Three-dimensional Assessment of Longitudinal Surgical Outcome in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Modified Rotation Advancement Technique.

BACKGROUND: Optimization of a modified rotation advancement technique is hampered by lack of objective measures to quantify the longitudinal surgical outcome. METHODS: We collected and assessed facial 3D images of 115 consecutive patients who underwent primary repair between 2017 and 2019. Photogrammetry was performed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and at a first and second follow-up interval, occurring at an average year of 0.6 and 5.3 years, respectively. 10 additional age-matched noncleft control subjects were also included. RESULTS: Growth lag in cleft side lateral lip and gradual elongation of medial lip height on the cleft side caused continuous deviation of philtrum towards the cleft side. The columellar length on the cleft side continued to grow slower, accompanied by a persistent widening of alar base width on the cleft side, leading to in the gradual deviation of columella towards the cleft side. The pre-operative and post-operative nasolabial asymmetry would increase with greater degree of postoperative deficiencies. Right clefts presented with greater degrees of deficiencies in lateral lip height in preoperative measurement, but this discrepancy of the laterality of clefts was not observed in the two follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: The surgical outcome of this modified rotational advancement technique in unilateral cleft lip primary repair is promising. Growth lag in lateral lip and lateral displacement of alar base cause continuous deviation of philtrum towards the cleft side. Pre-operative severity does predict post-operative outcomes. Laterality of oral clefts does not significantly affect the long-term outcomes of surgery. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: This surgical technique meets the current trend of cleft lip and palate primary repair and is worth promoting.

Correlating Jaw Bone Growth and Nasal Morphology Among Adult Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate: A Retrospective Cephalometric Study.

This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed adult patients with operated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and normal control, and performed comprehensive craniofacial and nasal morphological analyses based on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient assessed intraclass correlation. Seven hundred fifty-seven operated patients with CL/P, and 165 noncleft normal controls were enrolled. Among the normal and CL/P groups, S-N-A angle registered positive correlations with nasal base prominence (S-N'-Sn, degrees). Upper facial height (N-ANS, mm) had positive correlations with nasal dorsum length (N'-Prn, mm) and nasal bone length (N-Na, mm). Although in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, there were moderate negative correlations ( r =-0.541, P <0.05) with soft tissue facial profile angle (FH-N'Pog', degree) and nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-ULA, degree). Correlation exists between the morphology of jaw bones and external nose among patients with CL/P. Maxillary sagittal insufficiency is associated with concave nasal profile, and maxilla height is associated with nasal length.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency and Palatal Fistula After Sommerlad-Furlow Palatoplasty.

This study aimed to introduce a surgery technique-Sommerlad-Furlow palatoplasty (SFP) and analyze the risk factors of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and palatal fistula after SFP. Cases after SFP under the age of 5 between 2011 and 2021 were reviewed, and the cases with complete follow-up information were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the effects of surgical age, surgery technique, surgeon's experience, and cleft type on velopharyngeal function and the occurrence of palatal fistula. SFP is a safe and effective procedure to increase the palatal length and reconstruct the levator veli palatini sling. The speech outcome after SFP was associated with cleft type and age at operation. Age = 1.285 years is the best cutoff value. The fistula occurrence was associated with cleft type only.

[Research Progress in Complement Receptor of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily in Regulating Liver Immunity].

Kupffer cells (KC),an important subset of immune cells in the liver,are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding quickly to liver damage.The complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) is a receptor protein on the KC membrane.CRIg can not only capture pathogens in the blood flowing through the liver by complement binding but also mediate immune responses by regulating immune cells in the liver.Recent studies have confirmed the role of CRIg in regulating liver immunity.This article reviews the main modes of action of CRIg and the research progress of CRIg in regulating liver immunity.

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Branches and Leaves by GC-MS and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities.

Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f., a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family and the Zanthoxylum genus, is extensively utilized for its medicinal properties and as a culinary seasoning in China and Southeast Asian countries. However, the chemical composition and biological activities of Z. myriacanthum branches and leaves remain insufficiently explored. In this study, the volatile and non-volatile components of Z. myriacanthum branches and leaves were analyzed using GC-MS and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS techniques. A total of 78 volatile compounds and 66 non-volatile compounds were identified. The volatile compounds were predominantly terpenoids and aliphatic compounds, while the non-volatile compounds were primarily flavonoids and alkaloids. The branches contained 52 volatile compounds and 33 non-volatile compounds, whereas the leaves contained 48 volatile compounds and 40 non-volatile compounds. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts from Z. myriacanthum branches and leaves were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH free-radical-scavenging assays, both of which demonstrated certain antioxidant activity. The methanol extract of leaves demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to that of the branches, possibly due to the higher presence of flavonoids and phenols in the leaves, with IC50 values of 7.12 ± 0.257 µg/mL and 1.22 × 102 ± 5.01 µg/mL for ABTS and DPPH, respectively. These findings enhance our understanding of the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of Z. myriacanthum. The plant holds promise as a natural source of antioxidants for applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Further research can explore its broader biological activities and potential applications.

Xiaojianzhong decoction attenuates aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and AMPK/ULK1 pathways.

CONTEXT: Xiaojianzhong decoction (XJZD), classically prescribed in Chinese medicine, has protective and healing effects on gastric mucosal injury. However, the exact mechanism behind this effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of XJZD on gastric mucosal injury and explore its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were randomized into six groups (n = 10): the control group receiving sterile water, the model (aspirin 300 mg/kg), the XJZD high-dose (12 g/kg), XJZD medium-dose (6 g/kg), XJZD low-dose (3 g/kg) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg) groups, by gavage daily for 14 days. The area of gastric mucosal injury, mucosal injury index and degree of histopathological damage were analysed. Gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis was detected. Epithelial cell autophagy was observed. The expression levels of tight junction proteins and proteins related to apoptosis, autophagy and the pentose phosphate pathway were analysed. RESULTS: The results showed that after treatment with XJZD (12, 6 and 3 g/kg), the mucosal injury area was reduced (83.4%, 22.6% and 11.3%), the expression level of ZO-1 and occludin was up-regulated, the apoptosis rate of epithelial cells was reduced (40.8%, 25.4% and 8.7%), the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin1 was decreased and the expression of p62 was increased, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1(ser757) signalling pathway was activated, and the AMPK/ULK1(ser317) signalling pathway was inhibited. In addition, XJZD can antagonize the imbalance of redox homeostasis caused by aspirin and protect the gastric mucosa. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: XJZD protects against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury, implying it to be a potential therapeutic agent.

Head muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitors account for the tilted regeneration towards fibrosis.

Branchiomeric head muscle is ontogenetically and phylogenetically distinct from somitic limb muscle, and they exhibit different regenerative capacity. Unique satellite cell property of head muscle could explain the impaired myofiber formation, but the underlying mechanism for fibrosis is still elusive. In this work, we first established a freezing-induced skeletal muscle regeneration model and made comparisons between the regeneration characteristics in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and masseter (MAS) muscle. The process of myogenesis and fibrogenesis were investigated by histological, immunohistochemical and cellular analysis, to characterize the role of muscle satellite cell (MuSCs) and fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) in TA and MAS muscle regeneration. Our results revealed that FAPs infiltrated the fibrotic area during MAS muscle regeneration. In contrast to the rapid rise and fall of FAPs number at the early regeneration stages in TA muscle, the number of MAS FAPs increased to a plateau without descending till 14 days after injury. It is the first time that the pivotal role of FAPs in head muscle regeneration was characterized. The persistence of FAPs without timely clearance in the first two weeks of regeneration could be accountable for the head muscle fibrosis.

Genetic factors define CPO and CLO subtypes of nonsyndromicorofacial cleft.

Nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) is a severe birth defect that occurs early in embryonic development and includes the subtypes cleft palate only (CPO), cleft lip only (CLO) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP). Given a lack of specific genetic factor analysis for CPO and CLO, the present study aimed to dissect the landscape of genetic factors underlying the pathogenesis of these two subtypes using 6,986 cases and 10,165 controls. By combining a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for specific subtypes of CPO and CLO, as well as functional gene network and ontology pathway analysis, we identified 18 genes/loci that surpassed genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) responsible for NSOFC, including nine for CPO, seven for CLO, two for both conditions and four that contribute to the CLP subtype. Among these 18 genes/loci, 14 are novel and identified in this study and 12 contain developmental transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that TFs are the key factors for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes. Interestingly, we observed an opposite effect of the genetic variants in the IRF6 gene for CPO and CLO. Moreover, the gene expression dosage effect of IRF6 with two different alleles at the same single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) plays important roles in driving CPO or CLO. In addition, PAX9 is a key TF for CPO. Our findings define subtypes of NSOFC using genetic factors and their functional ontologies and provide a clue to improve their diagnosis and treatment in the future.

A Novel Rat Model for Muscle Regeneration and Fibrosis Studies in Surgical Lip Repair.

OBJECTIVE: Lip muscle undergoes suboptimal regeneration after surgical repair, but the mechanism underlying this observation remains obscure. This study provided a rat model to investigate lip muscle regeneration after surgical intervention. DESIGN: This work provided a detailed description of the rat orbicularis oris muscle anatomy, and a surgically injured model was established based on the muscle anatomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morphological and histological features of the rat orbicularis oris muscle were characterized. The processes of myogenesis and fibrogenesis were examined between the untreated and surgically injured groups. RESULTS: Rat orbicularis oris muscle is encapsulated by the vermilion and oral mucosa. Although it remains a thin layer of flat muscle with tight myocutaneous and myomucosal junctions, if accessed properly, the rat orbicularis oris muscle could be isolated as a cylindrical muscle bundle with considerable size, facilitating further surgical manipulations of the muscle fibers. Muscles in steady state and after surgical intervention demonstrated distinct molecular features in the myogenesis and fibrogenesis processes, which were quantifiable in tissue section analysis. CONCLUSION: The orbicularis oris muscle dissection procedures and injury model provided in this work clarify the rat lip muscle anatomy. The injury model offered a platform to analyze the effects of surgical interventions commonly used in lip repair on orbicularis oris muscle regeneration.

[Experimental study on effects of berberine combined with 6-shogaol on intestinal inflammation and flora in mice with ulcerative colitis].

Cold-heat combination is a common method in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, which is represented by classic drug pair, Coptidis Rhizoma and Zingiberis Rhizoma.The present study explored the synergetic effects of berberine and 6-shogaol, the primary components of Coptidis Rhizoma and Zingiberis Rhizoma, respectively, on intestinal inflammation and intestinal flora in mice with ulcerative colitis to reveal the effect and mechanism of cold-heat combination in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.The ulcerative colitis model was induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) in mice.The model mice were administered with berberine(100 mg·kg~(-1)), 6-shogaol(100 mg·kg~(-1)), and berberine(50 mg·kg~(-1)) combined 6-shogaol(50 mg·kg~(-1)) by gavage, once per day.After 20 days of drug administration, mouse serum, colon tissues, and feces were sampled.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe histopathological changes in colon tissues.Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff(AB/PAS) staining was used to observe the changes in the mucus layer of colon tissues.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to detect the serum content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), and interleukin-6(IL-6).Immunohistochemical method was adopted to detect the protein expression of macrophage surface markers F4/80, mucin-2, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in colon tissues.High-throughput Meta-amplicon library sequencing was used to detect changes in the intestinal flora of mice.The results indicated that the 6-shogaol group, the berberine group, and the combination group showed significantly relieved intestinal injury, reduced number of F4/80-labeled positive macrophages in colon tissues, increased protein expression of mucin-2, claudin-1, and ZO-1, and decreased serum le-vels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6.Shannon, Simpson, Chao, and Ace indexes of the intestinal flora of mice in the 6-shogaol group and the combination group significantly increased, and Chao and Ace indexes in the berberine group significantly increased.As revealed by the bioinformatics analysis of intestinal flora sequencing, the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia at the phylum, class, and order levels decreased significantly in all treatment groups after drug administration, while that of Bacillibacteria gradually increased.In the 6-shogaol group and the combination group, Akkermansia muciniphila completely disappeared, but acid-producing bacillus still existed in large quantities.As concluded, both 6-shogaol and berberine can inhibit intestinal inflammation, reduce the infiltration and activation of macrophages, relieve intestinal damage, reduce intestinal permeability, improve the structure of flora, and promote intestinal microecological balance.The combined application of berberine and 6-shogaol has a significant synergistic effect.

[Mechanism of lung and intestine combination therapy in treatment of acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory response based on NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and alveolar macrophage activation].

Lung and intestine combination therapy(LICT) is effective in the treatment of acute lung injury(ALI). In this study, the combination of Mahuang Decoction and Dachengqi Decoction(hereinafter referred to as the combination), a manifestation of LICT, was employed to explore the effect of nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB)/nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors-3(NLRP3) pathway and alveolar macrophage activation on the lung inflammation in rats with ALI, for the purpose of elucidating the mechanism of LICT in treating ALI. After the modeling of ALI with limpolysaccharide(LPS, ip), rats were respectively given(ig) the combination at 10, 7.5, and 5 g·kg~(-1)(high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose LICT groups, separately), once every 8 h for 3 times. Haematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of lung tissue, followed by the scoring of inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect alveolar macrophage activation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was applied to detect the serum content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-18(IL-18), Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappaB p65(p-NF-κB p65), nuclear factor kappaB p65(NF-κB p65), phosphorylated-inhibitor kappaB alpha(p-IκBα), inhibitor kappaB alpha(IκBα), and NLRP3 in lung tissue, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR(qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-18, NLRP3, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissue. The results showed that LICT groups demonstrated lung injury relief, decrease in inflammation score, alleviation of alveolar macrophage activation, significant decline in serum content of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-18, and decrease of the protein expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, and NLRP3, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-18, NLRP3, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissue. In summary, LICT has definite therapeutic effect on ALI. The mechanism is that it inhibits alveolar macrophage activation by suppressing NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, thereby reducing the activation and release of inflammatory factors and finally inhibiting inflammation.

CagA and VacA inhibit gastric mucosal epithelial cell autophagy and promote the progression of gastric precancerous lesions. / CagA和VacAæŠ‘åˆ¶èƒƒé»è†œä¸Šçš®ç»†èƒžçš„è‡ªå™¬å¹¶ä¿ƒè¿›èƒƒç™Œå‰ç— å˜çš„æ¶åŒ–.

Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) are the keys to the pathogenic role of Helicobacter pylori and the high-risk factors for the progression of gastric precancerous lesions. Autophagy can stabilize the intracellular environment, resist Helicobacter pylori infection, prevent the accumulation of damaged DNA, and inhibit the proliferation of gastric precancerous variant cells. However, CagA and VacA can inhibit the activation of upstream signals of autophagy and the maturation of autophagy-lysosomes in various ways, thus inhibiting the autophagy of gastric mucosal cells in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. This change can cause Helicobacter pylori to be unable to be effectively cleared by autophagy, so CagA and VacA can persist and promote the inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis of gastric mucosal tissue cells, and the glycolytic activity and proliferation of variant cells in gastric precancerous lesions and a series of malignant biological processes. In recent years, the research on drugs specifically inhibiting the activities of CagA and VacA has become a new direction for the prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-related severe gastric diseases, and a variety of drugs or components that can precisely and effectively regulate the factors for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions are emerged, which opens a new strategy for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions in the future.

Frequent fragility of randomized controlled trials for HCC treatment.

BACKGROUND: The fragility index (FI) of trial results can provide a measure of confidence in the positive effects reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The aim of this study was to calculate the FI of RCTs supporting HCC treatments. METHODS: A methodological systematic review of RCTs in HCC treatments was conducted. Two-arm studies with randomized and positive results for a time-to-event outcome were eligible for the FI calculation. RESULTS: A total of 6 trails were included in this analysis. The median FI was 0.5 (IQR 0-10). FI was ≤7 in 4 (66.7%) of 6 trials; in those trials the fragility quotient was ≤1%. CONCLUSION: Many phase 3 RCTs supporting HCC treatments have a low FI, which challenges the confidence in concluding the superiority of these drugs over control treatments.

CircFAT1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via miR-30a-5p/REEP3 pathway.

As newly found non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in multiple biological processes. Emerging evidence has illustrated the pivotal roles of circRNAs in various human cancers. However, the function of circFAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found that circFAT1 expression is up-regulated in HCC tissues and cells. In addition, circFAT1 level is positively correlated with TNM stage and tumour size. To further explore the function of circFAT1 in HCC, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. The results show that circFAT1 inhibition reduces the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells and tumorigenesis in vivo, whereas REEP3 overexpression reverses these processes. In conclusion, circFAT1 sponges miR-30a-5p to regulate the expression of REEP3, thus promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. New HCC diagnosis or treatment strategies may be developed from circFAT1 as a target.

Proinflammation effect of Mst1 promotes BV-2 cell death via augmenting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and activating the JNK pathway.

Inflammation has been increasingly studied as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Mammalian Ste20-like kinase 1 (Mst1), a key factor of the Hippo pathway, is connected to cell death. Unfortunately, little study has been performed to detect the impact of Mst1 in neuroninflammation. The results indicated that Mst1 expression was upregulated because of LPS treatment. However, the loss of Mst1 sustained BV-2 cell viability and promoted cell survival in the presence of LPS treatment. Molecular investigation assay demonstrated that Mst1 deletion was followed by a drop in the levels of mitochondrial fission via repressing Drp1 expression. However, Drp1 adenovirus transfection reduced the protective impacts of Mst1 knockdown on mitochondrial stress and neuronal dysfunction. Finally, our results illuminated that Mst1 affected Drp1 content and mitochondrial fission in a JNK-dependent mechanism. Reactivation of the JNK axis inhibited Mst1 knockdown-mediated neuronal protection and mitochondrial homeostasis. Altogether, our results indicated that Mst1 upregulation and the activation of JNK-Drp1-mitochondrial fission pathway could be considered as the novel mechanism regulating the progression of neuroninflammation. This finding would pave a new road for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via modulating the Mst1-JNK-Drp1-mitochondrial fission axis.

Age and Preoperative Velar Closure Ratio Are Significantly Associated With Surgical Outcome of Furlow Double-Opposing Z-Plasty in Palatal Re-Repair.

PURPOSE: The patient selection criteria for Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty in palatal re-repair remain obscure. This study investigated whether patients' preoperative characteristics significantly affected the surgical outcome of Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty in palatal re-repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed and implemented a case-control study nested in a cohort, which could be divided into 2 stages. In the first stage, a retrospective cohort study was performed to collect basic information and the preoperative status of the patients who would undergo Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency after primary cleft palate repair. Eight predictor variables were included: age, gender, primary surgical technique, velopharyngeal closure pattern, velar movement, lateral pharyngeal wall movement, levator muscle orientation, and preoperative velar closure ratio. The outcome variable was postoperative velopharyngeal function described as velopharyngeal competence or velopharyngeal insufficiency. In the second stage, a case-control analysis was performed to explore the potential factors affecting the surgical outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to examine the relationship between the predictor variables and surgical outcome. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 83 patients and resulted in 54 velopharyngeal competence outcomes and 29 velopharyngeal insufficiency outcomes after surgery. Two predictors showed statistical significance: age and preoperative velar closure ratio. The possibility of postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients older than 14.5 years was 6 times higher than that in patients younger than 14.5 years. The possibility of postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with preoperative velar closure ratios of 0.9 or greater was one fifth that in patients with preoperative velar closure ratios between 0.8 and less than 0.9. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that age and preoperative velar closure ratio are significantly associated with postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency. Age was a risk factor in achieving good surgical outcomes, and the preoperative velar closure ratio remained a protective factor.

The Correlation Between Consonant Articulation and Velopharyngeal Function in Patients With Unoperated Submucous Cleft Palate.

Submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is a congenital condition related to abnormal muscle attachments within the soft palate. Even though hypernasality and nasal emission, the primary symptom of SMCP, have been well-documented, research on articulation errors is currently lacking. The object of this study was to examine the consonant articulation in patients with unoperated SMCP and its possible correlation with the velopharyngeal function. This study analyzed the perceptual speech assessment and nasopharyngoscopy data of 338 patients with unoperated SMCP between years 2008 and 2016 retrospectively. The mean age of the patients was 13.27 years. About 125 patients showed velopharyngeal competence (VPC), 174 velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), and 39 marginal VPI (MVPI). Among the 338 patients, 137 presented normal articulation, 124 consonant omission, 25 compensatory articulation, 36 consonant weakening, 51 consonant substitution, and 36 posterior placement. About 70.40% VPC patients, 17.24% VPI patients, and 48.72% MVPI patients demonstrated normal articulation. About 59.20% VPI patients showed consonant omission. The results demonstrated that consonant articulation varied among patients with unoperated SMCP and was correlated with their velopharyngeal functions, while consonant omission was the most common articulation error. Velopharyngeal closure pattern was not associated with either velopharyngeal function or consonant articulation.

Airflow of the Two-Port Velopharyngeal Closure: Study Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Posterior pharyngeal flap palatoplasty is used to restore the function of velopharyngeal (VP) closure, after which 2 ports remain between the nasal and oral cavity. The authors hypothesized that the airflow dynamics of the upper airway is different in PPF patients compared to health subjects, who only has 1 movable port. Twenty adults who have multislice spiral computed tomography scan were included in this study. Two cylinders (radius, 2.00 mm; height, 4.5 mm) were used to recapitulate the 2-port VP structure after PPF palatoplasty. The areas of ports were modified by changing the radius of 2 cylinders. Real-time computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to capture the airflow velocity and pressures through the 2 ports. The airflow velocity and pressure of upper airway were recorded as the total areas of 2 VP ports increased. The total orifice areas of the 2-port VP closure for 4 VP conditions, including adequate closure, adequate/borderline closure, borderline/inadequate closure, and inadequate closure, were demonstrated. Significant differences between the 2-port VP function for demonstrating PPF reconstruction and the 1-port VP function were found. Airflow dynamics is dependent on the VP structure. The 2-port airflow model for mimicking VP closure after PPF palatoplasty demonstrated airflow characteristics that were significantly different from the 1-port model in normal VP closure.

MapGAN: An Intelligent Generation Model for Network Tile Maps.

In recent years, the generative adversarial network (GAN)-based image translation model has achieved great success in image synthesis, image inpainting, image super-resolution, and other tasks. However, the images generated by these models often have problems such as insufficient details and low quality. Especially for the task of map generation, the generated electronic map cannot achieve effects comparable to industrial production in terms of accuracy and aesthetics. This paper proposes a model called Map Generative Adversarial Networks (MapGAN) for generating multitype electronic maps accurately and quickly based on both remote sensing images and render matrices. MapGAN improves the generator architecture of Pix2pixHD and adds a classifier to enhance the model, enabling it to learn the characteristics and style differences of different types of maps. Using the datasets of Google Maps, Baidu maps, and Map World maps, we compare MapGAN with some recent image translation models in the fields of one-to-one map generation and one-to-many domain map generation. The results show that the quality of the electronic maps generated by MapGAN is optimal in terms of both intuitive vision and classic evaluation indicators.

Automatic tooth roots segmentation of cone beam computed tomography image sequences using U-net and RNN.

BACKGROUND: Automatic segmentation of individual tooth root is a key technology for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional dental model from Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images, which is of great significance for the orthodontic, implant and other dental diagnosis and treatment planning. OBJECTIVES: Currently, tooth root segmentation is mainly done manually because of the similar gray of the tooth root and the alveolar bone from CBCT images. This study aims to explore the automatic tooth root segmentation algorithm of CBCT axial image sequence based on deep learning. METHODS: We proposed a new automatic tooth root segmentation method based on the deep learning U-net with AGs. Since CBCT sequence has a strong correlation between adjacent slices, a Recurrent neural network (RNN) was applied to extract the intra-slice and inter-slice contexts. To develop and test this new method for automatic segmentation of tooth roots using CBCT images, 24 sets of CBCT sequences containing 1160 images and 5 sets of CBCT sequences containing 361 images were used to train and test the network, respectively. RESULTS: Applying to the testing dataset, the segmentation accuracy measured by the intersection over union (IOU), dice similarity coefficient (DICE), average precision rate (APR), average recall rate (ARR), and average symmetrical surface distance (ASSD) are 0.914, 0.955, 95.8% , 95.3% , 0.145 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that the new method combining attention U-net with RNN yields the promising results of automatic tooth roots segmentation, which has potential to help improve the segmentation efficiency and accuracy in future clinical practice.