Halogen-Site Regulation in Cs3Bi2X9 Quantum Dots for Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Driven by Solar Light.

Sluggish charge kinetics and low selectivity limit the solar-driven selective organic transformations under mild conditions. Herein, an efficient strategy of halogen-site regulation, based on the precise control of charge transfer and molecule activation by rational design of Cs3Bi2X9 quantum dots photocatalysts, is proposed to achieve both high selectivity and yield of benzyl-alcohol oxidation. In situ PL spectroscopy study reveals that the Bi─Br bonds formed in the form of Br-associated coordination can enhance the separation and transfer of photoexcited carriers during the practical reaction. As the active center, the exclusive Bi─Br covalence can benefit the benzyl-alcohol activation for producing carbon-centered radicals. As a result, the Cs3Bi2Br9 with this atomic coordination achieves a conversion ratio of 97.9% for benzyl alcohol and selectivity of 99.6% for aldehydes, which are 56.9- and 1.54-fold higher than that of Cs3Bi2Cl9. Combined with quasi-in situ EPR, in situ ATR-FTIR spectra, and DFT calculation, the conversion of C6H5-CH2OH to C6H5-CH2* at Br-related coordination is revealed to be a determining step, which can be accelerated via halogen-site regulation for enhancing selectivity and photocatalytic efficiency. The mechanistic insights of this research elucidate how halogen-site regulation in favor of charge transfer and molecule activation toward efficient and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol.

Targeted NO Oxidation and Synchronous NO2 Inhibition via Oriented 1O2 Formation Based on Lewis Acid Site Adjustment.

An appealing strategy for ensuring environmental benefits of the photocatalytic NO oxidation reaction is to convert NO into NO3- instead of NO2, yet the selectivity of products remains challenging. Here, such a scenario could be realized by tailoring the exposure of Lewis acid sites on the surface of ZrO2, aiming to precisely regulate the ROS evolution process for the selective oxidation of NO into NO3-. As evidenced by highly combined experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, Lewis acid sites serving as electron acceptors could induce itinerant electron redistribution, charge-carrier transfer, and further oxidation of •O2-, which promotes the oriented formation of 1O2. As a result, monoclinic ZrO2 with more Lewis acid sites exhibited an outstanding NO conversion efficiency (56.33%) and extremely low NO2 selectivity (5.04%). The ROS-based reaction process and promotion mechanism of photocatalytic performance have been revealed on the basis of ESR analysis, ROS-quenching experiments, and in situ ROS-quenching DRIFTS. This work could provide a critical view toward oriented ROS formation and advance a unique mechanism of selective NO oxidation into NO3-.

Highly Enhanced Photocatalytic NO Removal and Inhibited Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation in Synergistic Acetaldehyde Degradation.

The coexistence of NO and CH3CHO in the air is considered to produce secondary peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) under sunlight irradiation, threatening the ecological environment and public health. Herein, we provide a simple strategy for the photocatalytic removal of NO and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) on Sr2Sb2O7. In comparison with the single removal, the nearly complete removal of NO is reached by deep oxidation to NO3- with the assistance of CH3CHO. The underlying mechanism is revealed by GC-MS, in situ DRIFTS, and density functional theory calculations. The intermediates •CH3 from CH3CHO and NO2- from NO tend to bond and further oxidize to CH3ONO2, thus promoting NO removal. CH3NO2 and CH3ONO2 are the key products instead of PAN on Sr2Sb2O7 from the synergistic degradation of NO and CH3CHO. This work brings new insights into reaction pathway regulation for promoting performance and suppressing byproducts during synergistic air pollutant removal.

Amorphous SnO2 decorated ZnSn(OH)6 promotes interfacial hydroxyl polarization for deep photocatalytic toluene mineralization.

Surface hydroxyl groups play a decisive role in the generation of hydroxyl radicals with stronger oxidizing ability, which is indispensable in photocatalytic VOCs removal, especially under the condition of low humidity. In this work, non-noble amorphous SnO2 decorated ZnSn(OH)6 (ZSH) was synthesized by an in-situ method. The charge transport, reactant activation and hydroxyl polarization are enhanced through decoration of amorphous SnO2 on ZSH. Combined with the designed experiment, in-situ EPR, DTF calculation and in-situ DRIFTS, the role and mechanism of interfacial hydroxyl polarization are revealed on SnO2 decorated ZnSn(OH)6. Compared with pristine ZSH and noble-metal modified ZSH, the toluene degradation rate of amorphous SnO2 decorated ZSH is increased by 13.0 and 3.8 times, and the toluene mineralization rate is increased by 5.2 and 2.2 times. The ZSH-24 sample maintains a high toluene degradation activity after 6 cyclic utilization without catalyst deactivation. This work emphasizes the role of non-noble metal and the origin of hydroxyl group polarization on ZnSn(OH)6 for photocatalytic VOCs mineralization.

Comparative single-cell profiling reveals distinct cardiac resident macrophages essential for zebrafish heart regeneration.

Zebrafish exhibit a robust ability to regenerate their hearts following injury, and the immune system plays a key role in this process. We previously showed that delaying macrophage recruitment by clodronate liposome (-1d_CL, macrophage-delayed model) impairs neutrophil resolution and heart regeneration, even when the infiltrating macrophage number was restored within the first week post injury (Lai et al., 2017). It is thus intriguing to learn the regenerative macrophage property by comparing these late macrophages vs. control macrophages during cardiac repair. Here, we further investigate the mechanistic insights of heart regeneration by comparing the non-regenerative macrophage-delayed model with regenerative controls. Temporal RNAseq analyses revealed that -1d_CL treatment led to disrupted inflammatory resolution, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and energy metabolism during cardiac repair. Comparative single-cell RNAseq profiling of inflammatory cells from regenerative vs. non-regenerative hearts further identified heterogeneous macrophages and neutrophils, showing alternative activation and cellular crosstalk leading to neutrophil retention and chronic inflammation. Among macrophages, two residential subpopulations (hbaa+ Mac and timp4.3+ Mac 3) were enriched only in regenerative hearts and barely recovered after +1d_CL treatment. To deplete the resident macrophage without delaying the circulating macrophage recruitment, we established the resident macrophage-deficient model by administrating CL earlier at 8 d (-8d_CL) before cryoinjury. Strikingly, resident macrophage-deficient zebrafish still exhibited defects in revascularization, cardiomyocyte survival, debris clearance, and extracellular matrix remodeling/scar resolution without functional compensation from the circulating/monocyte-derived macrophages. Our results characterized the diverse function and interaction between inflammatory cells and identified unique resident macrophages prerequisite for zebrafish heart regeneration.

Crystal-Structure-Dependent Photocatalytic Redox Activity and Reaction Pathways over Ga2O3 Polymorphs.

Differentiated crystal structures generally affect the surface physicochemical properties of catalysts, causing variety in catalytic activity between polymorphs. However, the underlying mechanism has not been completely revealed, especially the influence of surface physicochemical properties on photocatalytic redox activity and the reaction mechanism. In this work, we reveal the mechanism of surface redox properties on different crystal forms of gallium oxide from a molecular level. α-Ga2O3 and ß-Ga2O3 exhibit a slight difference in catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants due to comprehensive influencing factors, including their valence band position, reactive oxygen species, and pore structure properties related to the adsorption-reaction-desorption process. But the catalytic reduction ability of CO2 is obviously different due to the large differences of interaction between the surface of crystal structures and CO2 molecules, which are critical to determine the catalytic performance and reaction pathways. The enhanced adsorption and activation of CO2 on the α-Ga2O3 surface could promote the reduction reaction efficiency. Moreover, the large energy barrier of CH2* formation on ß-Ga2O3 makes the formation of methane (CH4) relatively difficult compared to that on α-Ga2O3. The yield rate of CH4 (1.8 µmol·g-1·h-1) on α-Ga2O3 is three times better than that on ß-Ga2O3 (CH4: 0.6 µmol·g-1·h-1). The current findings can offer novel insights into the understanding of crystal-structure-dependent photocatalytic performances and the design of new catalysts applied in energy conversion and environmental purification by crystal structure-tuning.

Rare-Earth Single-Atom La-N Charge-Transfer Bridge on Carbon Nitride for Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion into valuable solar fuels is highly appealing, but lack of directional charge-transfer channel and insufficient active sites resulted in limited CO2 reduction efficiency and selectivity for most photocatalytic systems. Herein, we designed and fabricated rare-earth La single-atoms on carbon nitride with La-N charge-transfer bridge as the active center for photocatalytic CO2 reaction. The formation of La single-atoms was certified by spherical aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM, STEM-EELS, EXAFS, and theoretical calculations. The electronic structure of the La-N bridge enables a high CO-yielding rate of 92 µmol·g-1·h-1 and CO selectivity of 80.3%, which is superior to most g-C3N4-based photocatalytic CO2 reductions. The CO production rate remained nearly constant under light irradiation for five cycles of 20 h, indicating its stability. The closely combined experimental and DFT calculations clearly elucidated that the variety of electronic states induced by 4f and 5d orbitals of the La single atom and the p-d orbital hybridization of La-N atoms enabled the formation of charge-transfer channel. The La-N charge bridges are found to function as the key active center for CO2 activation, rapid COOH* formation, and CO desorption. The present work would provide a mechanistic understanding into the utilization of rare-earth single-atoms in photocatalysis for solar energy conversion.

Synergistic effects of crystal structure and oxygen vacancy on Bi2O3 polymorphs: intermediates activation, photocatalytic reaction efficiency, and conversion pathway.

This work unraveled the synergistic effects of crystal structure and oxygen vacancy on the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3 polymorphs at an atomic level for the first time. The artificial oxygen vacancy is introduced into α-Bi2O3 and ß-Bi2O3 via a facile method to engineer the band structures and transportation of carriers and redox reaction for highly enhanced photocatalysis. After the optimization, the photocatalytic NO removal ratio on defective ß-Bi2O3 was increased from 25.2% to 52.0% under visible light irradiation. On defective α-Bi2O3, the NO removal ratio is just increased from 7.3% to 20.1%. The difference in the activity enhancement is associated with the different structure of crystal phase and oxygen vacancy. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental results confirm that the oxygen vacancy in α-Bi2O3 and ß-Bi2O3 could promote the activation of reactants and intermediate as active centers. The crystal structure and oxygen vacancy could synergistically regulate the electrons transfer pathway. On defective ß-Bi2O3 with tunnel structure, the reactants activation and charge transfer were more efficient than that on α-Bi2O3 with zigzag-type configuration because the defect structures on the surface of α-Bi2O3 and ß-Bi2O3 were different. Moreover, the in situ FT-IR revealed the mechanisms of photocatalytic NO oxidation. The photocatalytic NO conversion pathway on α-Bi2O3 and ß-Bi2O3 can be tuned by the different surface defect structures. This work could provide a novel strategy to regulate the photocatalytic activity and conversion pathway via the synergistic effects of crystal structure and oxygen vacancy.

Graphene oxide mediated co-generation of C-doping and oxygen defects in Bi2WO6 nanosheets: a combined DRIFTS and DFT investigation.

In order to efficiently control air pollutants using photocatalytic technology, the co-generation of C-doping and oxygen vacancies (OVs) in Bi2WO6 (BWO) nanosheets was achieved by a graphene oxide (GO)-mediated hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic performance was highly improved with the synergistic effects of C-doping and OVs. The experimental characterization and DFT calculations were closely combined to reveal that the C element could serve as both an electron acceptor and channel for charge transfer to promote charge separation. Meanwhile, the OVs could induce the formation of a defect level in the band gap which increases the production of ˙OH as the primary reactive species by introducing more light-generated holes into the valence band. Meanwhile, the OVs could enhance the generation of ˙O2- species via the promotion of O2 adsorption and activation on the catalyst surface. Moreover, the reaction intermediates were monitored and the mechanism of photocatalytic NO oxidation was proposed based on in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The design concept of photocatalyst modification with C-doping and OVs could offer a novel strategy to enhance the performance for environmental applications.