Golgi anti-apoptotic proteins redundantly counteract cell death by inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species under endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Maintaining proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical for cell viability and plant survival under adverse conditions. The unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to precisely trigger adaptive outputs or cell death under ER stress with varying degrees. However, little information is known about the relationship between UPR signalling and ROS regulation. Here, Arabidopsis GOLGI ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN1 (GAAP1)-GAAP4 were found to play redundant positive roles under ER stress. Genetic analysis showed that GAAP4 played a role in INOSITOL-REQUIRING ENZYME (IRE1)-dependent and -independent pathways. In addition, GAAPs played negative roles to activate the adaptive UPR under conditions of stress. Quantitative biochemical analysis showed that mutations in GAAP genes decreased the oxidised glutathione content and altered the pattern of ROS and glutathione in early ER stress. When plants were challenged with unmitigated ER stress, mutations in GAAP advanced ROS accumulation, which was associated with a decline in adaptive UPR. These data indicated that GAAPs resist cell death by regulating glutathione content to inhibit ROS accumulation and maintain UPR during ER stress. They provide a basis for further analysis of the regulation of cell fate decision under ER stress.

Solvent Modification of the Structures and Magnetic Properties of a Series of Dysprosium(III) Single-Molecule Magnets.

Solvent effects on the structures and magnetic properties of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been of great interest for modification of the SMMs using chemical modulation. By systematically varying the reaction solvents (MeOH, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol), we have successfully synthesized a series of DyIII-H4daps complexes (H4daps = N',N‴-[(1E,1'E)-pyridine-2,6-diylbis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene)]bis(2-hydroxybenzohydrazide), including two binuclear compounds, [Dy2(H2daps)2(MeOH)4(H2O)2](CF3SO3)2·0.5MeOH (1MeOH) and [Dy2(H2daps)3(EtOH)2]·2EtOH·Et2O (2EtOH), and two mononuclear compounds, [Dy(H4daps)2](CF3SO3)3·n-PrOH (3PrOH) and [Dy(H4daps)(CF3SO3)3(n-BuOH)]·0.5Et2O (4BuOH). Using different solvents, the ligand-to-metal ratios can be adjusted from 1:1 in 1MeOH and 4BuOH to 3:2 in 2EtOH and 2:1 in 3PrOH. Through the solvent crossover experiments, the role of the solvents and the conditions to form these complexes were carefully studied. The size of the different alcohols, their coordination ability to the DyIII center, and the solubility of the complexes in these alcohols might affect the assembly process and lead to modification of the structures and magnetic properties of these DyIII-H4daps complexes. Magnetic studies revealed that these four complexes all exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under a zero or an applied direct-current field, with an energy barrier of about 100 K for the binuclear compound 1MeOH. In combination with theoretical calculations, the magnetic-structure relationship of these four compounds has been analyzed. This work demonstrates the crucial role of different solvent molecules in the fine-tuning of the structures and magnetic performances of different lanthanide complexes.

Modulating the Structures and Magnetic Properties of Dy(III) Single-Molecule Magnets through Acid-Base Regulation.

Chemical modulation on the structures and physical properties of the coordination complexes is of great interest for the preparation of new functional materials. By changing the acidity or basicity of the reaction medium, the deprotonation degree of a multidentate ligand with multiple active protons, H4daps (H4daps = N',N'″-((1E,1'E)-pyridine-2,6-diylbis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(2-hydroxybenzohydrazide)), can be regulated on purpose. With this ligand of different deprotonation and charges, three new DyIII complexes ([Dy(H3daps)(CH3COO)2(EtOH)]·CH3COOH (1Dy), [Dy2(H2daps)2(EtOH)2(H2O)2(MeOH)2](CF3SO3)2·(H2O)2 (2Dy), and [Dy3(H1daps)2(H2daps)(µ3-OH)(EtOH)(H2O)] (3Dy)) of different nuclearities (mono-, di-, and trinuclear for 1Dy to 3Dy, respectively) have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. Analyses on the related bond lengths and resulting hydrogen bond modes in the complexes provide the details of the deprotonation position and the charge of the ligands, which can be in the form of H3daps-, H2daps2-, and H1daps3-. Interestingly, the more deprotonated ligand can act as a bridging ligand between the DyIII centers using the phenol and/or carbonyl oxygen atoms, which leads to the multinuclear structures. Magnetic studies on these complexes revealed that complex 1Dy is a field-induced single-molecule magnet (SMM), while complexes 2Dy and 3Dy show SMM behavior under a zero dc field.

Heterometallic MIILnIII (M = Co/Zn; Ln = Dy/Y) Complexes with Pentagonal Bipyramidal 3d Centers: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties.

We herein reported the syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of three dinuclear heterometallic MIILnIII complexes, namely, [MIILnIII(H2L)(CH3OH)2(NO3)2](NO3)·S (M = Co, Ln = Dy, S = MeOH (1CoDy); M = Zn, Ln = Dy, S = MeOH (2ZnDy); M = Co, Ln = Y, S = MeNO2 (3CoY), H4L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis[2-(semicarbazono) propionylhydrazone]. Synthesized from the predesigned multidentate ligand H4L, which has two different coordination pockets (smaller N3O2 and larger N2O4 pockets) suitable for either a 3d or a 4f metal center, all these complexes have very similar structures, where the MII centers possess a pentagonal bipyramidal (PBP) geometry and the LnIII sites have a tetradecahedron geometry. Magnetic measurements on these compounds revealed the existence of weak ferromagnetic coupling between the Co2+ and Dy3+ centers and the field-induced slow magnetic relaxation of all three complexes. Furthermore, theoretical calculation on all these complexes indicates that although the change of the diamagnetic Zn2+ ion to the paramagnetic Co2+ ion only slightly modifies the local magnetic anisotropy of the Dy3+ ion, the weak Co-Dy magnetic interaction decreases the energy barrier. These compounds are the first systematic results of a heterometallic 3d-4f single-molecule magnet containing predesigned PBP 3d metal ions.

[Develop the rural ecology in the New Era]. / 发展新时代的乡村生态学.

Rural ecology is a comprehensive field of study that takes the rural social-ecological-economic systems as the objective object and emphasizes spatial carrier governance. The development of rural ecology in the New Era embodies and implements comprehensively the core concepts of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Cha-racteristics for a New Era, including harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, rural revitalization, green development, and the comprehensive construction of a socialist modernized nation. Under the goal of Chinese-style modernization, rural ecology exhibits characteristics distinct from the past, such as the integration of research objects, the intersectionality of basic theories, the computational feature of technical methods, and the orientation of exporting outcomes. To provide disciplinary support for modernization-oriented science to meet the new demands of country's rural development, effectively narrating the story of sustainable rural development in China and providing fundamental guarantees for the safety of rural systems, a number of issues such as paradigm innovation in research, improvement of data quality, and integration of comprehensive technologies, should be fully considered.

Transcriptional Regulations on the Low-Temperature-Induced Floral Transition in an Orchidaceae Species, Dendrobium nobile: An Expressed Sequence Tags Analysis.

Vernalization-induced flowering is a cold-relevant adaptation in many species, but little is known about the genetic basis behind in Orchidaceae species. Here, we reported a collection of 15017 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the vernalized axillary buds of an Orchidaceae species, Dendrobium nobile, which were assembled for 9616 unique gene clusters. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes in relation to the responses to stresses, especially in the form of low temperatures, and those involving in protein biosynthesis and chromatin assembly were significantly overrepresented during 40 days of vernalization. Additionally, a total of 59 putative flowering-relevant genes were recognized, including those homologous to known key players in vernalization pathways in temperate cereals or Arabidopsis, such as cereal VRN1, FT/VRN3, and Arabidopsis AGL19. Results from this study suggest that the networks regulating vernalization-induced floral transition are conserved, but just in a part, in D. nobile, temperate cereals, and Arabidopsis.

An effective method of RNA isolation from Fallopia multiflora tuberous roots.

To isolate high-quality total RNA from Fallopia multiflora tuberous roots is difficult because of the presence of high levels of carbohydrates, phenolics, and other secondary metabolites. Since several procedures specialized for RNA isolation from polysaccharides and phenols rich tissues have resulted in poor yields, in this study, we developed a modified protocol that was derived from the traditional CTAB method. The protocol was able to produce high-quality and intact RNA from the tuberous roots of F. multiflora. The yield of total RNA was more than 0.15 mg/g fresh weight, with an A260/A280 ratio of 1.9-2.0. The obtained RNA was of sufficient quality and suitable for downstream application such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern hybridization, and cDNA library construction. The protocol may also have wider applicability for total RNA isolation from other plant species with tuberous roots.

Ficusmotuoensis (Moraceae), a new species from southwest China.

A new climbing species, Ficusmotuoensis Zhen Zhang & Hong Qing Li in Moraceae from southwest China has been described and illustrated in this paper. The new species resembles F.disticha, F.diversiformis and F.hederacea, but differs from these in the medium-sized acrophylls, shorter peduncle, as well as larger and spotted syconium. According to the morphological traits and phylogenetic placement, the new species belongs to Ficussubg.Synoeciasect.Apiosycea. Besides, the new species deviates from the common distribution pattern compared to the other members of sect. Apiosycea, indicating that it could be very useful for exploring the biogeography of sect. Apiosycea.

[Review on the assessment model of nutrient recycling with agricultural residues treatment technologies]. / å†œä¸šåºŸå¼ƒç‰©å »åˆ†å¾ªçŽ¯åˆ©ç”¨æŠ€æœ¯æ¨¡å¼è¯„ä¼°æ¨¡åž‹çš„ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

The technology for nutrient resource utilization of agricultural residues is crucial to realizing a circular agricultural economy. The assessment model provides essential support to optimize nutrient recovery and treatment technologies. We specifically summarized research progress in the assessment framework of agricultural residues nutrient recycling technology, assessment models and evaluation indicators, data sources of models and their uncertainty analysis, and the application scale of models. We found that process mathematical models and industrial eco-logy models are the common nutrient flow assessment models. Process mathematical and industrial ecology models differed greatly in terms of the reliability of assessment results and the simulation scale. The former mainly focused at laboratory or pilot scale, with higher accuracy. The latter could achieve multi-scale simulation from microscopic to macroscopic and had higher uncertainty, due to the way its data were obtained. Finally, we provided an outlook on the research on the assessment model of agricultural residues nutrient resource utilisation technology. In order to achieve accurate assessment of waste resource utilisation technology in agricultural production systems at the regional scale, a reliable model framework and database should be established by combining process mathematical models with industrial ecology models. Meanwhile, we should carry out research on model expansion at the geographical scales of factory scale, farm scale, village scale, township scale, and regional scale.

Pollinator sharing, copollination, and speciation by host shifting among six closely related dioecious fig species.

The obligate pollination mutualism between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and pollinator wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) is a classic example of cospeciation. However, examples of phylogenetic incongruencies between figs and their pollinators suggest that pollinators may speciate by host shifting. To investigate the mechanism of speciation by host shifting, we examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures of six closely related fig species and their pollinators from southern China and Taiwan-Ryukyu islands using various molecular markers. The results revealed 1) an extraordinary case of pollinator sharing, in which five distinct fig species share a single pollinator species in southern China; 2) two types of copollination, namely, sympatric copollination by pollinator duplication or pollinator migration, and allopatric copollination by host migration and new pollinator acquisition; 3) fig species from southern China have colonized Taiwan repeatedly and one of these events has been followed by host shifting, reestablishment of host specificity, and pollinator speciation, in order. Based on our results, we propose a model for pollinator speciation by host shifting in which the reestablishment of host-specificity plays a central role in the speciation process. These findings provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying pollinator speciation and host specificity in obligate pollination mutualism.

[Data-driven study of complex socio-economic-natural ecosystems: Scales, processes and decision linkages]. / 数据驱动的社会-经济-è‡ªç„¶å¤åˆç”Ÿæ€ç³»ç»Ÿç ”ç©¶:å°ºåº¦ã€è¿‡ç¨‹åŠå ¶å†³ç­–å ³è”.

The social-economic-natural system is a complex system for human survival and development, and the data-driven system research provides a new value-added orientation to enhance the cognition of the ecosystem. Under the new data context, the social-economic-natural complex system shows new features. The research object is gradually changing from a single element to a multi-factor coupling direction, which makes the data system more diversified, data sources more extensive, data expression more visualized. The research scale shows the characteristics of gradually expanding, and the research object would be more detailed. In the process of data identification, expression and visualization, it is therefore necessary to strengthen the coupling of time, space, structure, quantity and order, as well as to focus on the integration with decision making and local services. The future research of complex ecosystems in the new era should be carried out in terms of key scientific issues and supporting technologies, the role of scale and multi-factor coupling, as well as scientific and technological support for local and global governance. Under the continuous innovation of data, strengthening the cognition of multi-source data, long-term monitoring and time series still needs to be studied in depth. Carrying out data-driven analysis of complex ecosystems not only provides technical support for ecosystem services and sustainable development and enhances the long-term data sharing mechanism, but also provides more value support for realizing decision making and information dissemination.

Ectopic expression of FaDREB2 enhances osmotic tolerance in paper mulberry.

Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) proteins are a subfamily of AP2/ERF transcription factors that have been shown to improve tolerance to osmotic stresses in plants. To improve the osmotic stress tolerance of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent), an economically important tree, we transformed it with a plasmid carrying tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) FaDREB2 under the control of CaMV 35S. The ectopic expression of FaDREB2 did not cause growth retardation, and the paper mulberry seedlings expressing FaDREB2 showed higher salt and drought tolerance than wild-type plants (WT). After 13 d of withholding water, or 15 d in the presence of 250 mM NaCl, all the WT plants died, while the plants expressing FaDREB2 survived. The FaDREB2 transgenic plants had higher leaf water and chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants under high salt and water-deficient conditions. Taken together, the results indicate the feasibility of improving tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in paper mulberry seedlings via genetic engineering, by introducing FaDREB2, which promotes the increased accumulation of osmolytes (soluble sugars and proline), to counter osmotic stresses caused by abiotic factors.

[Nitrogen flow and polluted nitrogen footprint accounting of rural systems at the municipal scale: The case of Shenyang]. / å¸‚åŸŸå°ºåº¦å†œæ‘ç³»ç»Ÿæ°®ç´ æµåŠ¨åŠæ±¡æŸ“æ°®è¶³è¿¹æ ¸ç®—­­ä»¥æ²ˆé˜³å¸‚为例.

Understanding the process of nitrogen flow, emission, and utilization in rural systems is of great importance to reduce pollutant emissions caused by agricultural activities and to promote the sustainable utilization of nutrient resources. Based on the NUFER (nutrient flow in food chain, environment and resources use) model and nitrogen footprint approach, we proposed a nitrogen accounting framework for municipal-scale rural systems, and conducted a quantitative and time series-based comparative study on nitrogen flow, recycling, and footprint from the perspective of three subsystems, namely planting, animal husbandry, and rural human settlement in Shenyang from 1998 to 2018. The results showed that: 1) nitrogen utilization rates of the planting subsystem, animal husbandry subsystem, and rural human settlement subsystem were 36.1%, 59.7%, and 70.1%, respectively in 2018, with a growth rate of 15.9%, 9.1%, and 0.7% respectively compared to 1998; 2) The total polluted nitrogen footprint in Shenyang grew rapidly from 1998 to 2014, but declined from 2014 to 2018. In 2018, the total footprint of nitrogen pollution was 123.5 Gg, increasing by 21.6% compared with 1998; 3) In 2018, the unused nitrogen in the planting subsystem, animal husbandry subsystem, and rural human settlement subsystem were 129.5, 62.2, and 8.7 Gg, respectively, which were equivalent to 420.4, 202.1, and 8.7 Gg of nutrient resources from nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of rural system increased gradually from the production end to the consumption end, but the temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen in rural systems need further studies.

Molecular mechanisms of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in a plant-pollinator association.

Many insects metamorphose from antagonistic larvae into mutualistic adult pollinators, with reciprocal adaptation leading to specialized insect-plant associations. It remains unknown how such interactions are established at molecular level. Here we assemble high-quality genomes of a fig species, Ficus pumila var. pumila, and its specific pollinating wasp, Wiebesia pumilae. We combine multi-omics with validation experiments to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized interaction. In the plant, we identify the specific compound attracting pollinators and validate the function of several key genes regulating its biosynthesis. In the pollinator, we find a highly reduced number of odorant-binding protein genes and an odorant-binding protein mainly binding the attractant. During antagonistic interaction, we find similar chemical profiles and turnovers throughout the development of galled ovules and seeds, and a significant contraction of detoxification-related gene families in the pollinator. Our study identifies some key genes bridging coevolved mutualists, establishing expectations for more diffuse insect-pollinator systems.

Syntheses and magnetic properties of a bis-tridentate nitronyl nitroxide radical and its metal complexes.

The first bis-tridentate nitronyl nitroxide mono-radical was synthesized. From this ligand and a bis-bidentate nitronyl nitroxide ligand, metal complexes of MnII and CoII ions were also synthesized and characterized. Field-induced slow magnetic relaxation was observed in the radical-bridged CoII complex.

A family of lanthanide complexes with a bis-tridentate nitronyl nitroxide radical: syntheses, structures and magnetic properties.

Eleven new lanthanide complexes based on a bis-tridentate nitronyl nitroxide radical NIT-Pm2Py (2-(4,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxy-3-oxide), namely (NIT-Pm2Py)Ln(hfac)3 (Ln = Gd (1Gd), Tb (2Tb), Dy (3Dy), Ho (4Ho), Er (5Er), Yb (6Yb)), [(NIT-Pm2Py)Ln2(hfac)6]·xH2O (Ln = Gd (7Gd), Tb (8Tb), Ho (10Ho), x = 0.5 for 7Gd and 1 for 8Tb and 10Ho) and (NIT-Pm2Py)Ln2(hfac)6 (Ln = Dy (9Dy), Er (11Er)) were prepared and characterized. These complexes can be selectively prepared by controlling the reaction ratio of Ln(hfac)3·2H2O to the radical ligand NIT-Pm2Py. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses confirmed that 1Gd-6Yb are isostructural 2p-4f LnIII-radical complexes, in which the NIT-Pm2Py radical acts as a terminal tridentate ligand chelating to one LnIII ion. On the other hand, 7Gd-11Er are isostructural 4f-2p-4f LnIII-radical-LnIII complexes with the NIT-Pm2Py acting as a bridging ligand between two LnIII ions. 7Gd-11Er represent a rare family of complexes showing the NIT bridged 4f-2p-4f three-spin motif. Alternating-current (ac) magnetic susceptibility investigations revealed that complex 6Yb exhibits field-induced frequency dependence, suggesting a possible field-induced single-molecule magnet behavior. Ab initio calculations were performed on all these complexes. The fitting of the magnetic susceptibilities of these complexes indicates weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the LnIII and NIT radical.

Spin crossover in hydrogen-bonded frameworks of FeII complexes with organodisulfonate anions.

We present here the syntheses, crystal structures, and thermal and magnetic properties of a series of mononuclear Fe2+ spin crossover (SCO) complexes of the formula [Fe(bamp)2]·Anion·Solv (Anion = NDS2-, Solv = 2H2O, 1NDS; Anion = BPDS2-, Solv = 4.4H2O, 2BPDS; Anion = ABDS2-, Solv = Et2O and H2O, 3ABDS; Anion = DNDS2-, Solv = MeCN, 4DNDS; bamp = 2,6-pyridinedimethanamine, H2NDS = 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonic acid, H2BPDS = 4,4'-biphenyldisulphonic acid, H2ABDS = 4,4'-azobenzenedisulfonic acid, H2DNDS = 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid). The structures and SCO properties of these complexes can be finely modified by organodisulfonate couteranions. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that all these compounds are hydrogen-bonded three-dimensional frameworks constructed from the charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between bamp donors, organodisulfonate acceptors, and/or crystallized solvent molecules. SCO behavior was observed in all four complexes and has been evidenced by detailed structural and magnetic investigations. While 1NDS exhibits a sharp cooperative SCO transition with a transition temperature T1/2 of 247 K, 2BPDS, 3ABDS, and 4DNDS undergo more gradual SCO transitions with T1/2 values of 176, 171 and 158 K, respectively. Magneto-structural relationship studies revealed that the tunable SCO properties, including the trend of the transition temperatures and the cooperativity of the SCO transition, are mainly attributable to the size of the organodisulfonate anions. This study shows that in order to exhibit cooperative SCO properties, "efficient" hydrogen bonds directly connecting the SCO centers, rather than those between the SCO centers and the innocent neighboring groups, are preferred.

Phytochemistry and molecular systematics of Triaenophora rupestris and Oreosolen wattii (Scrophulariaceae).

The relationships between the genera Triaenophora, Oreosolen and Rehmannia were investigated. All three genera were previously included in tribe Veroniceae which was part of Scrophulariaceae but which is now included in Plantaginaceae. With regard to the content of iridoid glucosides, Triaenophora rupestris and the much-investigated Rehmannia were almost identical in containing catalpol, ajugol and 6-feruloylajugol. Oreosolen wattii was rather different in having compounds typical for the tribe Scrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae), namely aucubin, harpagide, harpagoside as well as two diesters of rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, one of which, here named oreosolenoside, had not previously been described in the literature. These results are consistent with recent analyses based on DNA sequencing and a phylogenetic tree illustrating the taxonomic relationships is presented.

Optimal timing of complete revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease: a pairwise and network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal revascularization strategy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease is unclear. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the optimal revascularization strategy for treating these patients. METHODS: Searches of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, clinicaltrial.gov, and the reference lists of relevant papers were performed covering the period between the year 2000 and March 20, 2017. A pairwise analysis and a Bayesian network meta-analysis were performed to compare the effectiveness of early complete revascularization (CR) during the index hospitalization, delayed CR, and culprit only revascularization (COR). The primary endpoint was the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which were defined as the composite of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization, and all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoints were the rates of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, and repeat revascularization. This study is registered at PROSPERO under registration number CRD42017059980. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials including a total of 3,170 patients were identified. A pairwise meta-analysis showed that compared with COR, early CR was associated with significantly decreased risks of MACE (relative risk [RR] 0.47, 95% CI 0.39-0.56), MI (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37-0.83), and repeat revascularization (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.27-0.46) but not of all-cause mortality (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.52-1.16). These results were confirmed by trial sequential analysis. The network meta-analysis showed that early CR had the highest probability of being the first treatment option during MACE (89.2%), MI (83.3%), and repeat revascularization (80.4%). CONCLUSION: Early CR during the index hospitalization was markedly superior to COR with respect to reducing the risk of MACE, as CR significantly decreased the risks of MI and repeat revascularization compared with COR. However, further study is warranted to determine whether CR during the index hospitalization can improve survival in patients with concurrent ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease. The optimal timing of CR remains inconclusive considering the small number of studies and patients included in the analysis comparing early and delayed CR.

Evaluating sampling strategy for DNA barcoding study of coastal and inland halo-tolerant Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae: A case study for increased sample size.

Environmental conditions in coastal salt marsh habitats have led to the development of specialist genetic adaptations. We evaluated six DNA barcode loci of the 53 species of Poaceae and 15 species of Chenopodiaceae from China's coastal salt marsh area and inland area. Our results indicate that the optimum DNA barcode was ITS for coastal salt-tolerant Poaceae and matK for the Chenopodiaceae. Sampling strategies for ten common species of Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae were analyzed according to optimum barcode. We found that by increasing the number of samples collected from the coastal salt marsh area on the basis of inland samples, the number of haplotypes of Arundinella hirta, Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica, Setaria viridis, and Chenopodium glaucum increased, with a principal coordinate plot clearly showing increased distribution points. The results of a Mann-Whitney test showed that for Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica, and Setaria viridis, the distribution of intraspecific genetic distances was significantly different when samples from the coastal salt marsh area were included (P < 0.01). These results suggest that increasing the sample size in specialist habitats can improve measurements of intraspecific genetic diversity, and will have a positive effect on the application of the DNA barcodes in widely distributed species. The results of random sampling showed that when sample size reached 11 for Chloris virgata, Chenopodium glaucum, and Dysphania ambrosioides, 13 for Setaria viridis, and 15 for Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica and Chenopodium album, average intraspecific distance tended to reach stability. These results indicate that the sample size for DNA barcode of globally distributed species should be increased to 11-15.