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BACKGROUND: The formation and domestication of ornamental traits are influenced by various aspects, such as the recognition of esthetic values and cultural traditions. Camellia japonica is widely appreciated and domesticated around the world mainly due to its rich variations in ornamental traits. Ornamental camellias have a diverse range of resources, including different bud variations from Camellia spp. as well as inter- and intra- specific hybridization. Despite research on the formation of ornamental traits, a basic understanding of their genetics and genomics is still lacking. RESULTS: Here, we report the chromosomal-level reference genome of C. japonica through combining multiple DNA-sequencing technologies and obtain a high-density genetic linkage map of 4255 markers by sequencing 98 interspecific F1 hybrids between C. japonica and C. chekiangoleosa. We identify two whole-genome duplication events in C. japonica: one is a shared ancient γ event, and the other is revealed to be specific to genus Camellia. Based on the micro-collinearity analysis, we find large-scale segmental duplication of chromosome 8, resulting to two copies of the AGAMOUS loci, which may play a key role in the domestication of floral shapes. To explore the regulatory mechanisms of seasonal flowering, we have analyzed year-round gene expression patterns of C. japonica and C. azalea-a sister plant of continuous flowering that has been widely used for cross breeding. Through comparative analyses of gene co-expression networks and annual gene expression patterns, we show that annual expression rhythms of some important regulators of seasonal growth and development, including GIGANTEA and CONSTANS of the photoperiod pathway, have been disrupted in C. azalea. Furthermore, we reveal that the distinctive expression patterns of FLOWERING LOCUS T can be correlated with the seasonal activities of flowering and flushing. We demonstrate that the regulatory module involved in GIGANTEA, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T is central to achieve seasonality. CONCLUSIONS: Through the genomic and comparative genomics characterizations of ornamental Camellia spp., we propose that duplication of chromosomal segments as well as the establishment of gene expression patterns has played a key role in the formation of ornamental traits (e.g., flower shape, flowering time). This work provides a valuable genomic platform for understanding the molecular basis of ornamental traits.
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Camellia , Estaciones del Año , Camellia/genética , Fitomejoramiento , Genómica , Flores/genética , Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Controllable droplet manipulation has diverse applications; however, limited methods exist for externally manipulating droplets in confined spaces. Herein, we propose a portable triboelectric electrostatic tweezer (TET) by integrating electrostatic forces with a superhydrophobic surface that can even manipulate droplets in an enclosed space. Electrostatic induction causes the droplet to be subjected to an electrostatic force in an electrostatic field so that the droplet can be moved freely with the TET on a superhydrophobic platform. Characterized by its high precision, flexibility, and robust binding strength, TET can manipulate droplets under various conditions and achieve a wide range of representative fluid applications such as droplet microreactors, precise self-cleaning, cargo transportation, the targeted delivery of chemicals, liquid sorting, soft droplet robotics, and cell labeling. Specifically, TET demonstrated the ability to manipulate internal droplets from the outside of a closed system, such as performing cell labeling experiments within a sealed Petri dish without opening the culture system.
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A new cocrystalline form of metronidazole (MET) with propyl gallate (PRO), referred to as MET-PRO, has been successfully synthesized and characterized. Structural characterization reveals that MET and PRO are present in a 1:1 ratio within the cocrystal lattice, with one water molecule equivalent incorporated into the structure. This arrangement facilitates the formation of MET-PRO heterodimers and multiple stable units, collectively constructing a three-dimensional supramolecular network. The solubility and permeability of the current cocrystal, along with the parent drug MET, are evaluated under physiological pH conditions. Experimental findings reveal that MET within the cocrystal exhibits a 1.54-2.37 folds increase in solubility and approximately a threefold improvement in permeability compared to its standalone form. Intriguingly, these concurrent enhancements in the physicochemical properties of MET lead to augmented antibacterial activity in vitro, evidenced by a reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration. Even more intriguingly, the enhanced physicochemical properties observed in vitro for the current cocrystal translate into tangible pharmacokinetic benefits in vivo, characterized by prolonged half-life and enhanced bioavailability. Consequently, this research not only introduces a fresh crystal structure for antibacterial medication but also presents approach for optimizing drug properties across in vitro and in vivo settings, while concurrently bolstering the antibacterial effectiveness of MET through pharmaceutical cocrystallization techniques.
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Non-invasive breath testing has gained increasing importance for early disease screening, spurring research into cheap sensors for detecting trace biomarkers such as ammonia. However, real-life deployment of ammonia sensors remains hindered by susceptibility to humidity-induced interference. The SnTe/SnSe heterojunction-based chemiresistive-type sensor demonstrates an excellent response/recovery to different concentrations of ammonia from 0.1 to 100 ppm at room temperature. The improved sensing properties of the heterojunctions-based sensors compared to single-phased SnTe or SnSe can be attributed to the stronger NH3 adsorptions, more Te vacancies, and hydrophobic surface induced by the formed SnTe/SnSe heterojunctions. The sensing mechanisms are investigated in detail by using in situ techniques such as diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Kelvin probe, and a.c. impedance spectroscopy together with the Density-Function-Theory calculations. The formed heterojunctions boost the overall charge transfer efficiency between the ammonia and the sensing materials, thus leading to the desirable sensing features as well, with excellent resistance to ambient humidities.
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As a new approach to "More than Moore", integrated ionic circuits serve as a possible alternative to traditional electronic circuits, yet the integrated ionic circuit composed of functional ionic elements and ionic connections is still challenging. Herein, a stretchable and transparent ionic display module of the integrated ionic circuit has been successfully prepared and demonstrated by pixelating a proton-responsive hydrogel. It is programmed to excite the hydrogel color change by a Faraday process occurring at the electrode at the specific pixel points, which enables the display of digital information and even color information. Importantly, the display module exhibits stable performance under strong magnetic field conditions (1.7 T). The transparent and stretchable nature of such ionic modules also allows them to be utilized in a broad range of scenarios, which paves the way for integrated ionic circuits.
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Not available.
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Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is a common and serious complication following anesthesia and surgery; however, the precise mechanisms of POCD remain unclear. Our previous research showed that sevoflurane impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and thus cognitive function in the aged brain by affecting neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) expression; however, the signaling mechanism involved remains unexplored. In this study, we found a dramatic decrease in the proportion of differentiated neurons with increasing concentrations of sevoflurane, and the inhibition of neural stem cell differentiation was partially reversed after the administration of exogenous NT-3. Understanding the molecular underpinnings by which sevoflurane affects NT-3 is key to counteracting cognitive dysfunction. Here, we report that sevoflurane administration for 2 days resulted in upregulation of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) expression, which led to transcriptional inactivation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Due to the colocalization of HDAC9 and CREB within cells, this may be related to the interaction between HDAC9 and CREB. Anyway, this ultimately led to reduced NT-3 expression and inhibition of neural stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, knockdown of HDAC9 rescued the transcriptional activation of CREB after sevoflurane exposure, while reversing the downregulation of NT-3 expression and inhibition of neural stem cell differentiation. In summary, this study identifies a unique mechanism by which sevoflurane can inhibit CREB transcription through HDAC9, and this process reduces NT-3 levels and ultimately inhibits neuronal differentiation. This finding may reveal a new strategy to prevent sevoflurane-induced neuronal dysfunction.
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Fenómenos Fisiológicos del Sistema Nervioso , Neuronas , Adulto , Humanos , Anciano , Sevoflurano/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico , Elementos de RespuestaRESUMEN
The mechanical stimulation of cells from the surrounding environment is an important life activity. However, there has been a lack of dynamically quantitative analysis of cell morphology under mechanical stimulations. A theoretical model for the evolution of cell morphology under stretching is proposed by analyzing the transformation between cell deformation energy and adhesion energy. The images of the evolution show that detachment of the adhesion membrane or re-adhesion of the cell, causes a decrease or increase of the adhesion area, respectively. In addition to the stretching amplitude and velocity, we found that the duration of the stretching stage and the no stretching stage can affect the cell morphology during cyclic stretching. The theoretical model explains some counter-intuitive experimental results and provides many quantitative insights into understanding the physical mechanisms of cell adhesion under stretching. This study can provide a useful guide to control cell adhesion under mechanical stimulations.
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Adhesión Celular , Modelos Biológicos , Forma de la Célula , Estrés Mecánico , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , HumanosRESUMEN
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are artificial chemicals with broad commercial and industrial applications. Many studies about PFASs have been conducted in densely industrial and populated regions. However, fewer studies have focused on the PFASs' status in a typical arid region. Here, we investigated 30 legacy and emerging PFASs in surface water from the mainstream and tributaries of the Dahei River. Our results revealed that total PFASs concentrations (∑30PFASs) in water ranged from 3.13 to 289.1 ng/L (mean: 25.40 ng/L). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) had the highest mean concentration of 2.44 ng/L with a 100% detection frequency (DF), followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (mean concentration: 1.34 ng/L, DF: 59.26%). Also, perfluorohexane sulfonate (DF: 44.44%), perfluorobutane sulfonate (DF: 88.89%), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (DF: 92.59%) had mean concentrations of 12.94, 2.00, and 1.05 ng/L, respectively. Source apportionment through ratio analysis and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression analysis showed that treated or untreated sewage, aqueous film-forming foam, degradation of precursors, and fluoropolymer production were the primary sources. The PFOS alternatives were more prevalent than those of PFOA. Conductivity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a positively correlated with Σ30PFASs and total perfluoroalkane sulfonates concentrations. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment showed that more attention should be paid to perfluorooctadecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, and (6:2 and 6:2/8:2) polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono- and di-esters. The mass load of PFASs to the Yellow River was 1.28 kg/year due to the low annual runoff in the Dahei River in the arid region. This study provides baseline data for PFASs in the Dahei River that can aid in the development of effective management strategies for controlling PFASs pollution in typical arid regions in China.
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Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos , Caprilatos , Fluorocarburos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ríos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Clorofila A/análisis , Fluorocarburos/análisis , Agua , Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos/análisis , China , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Physicochemical and toxicological characterization of leather tanning wastewater has been widely documented. However, few reports have examined the response of denitrification N2 and N2O emissions in riparian sediments of tannery wastewater-receiving rivers. In this study, 15N-nitrate labeling was used to reveal the effects of tanning wastewater on denitrification N2 and N2O emission in a wastewater-receiving river (the old Mang River, OMR). OMR riparian sediments were highly polluted with total organic carbon (93.39 mg/kg), total nitrogen (5.00 g/kg) and heavy metals; specifically, Cr, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found at concentrations 47.3, 5.8, 1.6, 4.3, and 2.8 times that in a nearby parallel river without tanning wastewater input (the new Mang River, NMR), respectively. The denitrification N2 emission rates (0.0015 nmol N · g-1 h-1) of OMR riparian sediments were significantly reduced by 2.5 times compared with those from the NMR (p < 0.05), but the N2O emission rates (0.31 nmol N · g-1 h-1) were significantly increased (4.1 times, p < 0.05). Although the dominant nitrogen-transforming bacteria phylum was Proteobacteria in the riparian sediments of both rivers, 11 nitrogen-transforming bacteria genera in the OMR were found to be significantly enriched; five of these were related to pollutant degradation based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA >3). The average activity of the electron transport system in the OMR was 6.3 times lower than that of the NMR (p < 0.05). Among pollution factors, heavy metal complex pollution was the dominant factor driving variations in N2O emissions, microbial community structure, and electron transport system activity. These results provide a new understanding and reference for the treatment of tanning wastewater-receiving rivers.
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Using the self-developed fused indium wetting technology and planar waveguide, the uniform heat dissipation of the slab crystal and uniform pumping of the pump light were achieved, respectively. Based on the master oscillator power amplification (MOPA) scheme, the power was then amplified when the seed light source passed through the Nd:YAG slab crystal three times. Additionally, the image transfer system that we added to the amplified optical path achieved high beam quality. Finally, we obtained a rectangular pulsed laser with an output average power of 4461 W, a repetition frequency of 20 kHz, a pulse width of 62 ns, an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 26.8%, and a beam quality of ß x=7.0 and ß y=7.7.
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BACKGROUND: As an economically important crop, tea is strongly nitrogen (N)-dependent. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of N deficiency in tea are not fully understood. Tea cultivar "Chunlv2" [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] were cultured with a nutrient solution with 0 mM [N-deficiency] or 3 mM (Control) NH4NO3 in 6 L pottery pots containing clean river sands. RESULTS: N deficiency significantly decreased N content, dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl) content, L-theanine and the activities of N metabolism-related enzymes, but increased the content of total flavonoids and polyphenols in tea leaves. N deficiency delayed the sprouting time of tea buds. By using the RNA-seq technique and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, 3050 up-regulated and 2688 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were isolated in tea leaves in response to N deficiency. However, only 1025 genes were up-regulated and 744 down-regulated in roots. Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis showed that 205 DEGs in tea leaves were enriched in seven GO terms and 152 DEGs in tea roots were enriched in 11 GO items based on P < 0.05. In tea leaves, most GO-enriched DEGs were involved in chlorophyll a/b binding activities, photosynthetic performance, and transport activities. But most of the DEGs in tea roots were involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and plant hormones with regard to the GO terms of biological processes. N deficiency significantly increased the expression level of phosphate transporter genes, which indicated that N deficiency might impair phosphorus metabolism in tea leaves. Furthermore, some DEGs, such as probable anion transporter 3 and high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.7, might be of great potential in improving the tolerance of N deficiency in tea plants and further study could work on this area in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated N deficiency inhibited the growth of tea plant, which might be due to altered N metabolism and expression levels of DEGs involved in the photosynthetic performance, transport activity and oxidation-reduction processes.
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Camellia sinensis , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Clorofila A , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Té/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Flower color is a trait that affects the ornamental value of a plant. Camellia sasanqua is a horticultural plant with rich flower color, but little is known about the regulatory mechanism of color diversity in this plant. Here, the anthocyanin profile of 20 C. sasanqua cultivars revealed and quantified 11 anthocyanin derivatives (five delphinidin-based and six cyanidin-based anthocyanins) for the first time. Cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside was the main contributor to flower base color, and the accumulation of cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives differed in the petals. To further explore the molecular mechanism of color divergence, a transcriptome analysis was performed using C. sasanqua cultivars 'YingYueYe', 'WanXia', 'XueYueHua', and'XiaoMeiGui'. The co-expression network related to differences in delphinidin and cyanidin derivatives accumulation was identified. Eleven candidate genes encoding key enzymes (e.g., F3H, F3'H, and ANS) were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, 27 transcription factors were screened as regulators of the two types of accumulating anthocyanins. The association was suggested by correlation analysis between the expression levels of the candidate genes and the different camellia cultivars. We concluded that cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives are the major drivers of color diversity in C. sasanqua. This finding provides valuable resources for the study of flower color in C. sasanqua and lays a foundation for genetic modification of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Camellia , Camellia/genética , Camellia/metabolismo , Antocianinas , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Flores/genética , Pigmentación/genética , Transcriptoma , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis in Guangxi, southern China. A multicenter prospective descriptive study was conducted in 8 hospitals across Guangxi. From January 2019 to July 2022, one hundred seventy-one (171) patients diagnosed with tinea capitis were included. Demographic data, risk factors, and fungal data were collected. If necessary, species were further identified by morphological or molecular sequencing in the central laboratory. Of the 171 cases of tinea capitis, 74.3% occurred in patients aged 2-8 years. Children with tinea capitis were mainly boys (59.6%) and were more likely than adults to have a history of animal contact (44.2% vs. 33.3%) and zoophilic dermatophyte infection (76.9% vs. 46.7%, P = 0.008). The adults were mainly female (53%) and were more likely than children to have a history of infection with anthropophilic organisms (53.3% vs. 18.9%). The causative agents of tinea capitis in Guangxi were diverse, and the most common pathogen was Microsporum canis (M. cani, n = 98, 62%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes n = 18, 11.4%) and Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans n = 12, 7.6%). In addition, tinea capitis caused by Nannizzia incurvata (N. incurvata) and Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum) was detected in the study. Notably, the proportion of patients with kerion in the study was 41.5% (n = 71), and most of those patients were children (n = 68), especially neglected children living in the rural mountainous areas of Guangxi, where they were unable to receive timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In conclusion, the causative agents of tinea capitis in Guangxi, South China, are diverse, and the incidence of kerion is high, indicating that diagnosis and treatment modalities in the region remain grossly inadequate. Clinicians and policy-makers should collaborate to adopt public health strategies to control the disease.
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Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo , Niño , Masculino , Adulto , Animales , Humanos , Femenino , China/epidemiología , Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/epidemiología , Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/microbiología , Microsporum , Factores de Riesgo , Hospitales , Incidencia , TrichophytonRESUMEN
Flexible mechanical sensors based on nanomaterials operate on a deformation-response mechanism, making it challenging to discern different types of mechanical stimuli such as pressure and strain. Therefore, these sensors are susceptible to significant mechanical interference. Here, we introduce a multifunctional flexible sensor capable of discriminating coupled pressure and strain without cross-interference. Our design involves an elastic cantilever fixed on the pillar of the flexible main substrate, creating a three-dimensional (3D) substrate, and two percolative nanoparticle (NP) arrays are deposited on the cantilever and main substrate, respectively, as the sensing materials. The 3D flexible substrate could confine pressure/strain loading exclusively on the cantilever or main substrate, resulting in independent responses of the two nanoparticle arrays with no cross-interference. Benefitting from the quantum transport in nanoparticle arrays, our sensors demonstrate an exceptional sensitivity, enabling discrimination of subtle strains down to 1.34 × 10-4. Furthermore, the suspended cantilever with one movable end can enhance the pressure perception of the NP array, exhibiting a high sensitivity of -0.223 kPa-1 and an ultrahigh resolution of 4.24 Pa. This flexible sensor with multifunctional design will provide inspiration for the development of flexible mechanical sensors and the advancement of decoupling strategies.
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Nanopartículas , Nanoestructuras , Materiales InteligentesRESUMEN
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation and may progress to include increasingly severe fibrosis, which portends more serious disease and is predictive of patient mortality. Diagnostic and therapeutic options for NASH fibrosis are limited, and the underlying fibrogenic pathways are under-explored. Cell communication network factor 2 (CCN2) is a well-characterized pro-fibrotic molecule, but its production in and contribution to NASH fibrosis requires further study. Hepatic CCN2 expression was significantly induced in NASH patients with F3-F4 fibrosis and was positively correlated with hepatic Col1A1, Col1A2, Col3A1, or αSMA expression. When wild-type (WT) or transgenic (TG) Swiss mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the CCN2 promoter were fed up to 7 weeks with control or choline-deficient, amino-acid-defined diet with high (60%) fat (CDAA-HF), the resulting NASH-like hepatic pathology included a profound increase in CCN2 or EGFP immunoreactivity in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells of the vasculature, with little or no induction of CCN2 in other liver cell types. In the context of CDAA-HF diet-induced NASH, Balb/c TG mice expressing human CCN2 under the control of the albumin promoter exhibited exacerbated deposition of interstitial hepatic collagen and activated HSC compared to WT mice. In vitro, palmitic acid-treated hepatocytes produced extracellular vesicles (EVs) that induced CCN2, Col1A1, and αSMA in HSC. Hepatic CCN2 may aid the assessment of NASH fibrosis severity and, together with pro-fibrogenic EVs, is a therapeutic target for reducing NASH fibrosis.
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Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/etiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/genética , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , FibrosisRESUMEN
Leaf color variations in tea plants were widely considered due to their attractive phenotypes and characteristic flavors. The molecular mechanism of color formation was extensively investigated. But few studies focused on the transformation process of leaf color change. In this study, four strains of 'Baijiguan' F1 half-sib generation with similar genetic backgrounds but different colors were used as materials, including Green (G), Yellow-Green (Y-G), Yellow (Y), and Yellow-Red (Y-R). The results of broadly targeted metabolomics showed that 47 metabolites were differentially accumulated in etiolated leaves (Y-G, Y, and Y-R) as compared with G. Among them, lipids were the main downregulated primary metabolites in etiolated leaves, which were closely linked with the thylakoid membrane and chloroplast structure. Flavones and flavonols were the dominant upregulated secondary metabolites in etiolated leaves, which might be a repair strategy for reducing the negative effects of dysfunctional chloroplasts. Further integrated analysis with the transcriptome indicated different variation mechanisms of leaf phenotype in Y-G, Y, and Y-R. The leaf color formation of Y-G and Y was largely determined by the increased content of eriodictyol-7-O-neohesperidoside and the enhanced activities of its modification process, while the color formation of Y-R depended on the increased contents of apigenin derivates and the vigorous processes of their transportation and transcription factor regulation. The key candidate genes, including UDPG, HCT, CsGSTF1, AN1/CsMYB75, and bHLH62, might play important roles in the flavonoid pathway.
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Camellia sinensis , Camellia sinensis/genética , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Chemically recyclable, circular polymers continue to attract increasing attention, but rendering both catalysts for depolymerization and high-performance polymers recyclable is a more sustainable yet challenging goal. Here we introduce a dual catalyst/polymer recycling system in that recyclable inorganic phosphomolybdic acid catalyzes selective depolymerization of high-ceiling-temperature biodegradable poly(δ-valerolactone) in bulk phase, which, upon reaching suitable molecular weight, exhibits outstanding mechanical performance with a high tensile strength of ≈66.6â MPa, fracture strain of ≈904 %, and toughness of ≈308â MJ m-3 , and thus markedly outperforms commodity polyolefins, recovering its monomer in pure state and quantitative yield at only 100 °C. In sharp contrast, the uncatalyzed depolymerization not only requires a high temperature of >310 °C but is also low yielding and non-selective. Importantly, the recovered monomer can be repolymerized as is to reproduce the same polymer, thereby closing the circular loop, and the recycled catalyst can be reused repeatedly for depolymerization runs without loss of its catalytic activity and efficiency.
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Poliésteres , Polímeros , Poliésteres/química , Polímeros/química , Polienos , CatálisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The cultivated Camellia sasanqua forms a divergent double flower pattern, and the stamen petaloid is a vital factor in the phenomenon. However, the regulation mechanism remains largely unclear. RESULTS: Here, a comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of the wild-type, "semi-double", "peony double", and "rose double" was performed. The cluster analysis of global gene expression level showed petal and stamen difficulty separable in double flower. The crucial pathway and genes related to double flower patterns regulation were identified by pairwise comparisons and weighted gene coexpression network (WGCNA). Divergent genes expression, such as AUX1 and AHP, are involved in plant hormone signaling and photosynthesis, and secondary metabolites play an important role. Notably, the diversity of a petal-specific model exhibits a similar molecular signature to the stamen, containing extensin protein and PSBO1, supporting the stamen petaloid point. Moreover, the expansion of class A gene activity influenced the double flower formation, showing that the key function of gene expression was probably demolished. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this work confirmed the ABCE model and provided new insights for elucidating the molecular signature of double formation.
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Camellia , Transcriptoma , Camellia/genética , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by nanostructured substrate surface is a useful method for early diagnosis of cancer. At present, most methods used to improve the cell capture efficiency are based on changing substrate surface properties. However, there are still some gaps between these methods and practical applications. Here, a method is presented for improving cell capture efficiency from a different perspective, that is, changing the properties of the cells. Concretely, the mechanical properties of the cell membrane are changed by adding Cytochalasin D to soften the cell membrane. Furthermore, a corresponding theoretical model is proposed to explain the experimental results. It is found that cell softening can reduce the resistance of cell adhesion, which makes the adhesion ability stronger. The high-efficiency capture of cells by softening the cell membrane provides a potential method to improve the detection performance of CTCs.