Phase separation at the heart of "heat" sensing.

Phytochrome B is known as a receptor for both light and temperature signals. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Chen et al. (2022) show how these two environmental signals are perceived distinctly by a single photoreceptor through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).

GLK transcription factors accompany ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 to orchestrate light-induced seedling development in Arabidopsis.

Light-induced de-etiolation is an important aspect of seedling photomorphogenesis. GOLDEN2 LIKE (GLK) transcriptional regulators are involved in chloroplast development, but to what extent they participate in photomorphogenesis is not clear. Here, we show that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) binds to GLK promoters to activate their expression, and also interacts with GLK proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The chlorophyll content in the de-etiolating Arabidopsis seedlings of the hy5 glk2 double mutants was lower than that in the hy5 single mutant. GLKs inhibited hypocotyl elongation, and the phenotype could superimpose on the hy5 phenotype. Correspondingly, GLK2 regulated the expression of photosynthesis and cell elongation genes partially independent of HY5. Before exposure to light, DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) affected accumulation of GLK proteins. The enhanced etioplast development and photosystem gene expression observed in the det1 mutant were attenuated in the det1 glk2 double mutant. Our study reveals that GLKs act downstream of HY5, or additive to HY5, and are likely quantitatively adjusted by DET1, to orchestrate multiple developmental traits during the light-induced skotomorphogenesis-to-photomorphogenesis transition in Arabidopsis.

Efficacy of Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion with Low PC-ASPECTS: A Nationwide Prospective Registry-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) on the functional outcome of patients with acute basilar artery occlusion and low posterior circulation acute stroke prognosis early computed tomography score (PC-ASPECTS). METHODS: We identified patients with acute ischemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion and PC-ASPECTS of 6 or less, presenting within 24 h between August 2008 and April 2022. The primary outcome was a favorable functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-3 at 90 days. The secondary outcomes included an mRS score of 0-2, a favorable shift in the ordinal mRS scale, the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality at 90 days. We compared the outcome of patients treated with EVT and those without EVT, using the inverse probability of treatment weighting methods. RESULTS: Out of 566 patients, 55.5% received EVT. In the EVT group, 106 (33.8%) achieved favorable outcomes, compared to 56 patients (22.2%) in the conservative group. EVT significantly increased the likelihood of achieving a favorable outcome compared to conservative treatment (relative risk [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.74, p = 0.004). EVT was associated with a favorable shift in the mRS (RR 1.85, 95% CI, 1.49-2.29, p < 0.001) and reduced mortality without an increase in the risk of sICH. It did not have an impact on achieving an mRS score of 0-2. INTERPRETATION: Patients with acute basilar artery occlusion and a PC-ASPECTS of 6 or less might benefit from EVT without an increasing sICH. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:788-799.

Secular Trends in Outcomes and Impact of Novel Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation-Related Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are currently recommended for the secondary prevention of stroke in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) accompanied by atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the impact of NOACs on clinical outcomes in real-world practice remains ambiguous. This study analyzes the trend of clinical events in patients with AF-related AIS and determines how much the introduction of NOACs has mediated this trend. METHODS: We identified patients with AIS and AF between January 2011 and December 2019 using a multicenter stroke registry. Annual rates of NOAC prescriptions and clinical events within 1 year were evaluated. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality. To assess the mediation effect of NOACs on the relationship between the calendar year and these outcomes, we used natural effect models and conducted exposure-mediator, exposure-outcome, and mediator-outcome analyses using multivariable regression models or accelerated failure time models, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among the 12 977 patients with AF-related AIS, 12 500 (average age: 74.4 years; 51.3% male) were analyzed after excluding cases of valvular AF. Between 2011 and 2019, there was a significant decrease in the 1-year incidence of the primary composite outcome from 28.3% to 21.7%, while the NOAC prescription rate increased from 0% to 75.6%. A 1-year increase in the calendar year was independently associated with delayed occurrence of the primary outcome (adjusted time ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.07-1.14]) and increased NOAC prescription (adjusted odds ratio, 2.20 [95% CI, 2.14-2.27]). Increased NOAC prescription was associated with delayed occurrence of the primary outcome (adjusted time ratio, 3.82 [95% CI, 3.17 to 4.61]). Upon controlling for NOAC prescription (mediator), the calendar year no longer influenced the primary outcome (adjusted time ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.94-1.00]). This suggests that NOAC prescription mediates the association between the calendar year and the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights a temporal reduction in major clinical events or death in Korean patients with AF-related AIS, mediated by increased NOAC prescription, emphasizing NOAC use in this population.

An autoregulatory negative feedback loop controls thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Plant growth and development are acutely sensitive to high ambient temperature caused in part due to climate change. However, the mechanism of high ambient temperature signaling is not well defined. Here, we show that HECATEs (HEC1 and HEC2), two helix-loop-helix transcription factors, inhibit thermomorphogenesis. While the expression of HEC1 and HEC2 is increased and HEC2 protein is stabilized at high ambient temperature, hec1hec2 double mutant showed exaggerated thermomorphogenesis. Analyses of the four PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF1, PIF3, PIF4 and PIF5) mutants and overexpression lines showed that they all contribute to promote thermomorphogenesis. Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that pifQ is epistatic to hec1hec2. HECs and PIFs oppositely control the expression of many genes in response to high ambient temperature. PIFs activate the expression of HECs in response to high ambient temperature. HEC2 in turn interacts with PIF4 both in yeast and in vivo. In the absence of HECs, PIF4 binding to its own promoter as well as the target gene promoters was enhanced, indicating that HECs control PIF4 activity via heterodimerization. Overall, these data suggest that PIF4-HEC forms an autoregulatory composite negative feedback loop that controls growth genes to modulate thermomorphogenesis.

Mg2+-dependent conformational rearrangements of CRISPR-Cas12a R-loop complex are mandatory for complete double-stranded DNA cleavage.

CRISPR-Cas12a, an RNA-guided DNA targeting endonuclease, has been widely used for genome editing and nucleic acid detection. As part of the essential processes for both of these applications, the two strands of double-stranded DNA are sequentially cleaved by a single catalytic site of Cas12a, but the mechanistic details that govern the generation of complete breaks in double-stranded DNA remain to be elucidated. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, we identified two conformational intermediates that form consecutively following the initial cleavage of the nontarget strand. Specifically, these two intermediates are the result of further unwinding of the target DNA in the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM)-distal region and the subsequent binding of the target strand to the catalytic site. Notably, the PAM-distal DNA unwound conformation was stabilized by Mg2+ ions, thereby significantly promoting the binding and cleavage of the target strand. These findings enabled us to propose a Mg2+-dependent kinetic model for the mechanism whereby Cas12a achieves cleavage of the target DNA, highlighting the presence of conformational rearrangements for the complete cleavage of the double-stranded DNA target.

Differences in Neuropathology between Nitroglycerin-Induced Mouse Models of Episodic and Chronic Migraine.

Multiple animal models of migraine have been used to develop new therapies. Understanding the transition from episodic (EM) to chronic migraine (CM) is crucial. We established models mimicking EM and CM pain and assessed neuropathological differences. EM and CM models were induced with single NTG or multiple injections over 9 days. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed. Immunofluorescence utilized c-Fos, NeuN, and Iba1. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers were analyzed. Neuropeptides (CGRP, VIP, PACAP, and substance P) were assessed. Mechanical thresholds were similar. Notable neuropathological distinctions were observed in Sp5C and ACC. ACC showed increased c-Fos and NeuN expression in CM (p < 0.001) and unchanged in EM. Sp5C had higher c-Fos and NeuN expression in EM (p < 0.001). Iba1 was upregulated in Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM (p < 0.001). Proinflammatory markers were strongly expressed in Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM. CGRP expression was elevated in both regions and was higher in CM. VIP exhibited higher levels in the Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM, whereas PACAP and substance P were expressed in the Sp5C in both models. Despite similar thresholds, distinctive neuropathological differences in Sp5C and ACC between EM and CM models suggest a role in the EM to CM transformation.

Clinical profile and treatment outcomes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a multicenter study from Korea.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a relative lack of detailed reports regarding clinical presentation and outcome of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Asians. This study aims to describe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of Korean patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. METHODS: We prospectively recruited patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension from one hospital and retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 11 hospitals in Korea. We collected data regarding preceding medical conditions or suspected medication exposure, headache phenotypes, other associated symptoms, detailed neuroimaging findings, treatments, and outcomes after 1-2 and 3-6 months of treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-nine (83.1% women) patients were included. The mean body mass index was 29.11 (standard deviation, 5.87) kg/m2; only 27 patients (45.8%) had a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2. Fifty-one (86.4%) patients experienced headaches, patterns of which included chronic migraine (15/51 [29.4%]), episodic migraine (8/51 [15.7%]), probable migraine (4/51 [7.8%]), chronic tension-type headache (3/51 [5.9%]), episodic tension-type headache (2/51 [3.9%]), probable tension-type headache (2/51 [3.9%]), and unclassified (17/51 [33.3%]). Medication overuse headache was diagnosed in 4/51 (7.8%) patients. After 3-6 months of treatment, the intracranial pressure normalized in 8/32 (25.0%), improved in 17/32 (53.1%), no changed in 7/32 (21.9%), and worsened in none. Over the same period, headaches remitted or significantly improved by more than 50% in 24/39 patients (61.5%), improved less than 50% in 9/39 (23.1%), and persisted or worsened in 6/39 (15.4%) patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the features of Asian patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension may be atypical (i.e., less likely obese, less female predominance). A wide spectrum of headache phenotypes was observed. Medical treatment resulted in overall favorable short-term outcomes; however, the headaches did not improve in a small proportion of patients.

Improvement in Delivery of Ischemic Stroke Treatments but Stagnation of Clinical Outcomes in Young Adults in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the delivery of acute stroke therapies and secondary preventive measures and clinical outcomes over time in young adults with acute ischemic stroke. This study investigated whether advances in these treatments improved outcomes in this population. METHODS: Using a prospective multicenter stroke registry in Korea, young adults (aged 18-50 years) with acute ischemic stroke hospitalized between 2008 and 2019 were identified. The observation period was divided into 4 epochs: 2008 to 2010, 2011 to 2013, 2014 to 2016, and 2017 to 2019. Secular trends for patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 7050 eligible patients (mean age, 43.1; men, 71.9%) were registered. The mean age decreased from 43.6 to 42.9 years (Ptrend=0.01). Current smoking decreased, whereas obesity increased. Other risk factors remained unchanged. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy rates increased over time from 2008 to 2010 to 2017 to 2019 (9.5%-13.8% and 3.2%-9.2%, respectively; Ptrend<0.01). Door-to-needle time improved (Ptrend <.001), but onset-to-door and door-to-puncture times remained constant. Secondary prevention, including dual antiplatelets for noncardioembolic minor stroke (26.7%-47.0%), direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation (0.0%-56.2%), and statins for large artery atherosclerosis (76.1%-95.3%) increased (Ptrend<0.01). Outcome data were available from 2011. One-year mortality (2.5% in 2011-2013 and 2.3% in 2017-2019) and 3-month modified Rankin Scale scores 0 to 1 (68.3%-69.1%) and 0 to 2 (87.6%-86.2%) remained unchanged. The 1-year stroke recurrence rate increased (4.1%-5.5%; Ptrend=0.04), although the difference was not significant after adjusting for sex and age. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in the delivery of acute stroke treatments did not necessarily lead to better outcomes in young adults with acute ischemic stroke over the past decade, indicating a need for further progress.

Escin Activates Canonical Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Facilitating the Proteasomal Degradation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3ß in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells.

Abnormal inactivation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway is involved in skin diseases like androgenetic alopecia, vitiligo and canities, but small-molecule activators are rarely described. In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effects of escin on the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in cultured human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Escin stimulated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, resulting in increased ß-catenin and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), the accumulation of nuclear ß-catenin and the enhanced expression of Wnt target genes in cultured hDPCs. Escin drastically reduced the protein level of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3ß, a key regulator of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, while the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 fully restored the GSK-3ß protein level. The treatment of secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) 1 and 2 attenuated the activity of escin in Wnt reporter assays. Our data demonstrate that escin is a natural agonist of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and downregulates GSK-3ß protein expression by facilitating the proteasomal degradation of GSK-3ß in cultured hDPCs. Our data suggest that escin likely stimulates Wnt signaling through direct interactions with frizzled receptors. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of escin for Wnt-related diseases such as androgenetic alopecia, vitiligo and canities.

SPAs promote thermomorphogenesis by regulating the phyB-PIF4 module in Arabidopsis.

High ambient temperature attributable to global warming has a profound influence on plant growth and development at all stages of the life cycle. The response of plants to high ambient temperature, termed thermomorphogenesis, is characterized by hypocotyl and petiole elongation and hyponastic growth at the seedling stage. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermomorphogenesis is still rudimentary. Here, we show that a set of four SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) genes is required for thermomorphogenesis. Consistently, SPAs are necessary for global changes in gene expression in response to high ambient temperature. In the spaQ mutant at high ambient temperature, the level of SPA1 is unaffected, whereas the thermosensor phytochrome B (phyB) is stabilized. Furthermore, in the absence of four SPA genes, the pivotal transcription factor PIF4 fails to accumulate, indicating a role of SPAs in regulating the phyB-PIF4 module at high ambient temperature. SPA1 directly phosphorylates PIF4 in vitro, and a mutant SPA1 affecting the kinase activity fails to rescue the PIF4 level in addition to the thermo-insensitive phenotype of spaQ, suggesting that the SPA1 kinase activity is necessary for thermomorphogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that SPAs are new components that integrate light and temperature signaling by fine-tuning the phyB-PIF4 module.

Predicting Role of Prestroke Glycemic Variability Estimated by Glycated Albumin for Reperfusion and Prognosis after Endovascular Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Glycated hemoglobin is widely used for the diagnosis of diabetes, but it is not accurately correlated with blood glucose fluctuations. We evaluated the impact of prestroke glycemic variability, measured by glycated albumin (GA) on reperfusion rate and stroke outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT). METHODS: We consecutively collected 310 EVT-treated patients for 60 months using a multicenter registry database. Primary outcome was unsuccessful reperfusion defined by modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade 0 to 2a. Secondary outcomes were occurrence of early neurologic deterioration (END), symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation (SHT) and a 3-month poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale >2). GA was measured in the morning after hospital admission with overnight fasting and determined to reflect high prestroke glycemic variability (GA ≥16.0%). RESULTS: Over the median follow-up of 60 months of 310 patients, there were 64 (20.6%) events of unsuccessful reperfusion, 66 (21.3%) of END, 21 (6.8%) of SHT, and 180 (58.1%) of 3-month poor outcome. In the higher GA group (130, 41.9%), proportion of unsuccessful reperfusion, END, SHT, and poor outcome were higher than lower GA group. The multivariate analysis showed that higher GA was associated with unsuccessful reperfusion after EVT (adjusted odds ratio 4.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93-8.85). The area under the receiver operating characteristic of GA (0.644; 95% CI: 0.634-0.740) for predicting poor outcome was better than that of glycated hemoglobin (0.586; 95% CI: 0.529-0.642, p for DeLong's pairwise comparison = 0.005). CONCLUSION: GA, reflecting prestroke glycemic variability, could be a reliable parameter for predicting reperfusion rate and acute ischemic stroke outcome in this study.

The association between malnutrition status and hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impact of malnutrition as estimated by the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and stroke outcomes after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a multicenter registry database, we enrolled 808 patients with acute ischemic stroke who received IVT between August 2013 and May 2021. We defined malnutrition as a CONUT score ≥ 2 and low PNI. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of symptomatic HT contributing to early neurologic deterioration (END-SHT) after IVT. Multivariable analysis was performed to analyze the association between CONUT score, PNI, and END-SHT after IVT. RESULTS: The rate of END-SHT was higher with increasing CONUT scores and PNI values. In the multivariable analysis, CONUT score ≥ 5 and low PNI were significantly associated with END-SHT (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], CONUT score ≥ 5: 12.23 [2.41-62.07], p = 0.003; low PNI: 4.98 [1.76-14.09], p = 0.003). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that both the CONUT score and PNI had good predictive ability. The cutoff values for CONUT and PNI were 5 and 42.3, respectively, for END-SHT. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition, as denoted by a higher CONUT score and lower PNI, was associated with END-SHT. The joint application of both nutritional markers could be useful in predicting END-SHT after IVT.

Interpretable Deep-Learning Approaches for Osteoporosis Risk Screening and Individualized Feature Analysis Using Large Population-Based Data: Model Development and Performance Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is one of the diseases that requires early screening and detection for its management. Common clinical tools and machine-learning (ML) models for screening osteoporosis have been developed, but they show limitations such as low accuracy. Moreover, these methods are confined to limited risk factors and lack individualized explanation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop an interpretable deep-learning (DL) model for osteoporosis risk screening with clinical features. Clinical interpretation with individual explanations of feature contributions is provided using an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) technique. METHODS: We used two separate data sets: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data sets from the United States (NHANES) and South Korea (KNHANES) with 8274 and 8680 respondents, respectively. The study population was classified according to the T-score of bone mineral density at the femoral neck or total femur. A DL model for osteoporosis diagnosis was trained on the data sets and significant risk factors were investigated with local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME). The performance of the DL model was compared with that of ML models and conventional clinical tools. Additionally, contribution ranking of risk factors and individualized explanation of feature contribution were examined. RESULTS: Our DL model showed area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.851 (95% CI 0.844-0.858) and 0.922 (95% CI 0.916-0.928) for the femoral neck and total femur bone mineral density, respectively, using the NHANES data set. The corresponding AUC values for the KNHANES data set were 0.827 (95% CI 0.821-0.833) and 0.912 (95% CI 0.898-0.927), respectively. Through the LIME method, significant features were induced, and each feature's integrated contribution and interpretation for individual risk were determined. CONCLUSIONS: The developed DL model significantly outperforms conventional ML models and clinical tools. Our XAI model produces high-ranked features along with the integrated contributions of each feature, which facilitates the interpretation of individual risk. In summary, our interpretable model for osteoporosis risk screening outperformed state-of-the-art methods.

Auditory or Audiovisual Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice.

We hypothesized that auditory stimulation could reduce the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that audiovisual stimulation could have additional effects through multisensory integration. We exposed 12 month old Apoetm1.1(APOE*4)Adiuj mice (a mouse model of sporadic AD) to auditory (A) or audiovisual stimulation (AV) at 40 Hz for 14 days in a soundproof chamber system (no stimulation, N). Behavioral tests were performed before and after each session, and their brain tissues were assessed for amyloid-beta expression and apoptotic cell death, after 14 days. Furthermore, brain levels of acetylcholine and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. In the Y-maze test, the percentage relative alternation was significantly higher in group A than in group N mice. Amyloid-beta and TUNEL positivity in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly lower in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Acetylcholine levels were significantly higher in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Compared to group N mice, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 was lower in group A, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was higher in group AV. In a mouse model of early-stage sporadic AD, auditory or audiovisual stimulation improved cognitive performance and neuropathology.

Frequency, management, and outcomes of early neurologic deterioration due to stroke progression or recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: The frequency, management, and outcomes of early neurologic deterioration (END) after ischemic stroke specifically due to stroke progression or stroke recurrence have not been well delineated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multicenter, nationwide registry, data on END due to stroke progression or recurrence confirmed by imaging were collected prospectively between January 2019 and July 2020. Patient characteristics, management strategies, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 14,828 consecutive ischemic stroke patients, 1717 (11.6%) experienced END, including 1221 (8.2%) with END due to stroke progression (SP) or stroke recurrence (SR). Active management after END was implemented in 64.2% of patients. Active management strategies included volume expansion (29.2%), change in antithrombotic regimen (26.1%), induced hypertension (8.6%), rescue reperfusion therapy (6.8%), intracranial pressure lowering with hyperosmolar agents (1.5%), bypass surgery (0.6%), and hypothermia (0.1%). Active management strategies that varied with patient features included volume expansion and induced hypertension, used more often in large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel occlusion, and rescue endovascular thrombectomy, more common in other (dissection), cardioembolism, and large artery atherosclerosis. Active management was associated with higher rates of freedom from disability (modified Rankin Scale, mRS, 0-1; 24.3% vs. 16.6%) and functional independence (mRS, 0-2; 41.6% vs. 27.7%) at 3 months. CONCLUSION: END specifically due to stroke progression or recurrence occurs in 1 in 12 acute ischemic stroke patients. In this observational study, active management, undertaken in two-thirds of patients, was most often hemodynamic or antithrombotic and was associated with improved functional outcomes.

Stroke of Other Determined Etiology: Results From the Nationwide Multicenter Stroke Registry.

BACKGROUND: Stroke of other determined etiology (OE) includes patients with an uncommon cause of stroke. We described the general characteristics, management, and outcomes of stroke in OE and its subgroups. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospective, multicenter, nationwide registry, the Clinical Research Center for Stroke-Korea-National Institutes of Health registry. We classified OE strokes into 10 subgroups according to the literature and their properties. Each OE subgroup was compared according to clinical characteristics, sex, age strata, lesion locations, and management. Moreover, 1-year composites of stroke and all-cause mortality were investigated according to the OE subgroups. RESULTS: In total, 2119 patients with ischemic stroke with OE types (mean age, 55.6±16.2 years; male, 58%) were analyzed. In the Clinical Research Center for Stroke-Korea-National Institutes of Health registry, patients with OE accounted for 2.8% of all patients with stroke. The most common subtypes were arterial dissection (39.1%), cancer-related coagulopathy (17.3%), and intrinsic diseases of the arterial wall (16.7%). Overall, strokes of OE were more common in men than in women (58% versus 42%). Arterial dissection, intrinsic diseases of the arterial wall and stroke associated with migraine and drugs were more likely to occur at a young age, while disorders of platelets and the hemostatic system, cancer-related coagulopathy, infectious diseases, and hypoperfusion syndromes were more frequent at an old age. The composite of stroke and all-cause mortality within 1 year most frequently occurred in cancer-related coagulopathy, with an event rate of 71.8%, but least frequently occurred in stroke associated with migraine and drugs and arterial dissection, with event rates of 0% and 7.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the different characteristics, demographic findings, lesion locations, and outcomes of OE and its subtypes. It is characterized by a high proportion of arterial dissection, high mortality risk in cancer-related coagulopathy and an increasing annual frequency of cancer-related coagulopathy in patients with stroke of OE.

Diagnosis of Ischemic Renal Failure Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and a Machine Learning Algorithm.

To diagnose renal function using a biochip capable of detecting SERS and to assess Raman measurements taken from a bilateral renal ischemia model and the feasibility of early diagnosis was done. After generating a bilateral renal ischemia rat model, blood and urine were collected. After confirming the presence of renal injury and function, liquid drops were placed onto a Raman chip whose surface had been enhanced with Au-ZnO nanorods. SERS biomarkers that diffused into the nanogaps were selectively amplified. Raman signals varied based on the severity of the renal function, and these differences were confirmed statistically. These results confirm that renal ischemia leads to renal dysfunction and that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and a machine learning algorithm can be used to track signals in the urine from the release of SERS biomarkers.

Highly luminescent and catalytically active suprastructures of magic-sized semiconductor nanoclusters.

Metal chalcogenide magic-sized nanoclusters have shown intriguing photophysical and chemical properties, yet ambient instability has hampered their extensive applications. Here we explore the periodic assembly of these nanoscale building blocks through organic linkers to overcome such limitations and further boost their properties. We designed a diamine-based heat-up self-assembly process to assemble Mn2+:(CdSe)13 and Mn2+:(ZnSe)13 magic-sized nanoclusters into three- and two-dimensional suprastructures, respectively, obtaining enhanced stability and solid-state photoluminescence quantum yields (from <1% for monoamine-based systems to ~72% for diamine-based suprastructures). We also exploited the atomic-level miscibility of Cd and Zn to synthesize Mn2+:(Cd1-xZnxSe)13 alloy suprastructures with tunable metal synergy: Mn2+:(Cd0.5Zn0.5Se)13 suprastructures demonstrated high catalytic activity (turnover number, 17,964 per cluster in 6 h; turnover frequency, 2,994 per cluster per hour) for converting CO2 to organic cyclic carbonates under mild reaction conditions. The enhanced stability, photoluminescence and catalytic activity through combined cluster-assembly and metal synergy advance the usability of inorganic semiconductor nanoclusters.

Associations between migraine and major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is one of the most common primary headache disorders and a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. We aimed to investigate the association between migraine and major cardiovascular outcomes, including myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke (IS), and cardiovascular death (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2,229,598 people from the nationwide Korean National Health Insurance Service database with type 2 diabetes but without a previous history of MI and IS were included in this study. We identified patients over 20 years of age with migraine using the claim data of International Statistical Classification of Diseases Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code G43. The patients with migraine were divided according to their migraine aura status. RESULTS: Migraine was present in 6.3% of the study population. Cases observed for MI, IS, CVD, and all-cause death were 2.6%, 3.6%, 5.9%, and 7.9%, respectively. The diagnosis of migraine was significantly associated with an increased risk of MI, IS, and CVD. The results remained significant after adjusting for covariates, including age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking habits, physical activity, economic status, hypertension history, dyslipidemia, and duration of type 2 diabetes (MI, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.182, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.146-1.219; IS, aHR: 1.111, 95% CI 1.082-1.14; CVD, aHR: 1.143, 95% CI 1.12-1.167). In particular, the presence of aura was associated with a higher risk of MI development compared to the non-aura group. The difference became more prominent with progressing age. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide population-based study, people with type 2 diabetes and migraines were found to be at a significantly higher risk for major cardiovascular events, including MI, IS, and CVD. The risk of MI and CVD significantly increased with the presence of aura symptoms among patients with migraine.