Maxillomandibular Advancement for OSA: A 25-year perspective / Avancement maxillo-mandibulaire pour le traitement du SAOS : une perspective sur 25 ans

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the result of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by a single surgeon. Materials and Methods: Patients that underwent MMA for the treatment of OSA over a 25-year period were included in the study. Patients who initially presented for revision MMA surgery were excluded. Demographics (e.g., age, gender, pre- and post-MMA body mass index [BMI]), pre- and post-MMA cephalometrics (e.g., sella-nasion-point A angle [SNA], sella-nasion-point B angle [SNB], posterior airway space base of tongue [PAS]) and pre- and post-MMA sleep study metrics (e.g., respiratory disturbance index [RDI], lowest desaturation [SpO2-nadir], oxygen desaturation index [ODI], total sleep time [TST], % TST Stage N3 sleep, % TST rapid eye movement [REM] sleep) were abstracted. MMA surgical success was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in RDI (or ODI) and post-MMA RDI (or ODI) < 20 events/hour. MMA surgical cure was defined as a post-MMA RDI (or ODI) < 5 events/hour. Results: A total of 1010 patients underwent MMA for the treatment of OSA. The mean age was 39.6 ± 14.3 years, and the majority were male (77%). Nine hundred forty-one patients with complete pre- and postoperative PSG data were analyzed. The mean ODI and RDI improved from 32.6 ± 27.4 to 7.7 ± 15.5 and 39.1 ± 24.2 to 13.6 ± 14.6 events per hour, respectively. The overall surgical success and surgical cure based on ODI was 79.4% and 71.9%, respectively. The overall surgical success and surgical cure based on RDI was 73.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Stratified by preoperative RDI showed older age, greater BMI were associated with greater preoperative RDI. Bivariate predictors of greater RDI reduction include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative BMI, higher preoperative RDI, greater BMI reduction postoperatively and greater change in SNA and PAS. Bivariate predictors of surgical cure based on RDI (RDI < 5) include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative RDI, and greater change in SNA and PAS. Bivariate predictor of RDI success (RDI < 20) include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative BMI, lower preoperative RDI, greater BMI reduction, greater increase in SNA, SNB and PAS postoperatively. Comparison of the first 500 patients and the later 510 patients demonstrate patients undergoing MMA have become younger, having lower RDI while achieving a better surgical outcome. Linear multivariate associations of greater percentage RDI reduction include younger age, greater percent change of SNA, greater preoperative SNA, lower preoperative BMI and higher preoperative RDI. Conclusions: MMA is an effective treatment to improve OSA, but the result can vary. Patient selection based on favorable prognostic factors and maximizing the advancement distance can improve outcomes.

Introduction: L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les résultats obtenus avec le recours à des chirurgies d'avancement maxillo-mandibulaire (AMM) réalisées par le même chirurgien pour le traitement du syndrome d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (SAOS). Matériels et méthodes: Les patients qui ont subi une AMM pour le traitement de leur SAOS tout au long d'une période de 25 ans ont été inclus dans l'étude. Les patients qui se sont initialement présentés pour une révision d'une précédente AMM ont été exclus. Les données démographiques (par exemple l'âge, le sexe, l'indice de masse corporelle [IMC] avant et après l'AMM), les données céphalométriques avant et après l'AMM (par exemple, l'angle sella-nasion point A [SNA], l'angle sella-nasion point B [SNB], l'espace des voies aériennes postérieures à la base de la langue [EAP]) et les mesures de l'étude du sommeil avant et après l'AMM (par exemple, l'indice de perturbation respiratoire [IPR], la désaturation la plus faible [nadir-SpO2], l'indice de désaturation en oxygène [ODI], le temps total de sommeil [TTS], % de TTS de stade N3, % de TTS à mouvements oculaires rapides [REM]) ont été extraites. Le succès chirurgical de l'AMM a été défini comme une réduction ≥ 50 % de l'IPR (ou de l'ODI) et un IPR (ou un ODI) post-AMM < 20 événements/heure. La guérison chirurgicale de l'AMM a été définie comme un IPR (ou ODI) post-AMM < 5 événements/heure. Résultats: Un total de 1010 patients a subi une AMM pour le traitement du SAOS. L'âge moyen des patients était de 39,6 ± 14,3 ans et la majorité d'entre eux étaient des hommes (77 %). Les dossiers de neuf cent quarante et un patients, pour lesquels des données PSG complètes avant et après l'opération étaient disponibles, ont été analysés. L'ODI et l'IPR moyens se sont améliorés respectivement de 32,6 ± 27,4 à 7,7 ± 15,5 et de 39,1 ± 24,2 à 13,6 ± 14,6 événements par heure. Le succès chirurgical global et la guérison chirurgicale basés sur l'ODI étaient de 79,4 % et 71,9 %, respectivement. Le succès chirurgical global et la guérison chirurgicale basés sur l'IPR étaient de 73,1 % et 20,7 %, respectivement. La stratification en fonction de l'IPR préopératoire a montré qu'un âge et un IMC plus élevés étaient associés à un IPR préopératoire plus important. Les prédicteurs bivariés d'une plus grande réduction de l'IPR comprennent un âge moindre, le sexe féminin, un IMC préopératoire plus faible, un IPR préopératoire plus élevé, une plus grande réduction de l'IMC postopératoire et une plus grande modification de SNA et de l'EAP. Les prédicteurs bivariés de la guérison chirurgicale basée sur l'IPR (IPR < 5) comprennent un âge moindre, le sexe féminin, un IPR préopératoire plus faible et une plus grande variation de SNA et de l'EAP. Les prédicteurs bivariés du succès de l'IPR (IPR < 20) incluent un âge moindre, le sexe féminin, un IMC préopératoire plus faible, un IPR préopératoire plus faible, une plus grande réduction de l'IMC, une plus grande augmentation de SNA, de SNB et de l'EAP en postopératoire. La comparaison entre les 500 premiers patients opérés et les 510 derniers montre que le profil des patients subissant une AMM a évolué avec des patients d'âge moindre et un IPR plus faible et que cette évolution s'est accompagnée d'un meilleur résultat chirurgical. Les associations multivariées linéaires d'un pourcentage plus élevé de réduction de l'IPR comprennent un âge moindre, un pourcentage plus élevé de changement de SNA, un SNA préopératoire plus important, un IMC préopératoire plus faible et un IPR préopératoire plus élevé. Conclusions: L'AMM est un traitement efficace pour améliorer le SAOS, mais le résultat peut varier. La sélection des patients en fonction de facteurs pronostiques favorables et l'optimisation de la distance d'avancement peuvent améliorer les résultats.

Surgical and non-surgical maxillary expansion: expansion patterns, complications and failures

Objective: The focus of this report was to analyze the pattern of maxillary expansion and complications in patients following surgical and non-surgical maxillary expansion presented for evaluation and second opinion. Materials and Methods: During a 30-months period, 28 patients presented for second opinion following maxillary expansion performed elsewhere. The indication for treatment was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). All patients reported a lack of symptomatic improvements and problems associated with the treatment. Clinical examination with pre- and post-expansion cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and treatment photographs were analyzed. Results: Complete clinical records and CBCT were available in 22 patients for analysis. Six patients had undergone surgical expansion with distraction osteogenesis maxillary expansion (DOME), and 16 patients had undergone a variety of non-surgical expansion with different appliances. All the DOME patients had anterior nasal spine (ANS) separation without posterior nasal spine (PNS) separation. Diastema ranging between 10-16 mm was noted in the DOME patients, and the ratio of anterior diastema to ANS separation was between 2:1 to 3:1. Bone defects existed between the central incisors at 18 months or beyond following DOME in all the patients despite bone grafting attempts in four patients. Anterior gingival recession occurred in two patients and four incisor teeth required endodontic therapy with long-term guarded prognosis. Sixteen patients underwent non-surgical maxillary expansion with four different appliances, including anterior growth guidance appliance (AGGA), daytime-nighttime appliance (DNA), advanced lightwire functionals appliance (ALF), and mini-screw assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE). The midpalatal suture did not separate in any of the 16 patients, and the expansion pattern was purely dental and dentoalveolar in nature. Lateral dental tipping, thinning of the labial/ buccal alveolar bone with gingival recession were noted in 10 patients. Significant mobility of the maxillary anterior teeth due to vertical and horizontal bone loss was noted in the five patients that underwent AGGA treatment. Conclusions: Different maxillary expansion methods are currently being performed with varying outcomes. Critical analyses of these methods are needed to determine their impact and whether the desired outcomes are achieved.

Maxillomandibular Advancement for OSA: Serious Complications and Failures

Objective: The focus of this report was to analyze patients who presented for second opinion due to complications and failure following maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) performed elsewhere. Materials and Methods: During a five-year period, 16 patients presented with complications and/ or failure of MMA. The indication for treatment was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Analysis of treatment records including plane radiography and/or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), progress photographs and clinical examination were performed. Results: Complete clinical and imaging records were available in all patients for analysis. Thirteen patients were surgical failures with advancement ranging from -4 to 5 mm. Five of the 13 patients had limited advancement at the initial surgery, and eight patients had hardware failure that required removal with resultant retrodisplacement of the mandible. Due to complications occurring in 11 patients, additional surgery ranging from two to six additional procedures after the initial operation was required. The complications included hardware failure (ten patients) that led to bone segment displacement (eight patients), non-union of the maxilla (two patients), non-union of the mandible (eight patients), chronic facial and/or joint pain (five patients), facial nerve injury (two patients), complete anesthesia of the lip/chin (five patients) and severe malocclusion (four patients). Conclusions: Although MMA is typically a predictable operation with excellent outcomes, failure of improvement and severe long-term sequelae from surgical complications are possible. Surgical precision with sufficient skeletal advancement for airway improvement and stable skeletal fixation is necessary to achieve a successful outcome.

Should Mandibular Symphyseal Distraction Osteogenesis be considered in OSA Surgery?

Introduction: Surgical maxillary expansion for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has become common place. To maximize airway improvement, over-expansion of the maxilla can occur, resulting in an excessively widened maxilla that creates a mismatch to the mandible. Therefore, mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis (MSDO) to widen the mandible along with maxillary expansion is being increasingly advocated in OSA surgery. Methods: The authors discuss their 20-year experience with MSDO and surgical maxillary expansion. They also analyze the airway impact between Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary Expansion (DOME) and Endoscopically-Assisted Surgical Expansion (EASE) based on currently available computational fluid dynamic (CFD) data, which has implications in whether MSDO needs to be considered. Results and Conclusion: The goal of surgical maxillary expansion is to enlarge the nasal cavity and reduce the airway resistance. CFD data demonstrates that EASE results in a much greater reduction in airway resistance as compared to DOME. EASE achieved a 12-fold reduction in nasal airway resistance compared to 3-fold reduction by DOME; a 12-fold reduction of retropalatal airway resistance as compared to 3-fold reduction by DOME; a 10-fold reduction of oropharyngeal airway resistance as compared to a 3-fold reduction by DOME, and an 8-fold reduction of hypopharygeal airway resistance as compared to a 3-fold reduction by DOME. Because there is no physiologic basis or data that demonstrates mandibular widening improves OSA, an airway centric surgical expansion technique such as EASE can achieve a much greater airway impact without needing excessive maxillary widening, thus eliminating the necessity MSDO.

Treatment of OSA by maxillomandibular advancement: Serious Complications and Failures / Traitement du SAOS par avancement maxillomandibulaire : complications graves et échecs

Aim: The focus of this report was to analyze patients who presented for second opinion due to complications and failure following maxillomandibular advancement (MMA)performed elsewhere. Methods: During a five-year period, 16 patients presented with complications and/or failure of MMA. The indication for treatment was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Analysis of treatment records including plane radiography and/or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), progress photographs and clinical examination were performed. Results: Complete clinical and imaging records were available in all patients for analysis. Thirteen patients were surgical failures with advancement ranging from -4 to 5 mm. Five of the 13 patients had limited advancement at the initial surgery, and eight patients had hardware failure that required removal with resultant retrodisplacement of the mandible. Due to complications occurring in 11 patients, additional surgery ranging from two to six additional procedures after the initial operation was required. The complications included hardware failure (ten patients) that led to bone segment displacement (eight patients), non-union of the maxilla (two patients), non-union of the mandible (eight patients), chronic facial and/or joint pain (five patients), facial nerve injury (two patient), complete anesthesia of the lip/chin (five patients) and severe malocclusion (four patients). Conclusions: Although MMA is typically a predictable operation with excellent outcomes, failure of improvement and severe long-term sequelae from surgical complications are possible. Surgical precision with sufficient skeletal advancement for airway improvement and stable skeletal fixation is necessary to achieve a successful outcome.

Objectif: L'objectif de ce rapport était d'analyser les patients qui se sont présentés pour un deuxième avis, en raison de complications et d'un échec survenus après un avancement maxillo-mandibulaire (AMM) réalisé ailleurs. Méthodes: Au cours d'une période de cinq années, seize patients se sont présentés avec des complications et/ou un échec de leur AMM. L'indication du traitement était l'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS). Une analyse des dossiers de traitement, comprenant une radiographie 2D et/ou une tomographie à faisceau conique (CBCT), des photographies de l'évolution et un examen clinique, a été effectuée. Résultats: Des dossiers cliniques et d'imagerie complets étaient disponibles pour tous les patients aux fins d'analyse. Treize patients étaient des échecs chirurgicaux avec un avancement allant de -4 à 5 mm. Cinq des 13 patients avaient un avancement limité lors de la chirurgie initiale, et huit patients ont été confrontés à une défaillance du matériel qui en a nécessité la dépose avec pour conséquence un rétro-déplacement de la mandibule. En raison de complications survenues chez 11 patients, une chirurgie supplémentaire, allant de deux à six interventions additionnelles après l'opération initiale, a été nécessaire. Les complications comprenaient une défaillance du matériel (dix patients) qui a entraîné un déplacement du segment osseux (huit patients), une pseudarthrose du maxillaire (deux patients), une pseudarthrose de la mandibule (huit patients), une douleur faciale et/ou articulaire chronique (cinq patients), une lésion du nerf facial (deux patients), une anesthésie complète de la lèvre/menton (cinq patients) et une malocclusion grave (quatre patients). Conclusions: Bien que l'AMM soit généralement une opération prévisible avec d'excellents résultats, une absence d'amélioration et de graves séquelles à long terme dues à des complications chirurgicales sont possibles. La précision du geste chirurgical, associée à un avancement du squelette suffisant pour améliorer les voies respiratoires et une bonne stabilité de l'ostéosynthèse du squelette, sont nécessaires pour obtenir un résultat satisfaisant.

Maxillomandibular Advancement for OSA: A 25-year perspective / Expansion maxillaire chirurgicale et non chirurgicale : modèles d'expansion, complications et échecs

OBJECTIVE: The focus of this report is to analyze the pattern of maxillary expansion and complications in patients following surgical and non-surgical maxillary expansion presented for evaluation and second opinion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 30-months period, 28 patients presented for second opinion following maxillary expansion performed elsewhere. The indication for treatment was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). All patients reported a lack of symptomatic improvements and problems associated with the treatment. Clinical examination with pre- and post-expansion cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and treatment photographs were analyzed. RESULTS: Complete clinical records and CBCT were available in 22 patients for analysis. Six patients had undergone surgical expansion with distraction osteogenesis maxillary expansion (DOME), and 16 patients had undergone a variety of non-surgical expansion with different appliances. All the DOME patients had anterior nasal spine (ANS) separation without posterior nasal spine (PNS) separation. Diastema ranging between 10-16 mm was noted in the DOME patients, and the ratio of anterior diastema to ANS separation was between 2:1 to 3:1. Bone defects existed between the central incisors at 18 months or beyond following DOME in all the patients despite bone grafting attempts in four patients. Anterior gingival recession occurred in two patients and four incisor teeth required endodontic therapy with long-term guarded prognosis. Sixteen patients underwent non-surgical maxillary expansion with four different appliances, including anterior growth guidance appliance (AGGA), daytime-nighttime appliance (DNA), advanced lightwire functionals appliance (ALF), and mini-screw assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE). The midpalatal suture did not separate in any of the 16 patients, and the expansion pattern was purely dental and dentoalveolar in nature. Lateral dental tipping, thinning of the labial/buccal alveolar bone with gingival recession were noted in 10 patients. Significant mobility of the maxillary anterior teeth due to vertical and horizontal bone loss was noted in the five patients that underwent AGGA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Different maxillary expansion methods are currently being performed with varying outcomes. Critical analyses of these methods are needed to determine their impact and whether the desired outcomes are achieved.

OBJECTIF: L'objectif de ce rapport est d'analyser, chez des patients venus consulter pour évaluation et deuxième avis, le mode d'expansion maxillaire et les complications survenues après une expansion maxillaire chirurgicale ou non chirurgicale. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Au cours d'une période de 30 mois, 28 patients se sont présentés pour un deuxième avis, après une expansion maxillaire. L'indication du traitement était l'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS). Tous les patients ont fait état d' un manque d'amélioration de leurs symptômes et de problèmes liés au traitement. Les auteurs ont analysé les examens cliniques, les tomographies à faisceau conique (CBCT) réalisées avant et après l'expansion et les photographies prises au cours du traitement. RÉSULTATS: Les dossiers cliniques complets et les CBCT de 22 patients ont été recueillis pour être étudiés. Six patients avaient subi une expansion chirurgicale du type expansion maxillaire par distraction osseuse (DOME) et 16 patients avaient subi une expansion parmi plusieurs types d'expansions non chirurgicales, conduites au moyen de différents dispositifs. Tous les patients DOME présentaient une séparation de l'épine nasale antérieure (ENA) sans séparation de l'épine nasale postérieure (ENP). Un diastème de 10 à 16 mm a été observé chez les patients DOME et le rapport entre le diastème antérieur et la séparation de l'ENA était de 2:1 à 3:1. Des défauts osseux existaient entre les incisives centrales, à 18 mois ou plus après la DOME, chez tous les patients malgré des tentatives de greffe osseuse chez quatre d'entre eux. Une récession gingivale antérieure est apparue chez deux patients et l'état de quatre incisives a requis un traitement endodontique, dont le pronostic à long terme était réservé.. Seize patients ont subi une expansion maxillaire non chirurgicale conduite au moyen de quatre appareils différents, dont l'appareil de guidage de la croissance antérieure (AGGA), l'appareil jour-nuit (DNA), l'appareil fonctionnel évolué avec fil léger (ALF) et l'expansion palatine rapide assistée par minivis (MARPE). La suture médiopalatine ne s'est séparée chez aucun des 16 patients, et le schéma d'expansion était de nature purement dentaire et dento-alvéolaire. Une vestibuloversion des secteurs dentaires latéraux, un amincissement de l'os alvéolaire vestibulaire avec l'apparition de récessions gingivales ont été observés chez 10 patients. Une mobilité significative des dents antérieures maxillaires, due à une perte osseuse verticale et horizontale, a été notée chez les cinq patients qui ont subi un traitement avec l'AGGA. CONCLUSIONS: Différentes méthodes d'expansion maxillaire sont actuellement pratiquées avec des résultats variables. Des analyses critiques de ces méthodes sont nécessaires pour évaluer leur impact et déterminer si elles permettent d'obtenir les résultats souhaités.

Maxillomandibular Advancement for OSA: A 25-year perspective

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the result of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by a single surgeon. Materials and Methods: Patients that underwent MMA for the treatment of OSA over a 25-year period were included in the study. Patients who initially presented for revision MMA surgery were excluded. Demographics (e.g., age, gender, pre- and post-MMA body mass index [BMI]), pre- and post-MMA cephalometrics (e.g., sella-nasion-point A angle [SNA], sella-nasion-point B angle [SNB], posterior airway space base of tongue [PAS]) and pre- and post-MMA sleep study metrics (e.g., respiratory disturbance index [RDI], lowest desaturation [SpO2-nadir], oxygen desaturation index [ODI], total sleep time [TST], % TST Stage N3 sleep, % TST rapid eye movement [REM] sleep) were abstracted. MMA surgical success was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in RDI (or ODI) and post-MMA RDI (or ODI) < 20 events/hour. MMA surgical cure was defined as a post-MMA RDI (or ODI) < 5 events/hour. Results: A total of 1010 patients underwent MMA for the treatment of OSA. The mean age was 39.6 ± 14.3 years, and the majority were male (77%). Nine hundred forty-one patients with complete pre- and postoperative PSG data were analyzed. The mean ODI and RDI improved from 32.6 ± 27.4 to 7.7 ± 15.5 and 39.1 ± 24.2 to 13.6 ± 14.6 events per hour, respectively. The overall surgical success and surgical cure based on ODI was 79.4% and 71.9%, respectively. The overall surgical success and surgical cure based on RDI was 73.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Stratified by preoperative RDI showed older age, greater BMI were associated with greater preoperative RDI. Bivariate predictors of greater RDI reduction include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative BMI, higher preoperative RDI, greater BMI reduction postoperatively and greater change in SNA and PAS. Bivariate predictors of surgical cure based on RDI (RDI < 5) include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative RDI, and greater change in SNA and PAS. Bivariate predictor of RDI success (RDI < 20) include younger age, female gender, lower preoperative BMI, lower preoperative RDI, greater BMI reduction, greater increase in SNA, SNB and PAS postoperatively. Comparison of the first 500 patients and the later 510 patients demonstrate patients undergoing MMA have become younger, having lower RDI while achieving a better surgical outcome. Linear multivariate associations of greater percentage RDI reduction include younger age, greater percent change of SNA, greater preoperative SNA, lower preoperative BMI and higher preoperative RDI. Conclusions: MMA is an effective treatment to improve OSA, but the result can vary. Patient selection based on favorable prognostic factors and maximizing the advancement distance can improve outcomes.

Persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treated with skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction / SAOS pédiatrique persistant traité par distraction transpalatine à ancrage squelettique

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of nasomaxillary expansion using skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction (TPD) in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive children were treated by TPD. Twenty-five children, aged 10-16 years completed pre- and post-operative clinical evaluations, questionnaires (OSA-18), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and polysomnography (PSG). The pre- and post-operative CBCT data were used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional shape of the upper airway. Two measures of airflow function (pressure and velocity) were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at four different airway segments (nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal). Results: Twenty-three patients (92%) experienced improvement based on PSG. The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) improved from 6.72 ± 4.34 to 3.59 ± 5.11 (p<0.001) events per hour. Clinical symptoms based on OSA-18 scores were improved in all patients. Twenty-five patients (100%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal sidewall widening was 2.59 ± 1,54 mm at canine, 2.91 ± 1,23 mm at first molar and 2.30 ± 1,29 mm at PNS. The ratio of dental expansion to nasal expansion was 1.12:1 (2.90mm:2.59mm) at canine and 1.37:1 (3.98mm:2.91mm) at first molar. The nasal airflow pressure reduced by 76% (-275.73 to -67.28 Pa) and the nasal airflow velocity reduced by over 50% (18.60 to 8.56 m/s). Conclusions: Nasomaxillary expansion by skeletally anchored TPD improves OSA in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by RPE. A nearly parallel anterior-posterior opening of the mid-palatal suture achieves enlargement of the entire nasal passage with improvement of the airflow characteristics in the nasal and pharyngeal airway. The improved airflow characteristic is significantly correlated with the improved polysomnographic findings, thus demonstrating that nasomaxillary expansion in previously expanded patients is a viable treatment option.

Introduction: L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact de l'expansion nasomaxillaire à l'aide d'une distraction transpalatine (DTP) à ancrage squelettique chez des enfants sans insuffisance maxillaire transversale et qui ont été précédemment traités par expansion palatine rapide (EPR). Matériels et méthodes: Vingt-neuf enfants enrôlés consécutivement ont été traités par DTP. Vingt-cinq enfants, âgés de 10 à 16 ans, ont été soumis à des évaluations cliniques pré- et postopératoires, des questionnaires (OSA-18), une tomographie à faisceau conique (CBCT) et une polysomnographie (PSG). Les données CBCT pré- et postopératoires ont été utilisées pour reconstruire la forme tridimensionnelle des voies aériennes supérieures. Deux mesures des caractéristiques d'écoulement de l'air (pression et vitesse) ont été simulées en utilisant la dynamique des fluides computationnelle (DFC) dans quatre segments différents des voies aériennes (nasal, nasopharyngé, oropharyngé et hypopharyngé). Résultats: Vingt-trois patients (92 %) ont bénéficié d'une rapide amélioration objectivée par la PSG. L'indice d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH) est passé de 6,72 ± 4,34 à 3,59 ± 5,11 (p<0,001) événements par heure. Les symptômes cliniques évalués avec les scores du questionnaire OSA-18 se sont améliorés chez tous les patients. Pour les vingt-cinq patients (100 %), l'expansion a été réussie, selon le critère d'une séparation de la suture médiopalatine d'au moins 1 mm, de l'épine nasale antérieure (ENA) jusqu'à l'épine nasale postérieure (ENP). L'élargissement de la distance entre les parois nasales latérales était de 2,59 ± 1,54 mm au niveau de la canine, de 2,91 ± 1,23 mm au niveau de la première molaire et de 2,30 ± 1,29 mm à l'épine nasale postérieure. Le rapport entre l'expansion dentaire et l'expansion nasale était de 1,12:1 (2,90 mm:2,59 mm) au niveau de la canine et de 1,37:1 (3,98 mm:2,91 mm) au niveau de la première molaire. La pression du flux d'air nasal a diminué de 76 % (-275,73 à -67,28 Pa) et la vitesse du flux d'air nasal a diminué de plus de 50 % (18,60 à 8,56 m/s). Conclusions: L'expansion nasomaxillaire à l'aide d'une distraction transpalatine à ancrage squelettique améliore le SAOS chez les enfants sans déficit maxillaire transverse et qui ont été auparavant traités par EPR. Une ouverture antéro-postérieure et presque parallèle de la suture médiopalatine permet d'élargir l'ensemble du passage nasal et d'améliorer les caractéristiques du flux d'air dans les voies aériennes nasales et pharyngées. L'amélioration des caractéristiques de l'écoulement d'air est significativement corrélée à l'amélioration des résultats polysomnographiques, démontrant ainsi que l'expansion nasomaxillaire chez des patients précédemment traités par EPR est une option thérapeutique viable.

Nasomaxillary Expansion by Endoscopically-Assisted Surgical Expansion (EASE): An airway centric approach / Expansion nasomaxillaire chirurgicale assistée par endoscopie (EASE) : une approche centrée surles voies respiratoires

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the skeletal, dental and airway changes with endoscopically assisted surgical expansion (EASE) to widen the nasomaxillary complex for the treatment of sleep apnea in adults. Methods: One hundred and five consecutive patients underwent EASE. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was conducted preoperatively and within four weeks after the completion of the expansion process. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed on 20 randomly selected patients to assess airway flow changes. Results: One hundred patients (67 males) with the mean age of 35.0±13.5 years (17-64 years) had completed pre- and post-expansion imaging. Ninety-six patients (96%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1 mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal cavity expansion was 3.12±1.11 mm at ANS, 3.64±1.06 mm at first molar and 2.39±1.15 mm at PNS. The zygoma expansion was 2.17±1.11 mm. The ratio of dental expansion to skeletal expansion was 1.23:1 (3.83 mm:3.12 mm) at canine and 1.31:1 (4.77 mm:3.64 mm) at first molar. CFD airway simulation showed a dynamic change following expansion throughout the airway. The mean negative pressure improved in the nasal airway (from -395.5±721.0 to -32.7±19.2 Pa), nasopharyngal airway (from -394.2±719.4 to -33.6±18.5 Pa), oropharyngeal airway (from -405.9±710.8 to -39.4±19.3 Pa) and hypopharyngeal airway (from -422.6±704.9 to -55.1±33.7 Pa). The mean airflow velocity within the nasal airway decreased from 18.8±15.9 to 7.6±2.0 m/s and the oropharyngeal airway decreased from 4.2±2.9 to 3.2±1.2 m/s. The velocity did not change significantly in the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal regions. Conclusions: EASE results in expansion of the midpalatal suture from the ANS to PNS with a nearly pure skeletal movement of minimal dental effect. The expansion of the nasomaxillary complex resulted in the widening of the nasal sidewall throughout the nasal cavity. The improved air flow dynamics was demonstrated by CFD simulation.

Introduction: L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser les modifications obtenues au niveau du squelette, des dents et des voies respiratoires lors d'une expansion nasomaxillaire chirurgicale assistée par endoscopie (EASE), visant à élargir le complexe nasomaxillaire pour le traitement de l'apnée du sommeil chez des adultes. Méthodes: Cent cinq patients consécutifs ont subi une EASE. Une tomographie à faisceau conique (CBCT) a été réalisée en préopératoire et dans les quatre semaines suivant la fin du processus d'expansion. Une analyse de la dynamique des fluides computationnelle (DFC) a été réalisée sur vingt patients sélectionnés au hasard pour évaluer les modifications du débit de leurs voies respiratoires. Résultats: Un bilan d'imagerie pré- et post-expansion a été réalisé chez cent patients (dont 67 hommes) d'un âge moyen de 35,0 ± 13,5 ans (17-64 ans). Quatre-vingt-seize patients (96 %) ont bénéficié d'une expansion réussie, définie comme une séparation de la suture médiopalatine d'au moins 1 mm, de l'épine nasale antérieure (ENA) à l'épine nasale postérieure (ENP). L'expansion de la cavité nasale était de 3,12 ± 1,11 mm au niveau de l'ENA, de 3,64 ± 1,06 mm au niveau de la première molaire et de 2,39 ± 1,15 mm au niveau de l'ENP. L'expansion zygomatique était de 2,17 ± 1,11 mm. Le rapport entre l'expansion dentaire et l'expansion squelettique était de 1,23 : 1 (3,83 mm : 3,12 mm) au niveau de la canine et de 1,31 : 1 (4,77 mm : 3,64 mm) au niveau de la première molaire. Après l'expansion, la simulation des voies respiratoires par DFC a montré un changement dynamique au niveau de l'ensemble des voies respiratoires. La pression négative moyenne s'est améliorée dans les voies nasales (de -395,5 ± 721,0 à -32,7 ± 19,2 Pa), les voies nasopharyngiennes (de -394,2 ± 719,4 à -33,6 ± 18,5 Pa), les voies aériennes oropharyngées (de -405,9 ± 710,8 à -39,4 ± 19,3 Pa) et les voies aériennes hypopharyngées (de -422,6 ± 704,9 à -55,1 ± 33,7 Pa). La vitesse moyenne du flux d'air dans les voies nasales a diminué de 18,8 ± 15,9 à 7,6 ± 2,0 m/s et de 4,2 ± 2,9 à 3,2 ± 1,2 m/s dans les voies oropharyngées. La vitesse n'a pas changé de manière significative dans les régions nasopharyngienne et hypopharyngienne. Conclusions: L'EASE entraîne une expansion de la suture médiopalatine, de l'ENA jusqu'à l'ENP avec un mouvement squelettique presque pur et un effet dentaire minimal. L'expansion du complexe nasomaxillaire a entraîné l'écartement des parois nasales latérales dans toute la cavité nasale. L'amélioration de la dynamique du flux d'air a été démontrée par une simulation DFC.

Persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treated with skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of nasomaxillary expansion using skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction (TPD) in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive children were treated by TPD. Twenty-five children, aged 10-16 years completed pre- and post-operative clinical evaluations, questionnaires (OSA-18), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and polysomnography (PSG). The pre- and post-operative CBCT data were used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional shape of the upper airway. Two measures of airflow function (pressure and velocity) were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at four different airway segments (nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal). Results: Twenty-three patients (92%) experienced improvement based on PSG. The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) improved from 6.72±4.34 to 3.59±5.11 (p<0.001) events per hour. Clinical symptoms based on OSA-18 scores were improved in all patients. Twenty-five patients (100%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1 mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal sidewall widening was 2.59±1.54 mm at canine, 2.91±1.23 mm at first molar and 2.30±1.29 mm at PNS. The ratio of dental expansion to nasal expansion was 1.12:1 (2.90 mm:2.59 mm) at canine and 1.37:1 (3.98 mm:2.91 mm) at first molar. The nasal airflow pressure reduced by 76% (-275.73 to -67.28 Pa) and the nasal airflow velocity reduced by over 50% (18.60 to 8.56 m/s). Conclusions: Nasomaxillary expansion by skeletally anchored TPD improves OSA in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by RPE. A nearly parallel anterior-posterior opening of the mid-palatal suture achieves enlargement of the entire nasal passage with improvement of the airflow characteristics in the nasal and pharyngeal airway. The improved airflow characteristic is significantly correlated with the improved polysomnographic findings, thus demonstrating that nasomaxillary expansion in previously expanded patients is a viable treatment option.

Nasomaxillary Expansion by Endoscopically-Assisted Surgical Expansion (EASE): An airway centric approach

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the skeletal, dental and airway changes with endoscopically assisted surgical expansion (EASE) to widen the nasomaxillary complex for the treatment of sleep apnea in adults. Methods: One hundred and five consecutive patients underwent EASE. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was conducted preoperatively and within four weeks after the completion of the expansion process. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed on 20 randomly selected patients to assess airway flow changes. Results: One hundred patients (67 males) with the mean age of 35.0±13.5 years (17-64 years) had completed pre- and post-expansion imaging. Ninety-six patients (96%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1 mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal cavity expansion was 3.12±1.11 mm at ANS, 3.64±1.06 mm at first molar and 2.39±1.15 mm at PNS. The zygoma expansion was 2.17±1.11 mm. The ratio of dental expansion to skeletal expansion was 1.23:1 (3.83 mm:3.12 mm) at canine and 1.31:1 (4.77 mm:3.64 mm) at first molar. CFD airway simulation showed a dynamic change following expansion throughout the airway. The mean negative pressure improved in the nasal airway (from -395.5±721.0 to -32.7±19.2 Pa), nasopharyngal airway (from -394.2±719.4 to -33.6±18.5 Pa), oropharyngeal airway (from -405.9±710.8 to -39.4±19.3 Pa) and hypopharyngeal airway (from -422.6±704.9 to -55.1±33.7 Pa). The mean airflow velocity within the nasal airway decreased from 18.8±15.9 to 7.6±2.0 m/s and the oropharyngeal airway decreased from 4.2±2.9 to 3.2±1.2 m/s. The velocity did not change significantly in the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal regions. Conclusions: EASE results in expansion of the midpalatal suture from the ANS to PNS with a nearly pure skeletal movement of minimal dental effect. The expansion of the nasomaxillary complex resulted in the widening of the nasal sidewall throughout the nasal cavity. The improved air flow dynamics was demonstrated by CFD simulation.

Adeno-tonsillectomy and rapid maxillary distraction in pre-pubertal children, a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: When both narrow maxilla and moderately enlarged tonsils are present in children with obstructive sleep apnea, the decision of which treatment to do first is unclear. A preliminary randomized study was done to perform a power analysis and determine the number of subjects necessary to have an appropriate response. Thirty-one children, 14 boys, diagnosed with OSA based on clinical symptoms and polysomnography (PSG) findings had presence of both narrow maxillary complex and enlarged tonsils. They were scheduled to have both adeno-tonsillectomy and RME for which the order of treatment was randomized: group 1 received surgery followed by orthodontics, while group 2 received orthodontics followed by surgery. Each child was seen by an ENT, an orthodontist, and a sleep medicine specialist. The validated pediatric sleep questionnaire and PSG were done at entry and after each treatment phase at time of PSG. Statistical analyses were ANOVA repeated measures and t tests. RESULTS: The mean age of the children at entry was 6.5 ± 0.2 years (mean ± SEM). Overall, even if children presented improvement of both clinical symptoms and PSG findings, none of the children presented normal results after treatment 1, at the exception of one case. There was no significant difference in the amount of improvement noted independently of the first treatment approach. Thirty children underwent treatment 2, with an overall significant improvement shown for PSG findings compared to baseline and compared to treatment 1, without any group differences. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study emphasizes the need to have more than subjective clinical scales for determination of sequence of treatments.

Maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea.

Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy is considered the first-line treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, surgery has been shown to be a valid option for patients who are intolerant to positive pressure therapy. In the past 20 years, maxillomandibular advancement has been widely accepted as the most effective surgical therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Maxillomandibular advancement has been shown to enlarge the pharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway by physically expanding the facial skeletal framework. It has also been shown that the forward movement of the maxillomandibular complex increases tissue tension. This decreases the collapsibility of the velopharyngeal and suprahyoid musculature and improves lateral pharyngeal wall collapse, all of which have been shown to be significant components contributing to the upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea. The outcome of maxillomandibular advancement has been extensively reported, with success rates of 57% to 100%. A recent meta-analysis of 627 patients from 22 studies showed an overall success rate of 86%. The long-term follow-up of 56 patients for 43.7 months from 3 studies showed a surgical success rate of 89%. These data are similar to my experience with an 89% success rate in more than 600 maxillomandibular advancement procedures performed.

Objective and subjective long term outcome of maxillomandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the objective and subjective long-term outcome of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) in Far-East Asian patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: This is a long-term follow-up study to evaluate the treatment outcome of MMA in OSA patients by objective polysomnography (PSG) and subjective questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI, Insomnia Severity Index-ISI, Beck Anxiety Inventory-BAI, Beck Depression Inventory-BDI, Epworth Sleepiness scale-ESS, and Short Form-36 Quality of Life-SF-36). Evaluation was done before surgery and we followed these patients one and two years after surgery. We also assessed the neurocognitive function by Continuous performance test (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) before and after MMA. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients with OSA (female = 19) were enrolled and 53 participants (75.7% men, age 35.66 ± 11.66 years [mean ± SD], BMI = 24.80 ± 3.29) completed the two-year follow-up. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) decreased from a mean of 34.78 ± 26.01 to 3.61 ± 2.79 and 7.43 ± 6.70 events/hour (p = 0.007) at the first and second year evaluation. There was significant improvement in PSG (especially respiratory profile), questionnaires (PSQI and ISI total score), and neurocognitive testing (attention and executive function) after MMA. Meanwhile, no major complication such as avascular necrosis of bonny segments, facial nerve injury, blindness or compromise of airway was found after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MMA is a clinically effective treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA as demonstrated by significant long-term decrease in AHI and improvement in neurocognitive testing.

Endoscopically-assisted surgical expansion (EASE) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results of an outpatient surgical procedure known as endoscopically-assisted surgical expansion (EASE) in expanding the maxilla to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adolescent and adults. METHODS: Thirty-three patients (18 males), aged 15-61 years, underwent EASE of the maxilla. All patients completed pre- and post-operative clinical evaluations, polysomnography, questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] and Nasal Obstruction Septoplasty Questionnaire [NOSE]) as well as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). RESULTS: With EASE, the overall apnea hypopnea index (AHI) improved from 31.6 ± 11.3 to 10.1 ± 6.3. The oxygen desaturation index (ODI) improved from 11.8 ± 9.6 to 1.8 ± 3.7, with reduction of ESS scores from 13.4 ± 4.0 to 6.7 ± 3.1. Nasal breathing improved as demonstrated by reduction of the NOSE scores from 57.8 ± 12.9 to 15.6 ± 5.7. Expansion of the airway from widening of the nasal floor was consistently evident on all postoperative CBCT; the anterior nasal floor expanded 4.9 ± 1.2 mm, posterior nasal floor expanded 5.6 ± 1.2 mm, and the dental diastema created was 2.3 ± 0.8 mm. Mean operative time was 54.0 ± 6.0 min. All patients with mild to moderate OSA were discharged the same day; patients with severe OSA were observed overnight. All patients returned to school or work and regular activities within three days. CONCLUSIONS: EASE is an outpatient procedure that improves nasal breathing and OSA by widening the nasal floor in adolescents and adults. Compared to current surgical approaches for maxillary expansion, EASE is considerably less invasive and consistently achieves enlargement of the airway with minimal complications.

Orthodontic expansion treatment and adenotonsillectomy in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in prepubertal children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Rapid maxillary expansion and adenotonsillectomy are proven treatments of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Our goal was to investigate whether rapid maxillary expansion should be offered as an alternative to surgery in select patients. In addition, if both therapies are required, the order in which to perform these interventions needs to be determined. DESIGN: Prepubertal children with moderate OSA clinically judged to require both adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic treatment were randomized into 2 treatment groups. Group 1 underwent adenotonsillectomy followed by orthodontic expansion. Group 2 underwent therapies in the reverse sequence. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two children (16 girls) in an academic sleep clinic. METHOD: Clinical evaluation and polysomnography were performed after each stage to assess efficacy of each treatment modality. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar in age, symptoms, apnea-hypopnea index, and lowest oxygen saturation. Two children with orthodontic treatment first did not require subsequent adenotonsillectomy. Thirty children underwent both treatments. Two of them were still symptomatic and presented with abnormal polysomogram results following both therapies. In the remaining 28 children, all results were significantly different from those at entry (P = 0.001) and from single therapy (P = 0.01), regardless of the order of treatment. Both therapies were necessary to obtain complete resolution of OSA. CONCLUSION: In our study, 87.5% of the children with sleep-disordered breathing had both treatments. In terms of treatment order, 2 of 16 children underwent orthodontic treatment alone, whereas no children underwent surgery alone to resolve OSA. Two children who underwent both treatments continued to have OSA.

Nasal obstruction in children with sleep-disordered breathing.

INTRODUCTION: Nasal obstruction secondary to pathological enlargement of inferior nasal turbinates contributes to sleep-disordered breathing (SBD) in prepubertal children, but treatments designed to address turbinate enlargement are often not performed. The aims of these studies are: (1) to appreciate the contribution to SDB of untreated enlarged nasal turbinates in prepubertal children; and (2) to report our experience with treatment of enlarged nasal turbinates in young children with SDB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with enlarged nasal turbinates who underwent adenotonsillectomy (T&A) had significantly less improvement in postoperative apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) compared to those treated with concomitant turbinate reduction. Children in the untreated turbinate hypertrophy group subsequently underwent radiofrequency ablation of the inferior nasal turbinates; following this procedure, AHI was no different than AHI of those without hypertrophy. RESULTS: In an analysis of safety and effectiveness of radiofrequency treatment of the nasal turbinates, we found the procedure to be a well-tolerated component of SDB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that radiofrequency (RF) treatment of inferior nasal turbinates is a safe and effective treatment in young prepubertal children with SDB. When indicated, it should be included in the treatment plan for prepubertal children with SDB. However, the duration of effectiveness is variable and therapy may need to be repeated if turbinate hypertrophy recurs.

Adenotonsillectomy and obstructive sleep apnea in children: a prospective survey.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective survey of children up to 14 years of age with OSA submitted to adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Clinical evaluation, with questionnaires and clinical scales evaluating facial structures including tonsils and Mallampati scales and otolaryngologic evaluation; nocturnal polysomnography and repeat evaluation three to five months postsurgery. RESULTS: Of 207 successively seen children, 199 had follow-up polysomnography, and 94 had still abnormal sleep recording. Multivariate analysis indicates that Mallampati scale score 3 and 4, retro-position of mandible, enlargement of nasal inferior turbinates at +3 (subjective scale 1 to 3), and deviated septum were significantly associated with persistence of abnormal polysomnography (with high 95% CI for Mallampati scale and deviated septum). CONCLUSION: Mallampati scale scores are resultant of several facial factors involving maxilla, mandible, and oral versus oral breathing but add information on risk of partial response to adenotonsillectomy. SIGNIFICANCE: Adenotonsillectomy may not resolve obstructive sleep apnea in children.

Hypopharyngeal airway surgery.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the result of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Hypopharyngeal airway obstruction can be caused by the prominence or relaxation of the base of the tongue, lateral pharyngeal wall, and occasionally, the aryepiglottic folds or epiglottis. Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered as the first treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, surgery has been shown to be a viable option for patients who are intolerant of positive pressure therapy. This article presents the current state of hypopharyngeal surgery for sleep apnea. Preoperative airway evaluation with fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, the use of lateral cephalometric radiograph, and the formulation of a surgical plan with selection of procedures to address hypopharyngeal obstruction are discussed.