseases, and prevent unnecessary soil fumigation or the use of fungicides and bactericides and thus prevent considerable environmental pollution. In this study, 18 isolates of three different fungi genera were investigated; six isolates of Colletotrichum coccodes, six isolates of Verticillium dahliae and six isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. Our main goal was to differentiate these fungi samples on the level of isolates, based on their infrared absorption spectra obtained using the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) sampling technique. Advanced statistical and mathematical methods: principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and k-means were applied to the spectra after manipulation. Our results showed significant spectral differences between the various fungi genera examined. The use of k-means enabled classification between the genera with a 94.5% accuracy, whereas the use of PCA [3 principal components (PCs)] and LDA has achieved a 99.7% success rate. However, on the level of isolates, the best differentiation results were obtained using PCA (9 PCs) and LDA for the lower wavenumber region (800-1775 cm(-1)), with identification success rates of 87%, 85.5%, and 94.5% for Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Verticillium strains, respectively.