MiR-574-5p activates human TLR8 to promote autoimmune signaling and lupus.

Endosomal single-stranded RNA-sensing Toll-like receptor-7/8 (TLR7/8) plays a pivotal role in inflammation and immune responses and autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of the TLR7/8-mediated autoimmune signaling remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that miR-574-5p is aberrantly upregulated in tissues of lupus prone mice and in the plasma of lupus patients, with its expression levels correlating with the disease activity. miR-574-5p binds to and activates human hTLR8 or its murine ortholog mTlr7 to elicit a series of MyD88-dependent immune and inflammatory responses. These responses include the overproduction of cytokines and interferons, the activation of STAT1 signaling and B lymphocytes, and the production of autoantigens. In a transgenic mouse model, the induction of miR-574-5p overexpression is associated with increased secretion of antinuclear and anti-dsDNA antibodies, increased IgG and C3 deposit in the kidney, elevated expression of inflammatory genes in the spleen. In lupus-prone mice, lentivirus-mediated silencing of miR-574-5p significantly ameliorates major symptoms associated with lupus and lupus nephritis. Collectively, these results suggest that the miR-574-5p-hTLR8/mTlr7 signaling is an important axis of immune and inflammatory responses, contributing significantly to the development of lupus and lupus nephritis.

The draft genome of the Temminck's tragopan (Tragopan temminckii) with evolutionary implications.

BACKGROUND: High-quality genome data of birds play a significant role in the systematic study of their origin and adaptive evolution. The Temminck's tragopan (Tragopan temminckii) (Galliformes, Phasianidae), a larger pheasant, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus Tragopan, and was defined as class II of the list of national key protected wild animals in China. The absence of a sequenced genome has restricted previous evolutionary trait studies of this taxa. RESULTS: The whole genome of the Temminck's tragopan was sequenced using Illumina and PacBio platform, and then de novo assembled and annotated. The genome size was 1.06 Gb, with a contig N50 of 4.17 Mb. A total of 117.22 Mb (11.00%) repeat sequences were identified. 16,414 genes were predicted using three methods, with 16,099 (98.08%) annotated as functional genes based on five databases. In addition, comparative genome analyses were conducted across 12 Galliformes species. The results indicated that T. temminckii was the first species to branch off from the clade containing Lophura nycthemera, Phasianus colchicus, Chrysolophus pictus, Syrmaticus mikado, Perdix hodgsoniae, and Meleagris gallopavo, with a corresponding divergence time of 31.43 million years ago (MYA). Expanded gene families associated with immune response and energy metabolism were identified. Genes and pathways associated with plumage color and feather development, immune response, and energy metabolism were found in the list of positively selected genes (PSGs). CONCLUSIONS: A genome draft of the Temminck's tragopan was reported, genome feature and comparative genome analysis were described, and genes and pathways related to plumage color and feather development, immune response, and energy metabolism were identified. The genomic data of the Temminck's tragopan considerably contribute to the genome evolution and phylogeny of the genus Tragopan and the whole Galliformes species underlying ecological adaptation strategies.

An aspartic protease 47 causes quantitative recessive resistance to rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease and southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD) and southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (SRBSDVD) are the most destructive viral diseases in rice. Progress is limited in breeding due to lack of resistance resource and inadequate knowledge on the underlying functional gene. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS), linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay analyses, RNA-sequencing, and genome editing, we identified a highly RBSDVD-resistant variety and its first functional gene. A highly RBSDVD-resistant variety W44 was identified through extensive evaluation of a diverse international rice panel. Seventeen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified among which qRBSDV6-1 had the largest phenotypic effect. It was finely mapped to a 0.8-1.2 Mb region on chromosome 6, with 62 annotated genes. Analysis of the candidate genes underlying qRBSDV6-1 showed high expression of aspartic proteinase 47 (OsAP47) in a susceptible variety, W122, and a low resistance variety, W44. OsAP47 overexpressing lines exhibited significantly reduced resistance, while the knockout mutants exhibited significantly reduced SRBSDVD and RBSDVD severity. Furthermore, the resistant allele Hap1 of OsAP47 is almost exclusive to Indica, but rare in Japonica. Results suggest that OsAP47 knockout by editing is effective for improving RBSDVD and SRBSDVD resistance. This study provides genetic information for breeding resistant cultivars.

Golden 2-like transcription factor contributes to the major QTL against rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease.

KEY MESSAGE: A major resistance QTL was identified on chromosome 6 in rice variety Wuke; both overexpression and knockdown experiments confirmed that OsGLK1 is the candidate gene for association with Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease is one of the most destructive rice viral diseases in China and East Asia. Progress has been limited in RBSDVD resistance breeding due to inadequate knowledge on the underlying functional genes. In this study, a major QTL for RBSDV (rice black-streaked dwarf virus) independent of SBPH (small brown planthopper) resistance was mapped in a 1.8 Mb interval on chromosome 6 by using an F2:3 population originated from resistant rice variety Wuke. Representative transcripts within this region were analysed and three genes showing amino acid sequence variation in functional domains were selected for transformation. Overexpression experiments showed that one gene exhibited significant enhanced resistance compared to control lines, encoding protein involving Myb domain and probable transcription factor Golden 2-like1 (GLK1). Furthermore, OsGLK1 knockdown rice lines were investigated and the resistance ability was significantly declined without this gene compared to the wild type. Taken together, both overexpression and knockdown experiments strongly suggested that OsGLK1 plays an important role for RBSDV resistance and contributes to the major QTL. The study paves the way for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying RBSDVD resistance and the molecular markers associated with OsGLK1 may be used for marker-assisted selection.

Effects of inflammation on voriconazole levels: A systematic review.

AIMS: This study aimed to review the studies evaluating the effect of the inflammatory state on voriconazole (VRZ) levels. METHODS: The study included randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that focused on the influence of the inflammatory state on VRZ levels. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, relevant articles published until 2021 were searched in several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS: Twenty studies were included in this review, of which 15 described adult populations, three described paediatric populations, and two included both adult and paediatric populations. Seventeen studies used C-reactive protein (CRP) as an indicator of inflammation, six described a dose-response relationship for the effect of inflammation represented by CRP on VRZ concentrations, and four examined the effect of CRP on the metabolic rate of VRZ. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that the level of inflammation can significantly affect VRZ levels. However, the effect of inflammation on VRZ concentrations in children is controversial and must be analysed along with age. Clinicians dosing VRZ should take into account the patient's inflammatory state. The impact of inflammation on genotype-based dosing decisions requires further study to explain the high pharmacokinetic variability of VRZ.

Genome-wide analyses of the relict gull (Larus relictus): insights and evolutionary implications.

BACKGROUND: The relict gull (Larus relictus), was classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is a first-class national protected bird in China. Genomic resources for L. relictus are lacking, which limits the study of its evolution and its conservation. RESULTS: In this study, based on the Illumina and PacBio sequencing platforms, we successfully assembled the genome of L. relictus, one of the few known reference genomes in genus Larus. The size of the final assembled genome was 1.21 Gb, with a contig N50 of 8.11 Mb. A total of 18,454 genes were predicted from the assembly results, with 16,967 (91.94%) of these genes annotated. The genome contained 92.52 Mb of repeat sequence, accounting for 7.63% of the assembly. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 4902 single-copy orthologous genes, which showed L. relictus had closest relative of L. smithsonianus, with divergence time of 14.7 Mya estimated between of them. PSMC analyses indicated that L. relictus had been undergoing a long-term population decline during 0.01-0.1 Mya with a small effective population size fom 8800 to 2200 individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This genome will be a valuable genomic resource for a range of genomic and conservation studies of L. relictus and will help to establish a foundation for further studies investigating whether the breeding population is a complex population. As the species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, actions to protect L. relictus are suggested to alleviate the fragmentation of breeding populations.

Correlation between enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and high-performance liquid chromatography in the quantification of voriconazole in a paediatric population.

The enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a new method for determining the plasma concentration of voriconazole (VRZ). This study aimed to investigate the correlation between EMIT and high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet rays (HPLC/UV) in determining the plasma VRZ trough concentration in children, in China. A total of 419 blood samples were collected, and plasma VRZ concentrations were detected by the EMIT and HPLC methods. The results of 304 samples were analysed after excluding samples that were undetectable or beyond the quantification limit. A test result value of 0 was defined as undetectable, while concentrations outside the detection range (0.2 - 20.0 µg/ml for HPLC and 0.5 - 16.0 µg/ml for EMIT) were defined as beyond the quantification limit. Results from both methods were compared using the Passing Bablok regression, Bland-Altman plot analysis, and paired Wilcoxon test. The plasma VRZ concentrations determined by EMIT and HPLC showed a strong linear correlation through the linear regression equation YEMIT = 1.310 × HPLC +0.149 (R2 = 0.9082). The Bland-Altman plot analysis showed poor level consistency as measured by the two methods. The paired Wilcoxon-test showed a significant difference between the two methods (p < .0001). Compared to EMIT, HPLC accurately detected plasma VRZ concentration, making it suitable for VRZ therapeutic drug monitoring. The numerical values of the EMIT-measured levels were higher than those of HPLC, which may be related to VRZ metabolites interference and co-administrated drugs.

Evolutionary rates of and selective constraints on the mitochondrial genomes of Orthoptera insects with different wing types.

Orthoptera is the most diverse order of polyneopterans, and the forewing and hindwing of its members exhibit extremely variability from full length to complete loss in many groups; thus, this order provides a good model for studying the effects of insect flight ability on the evolutionary constraints on and evolutionary rate of the mitochondrial genome. Based on a data set of mitochondrial genomes from 171 species, including 43 newly determined, we reconstructed Orthoptera phylogenetic relationships and estimated the divergence times of this group. The results supported Caelifera and Ensifera as two monophyletic groups, and revealed that Orthoptera originated in the Carboniferous (298.997 Mya). The date of divergence between the suborders Caelifera and Ensifera was 255.705 Mya, in the late Permian. The major lineages of Acrididae seemed to have radiated in the Cenozoic, and the six patterns of rearrangement of 171 Orthoptera mitogenomes mostly occurred in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Based on phylogenetic relationships and ancestral state reconstruction, we analysed the evolutionary selection pressure on and evolutionary rate of mitochondrial protein-coding genes (mPCGs). The results indicated that during approximately 300 Mya of evolution, these genes experienced purifying selection to maintain their function. Flightless orthopteran insects accumulated more non-synonymous mutations than flying species and experienced more relaxed evolutionary constraints. The different wing types had different evolutionary rates, and the mean evolutionary rate of Orthoptera mitochondrial mPCGs was 13.554 × 10-9 subs/s/y. The differences in selection pressures and evolutionary rates observed between the mitochondrial genomes suggested that functional constraints due to locomotion play an important role in the evolution of mitochondrial DNA in orthopteran insects with different wing types.

Polydatin attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic mice through regulating the Cx32-Nox4 signaling pathway.

We previously found that polydatin could attenuate renal oxidative stress in diabetic mice and improve renal fibrosis. Recent evidence shows that NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to inflammatory and fibrotic processes in diabetic kidneys. In this study we investigated whether polydatin attenuated renal fibrosis by regulating Nox4 in vitro and in vivo. In high glucose-treated rat glomerular mesangial cells, polydatin significantly decreased the protein levels of Nox4 by promoting its K48-linked polyubiquitination, thus inhibited the production of ROS, and eventually decreasing the expression of fibronectin (FN) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the main factors that exacerbate diabetic renal fibrosis. Overexpression of Nox4 abolished the inhibitory effects of polydatin on FN and ICAM-1 expression. In addition, the expression of Connexin32 (Cx32) was significantly decreased, which was restored by polydatin treatment. Cx32 interacted with Nox4 and reduced its protein levels. Knockdown of Cx32 abolished the inhibitory effects of polydatin on the expression of FN and ICAM-1. In the kidneys of streptozocin-induced diabetic mice, administration of polydatin (100 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig, 6 days a week for 12 weeks) increased Cx32 expression and reduced Nox4 expression, decreased renal oxidative stress levels and the expression of fibrotic factors, eventually attenuating renal injury and fibrosis. In conclusion, polydatin promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of Nox4 by restoring Cx32 expression, thereby decreasing renal oxidative stress levels and ultimately ameliorating the pathological progress of diabetic renal fibrosis. Thus, polydatin reduces renal oxidative stress levels and attenuates diabetic renal fibrosis through regulating the Cx32-Nox4 signaling pathway.

The Complete Mitogenome of Falco amurensis (Falconiformes, Falconidae), and a Comparative Analysis of Genus Falco.

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Falco amurensis (Falconiformes, Falconidae). The F. amurensis mitogenome is 17,464 bp long, and contains 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and two non-coding regions (control region and pseudo-control region). Most PCGs initiate with ATG and terminate with TAA. atp8 exhibits the highest evolutionary rate, with cox1 showing the lowest. rrnS and rrnL contain three domains with 46 helices and six domains with 59 helices, respectively. All tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except that trnS(agy) lacks the dihydrouracil arm. The control region is located between trnT and trnP and the pseudo-control between trnE and trnF. Phylogenetic relationships of 23 species from Falconiformes were analyzed based on the nucleotide sequences of the 13 PCGs and two rRNAs. The results support Falco as a monophyletic taxon, and F. amurensis has a close relationship with the clade containing F. cherrug/F. rusticolus/F. peregrinus.

Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship of tits based on mitogenomes and nuclear segments.

The phylogeny of tits has been studied using various molecular markers, but their phylogenetic relationships remain controversial. To further investigate their taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships, the entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and five nuclear segments were sequenced from 10 species of tits and two outgroups (Sylviparus modestus and Remiz consobrinus), followed by the comparison of mitogenomic characteristics and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship based on the different datasets. The results revealed the following: the mitogenomes of 10 ingroup tits, each 16,758-16,799bp in length, displayed typical mitogenome organization and the gene order found in most previously determined Passeriformes mitogenomes; close relationships existed between Parus major and P. monticolus, between P. montanus and P. palustris, and between P. ater and P. venustulus; and Pseudopodoces humilis was a sister group to P. spilonotus, P. cyanus, or the clade containing P. major and P. monticolus.

The Expression Profile of Complement Components in Podocytes.

Podocytes are critical for maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier and are injured in many renal diseases, especially proteinuric kidney diseases. Recently, reports suggested that podocytes are among the renal cells that synthesize complement components that mediate glomerular diseases. Nevertheless, the profile and extent of complement component expression in podocytes remain unclear. This study examined the expression profile of complement in podocytes under physiological conditions and in abnormal podocytes induced by multiple stimuli. In total, 23/32 complement component components were detected in podocyte by conventional RT-PCR. Both primary cultured podocytes and immortalized podocytes expressed the complement factors C1q, C1r, C2, C3, C7, MASP, CFI, DAF, CD59, C4bp, CD46, Protein S, CR2, C1qR, C3aR, C5aR, and Crry (17/32), whereas C4, CFB, CFD, C5, C6, C8, C9, MBL1, and MBL2 (9/32) complement factors were not expressed. C3, Crry, and C1q-binding protein were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Podocyte complement gene expression was affected by several factors (puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), angiotensin II (Ang II), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)). Representative complement components were detected using fluorescence confocal microscopy. In conclusion, primary podocytes express various complement components at the mRNA and protein levels. The complement gene expressions were affected by several podocyte injury factors.

Comparative mitochondrial genomics and phylogenetic relationships of the Crossoptilon species (Phasianidae, Galliformes).

BACKGROUND: Phasianidae is a family of Galliformes containing 38 genera and approximately 138 species, which is grouped into two tribes based on their morphological features, the Pheasants and Partridges. Several studies have attempted to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Phasianidae, but many questions still remain unaddressed, such as the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among Crossoptilon species. The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used to infer avian genetic diversification with reasonable resolution. Here, we sequenced the entire mitogenomes of three Crossoptilon species (C. harmani, C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon) to investigate their evolutionary relationship among Crossoptilon species. RESULTS: The complete mitogenomes of C. harmani, C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon are 16682 bp, 16690 bp and 16680 bp in length, respectively, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a putative control region. C. auritum and C. mantchuricum are more closely related genetically, whereas C. harmani is more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Crossoptilon has a closer relationship with Lophura, and the following phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed: ((Crossoptilon + Lophura) + (Phasianus + Chrysolophus)). The divergence time between the clades C. harmani-C. crossoptilon and C. mantchuricum-C. auritum is consistent with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Tertiary Pliocene. The Ka/Ks analysis showed that atp8 gene in the Crossoptilon likely experienced a strong selective pressure in adaptation to the plateau environment. CONCLUSIONS: C. auritum with C. mantchuricum and C. harmani with C. crossoptilon form two pairs of sister groups. The genetic distance between C. harmani and C. crossoptilon is far less than the interspecific distance and is close to the intraspecific distance of Crossoptilon, indicating that C. harmani is much more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Our mito-phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of Crossoptilon and its closer relationship with Lophura. The uplift of Tibetan Plateau is suggested to impact the divergence between C. harmani-C. crossoptilon clade and C. mantchuricum-C. auritum clade during the Tertiary Pliocene. Atp8 gene in the Crossoptilon species might have experienced a strong selective pressure for adaptation to the plateau environment.

The role of survivin in podocyte injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside.

OBJECTIVE: Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which uniquely promotes mitosis and regulates apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that survivin also expresses in several normal adult cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of survivin in the terminally differentiated epithelial cells, podocytes. METHODS: Survivin expression and location were detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR, western blot and fluorescence confocal microscopy methods in normal and injured mouse podocytes. Cyto-protection function of survivin was also studied in cultured podocyte injured by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), transfected with survivin siRNA to down-regulate survivin expression, or with survivin plasmid to transiently over-express survivin. RESULTS: In podocytes, PAN stimulated expressions of survivin and the apoptosis related molecule caspase 3. Knockdown of survivin expression by siRNA increased the activation of caspase 3, induced podocyte apoptosis and remarkable rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, over-expression of survivin inhibited PAN-induced podocyte apoptosis and cytoskeleton rearrangement. CONCLUSION: Our data provides the evidence that survivin plays an important role in protecting podocytes from apoptosis induced by PAN. The mechanism of survivin related anti-apoptosis may, at least partially, be through the activation of caspase 3.

[Comparative and phylogenomic analyses on mitochondrial genomes of Arborophila species].

Arborophila ardens, an endangered species, has a strict habitat preference and sparse population. In order to further study evolution and phylogenetic relationship of Arborophila, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. ardens was obtained by Illumina Hiseq2000 high-throughput sequencing. The comparative genomic analyses were made among four Arborophila species, and phylogenetic relationship of Arborophila was discussed. The results revealed that: (1) the complete mitogenome of A. ardens is 16 730 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and a control region (CR); (2) Arborophila species were affected by purifying selection, and more nonsynonymous substitutions were accumulated in the process of evolution; (3) Arborophila was at the basal position of Phasianidae within the phylogenetic tree, and A. gingica was placed as sister to A. rufogularis, while A. ardens formed the basal position of Arborophila, which indicated a distant genetic relationship with other three species.

Selexipag for the Treatment of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the safety, dosing regimen, and efficacy of selexipag for pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS: A literature search of the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was performed from inception through February 28, 2023. Two reviewers independently searched and evaluated the quality of the studies and pooled data when appropriate. Full-text articles of studies of children diagnosed with PH and treated with selexipag were eligible. Pediatric patients with PH were classified into 2 groups: the add-on therapy group, in which selexipag was used as a third therapy in addition to the baseline treatment, and the transition therapy group, in which patients were switched from parenteral prostacyclin analogs to selexipag. FINDINGS: Fourteen studies involving 58 pediatric patients with PH were included. All studies were either case reports or case series. Overall, 30 and 28 patients were in the add-on and transition therapy groups, respectively. In both groups, selexipag was initially administered as 50-200 µg twice daily and titrated to a tolerated dosage of 200-1,600 µg twice daily. Prostacyclin analogs were simultaneously weaned for patients in the transition group. In the add-on therapy group, 16 patients (80.0%) were at low risk of the World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC I/II), 12 (76.9%) were at low risk of the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD; >350 m), and 21 (95.5%) were at low risk of the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRi; <20 WU/m2). Furthermore, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly improved. More than 70% of patients experienced common tolerable side effects, such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea. In the transition therapy group, 5 patients (55.6%) were at low risk according to WHO FC I/II, 6 (66.7%) were at low risk according to 6MWD, and 14 (87.5) were at low risk according to PVRi; however, selexipag had no significant effect on their hemodynamic parameters. Additionally, more than 80% of patients experienced no side effects. IMPLICATIONS: Selexipag as add-on therapy or for transition from prostacyclin analogs may have a favorable safety profile and potential efficacy for pediatric patients with PH. Further high-quality evidence of the efficacy and safety of selexipag for the treatment of pediatric PH is warranted.

Role of Clinical Features, Pathogenic and Etiological Characteristics of Community-acquired Pneumonia with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Early Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the etiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) combined with type 2 diabetes (T2D), providing a reference for early clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. METHODS: We selected a total of 93 patients with CAP and analyzed their metagenomics nextgeneration sequencing (mNGS) data. The case group comprised 46 patients with combined CAP/T2D, and the control group comprised 47 patients without diabetes. We analyzed the pathogenic findings of the two groups. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in age between the two groups (P = 0.001). Leukocytes (P = 0.012), blood platelets (P = 0.034), fibrinogen (P = 0.037), D-dimer (P = 0.000), calcitonin ogen (P = 0.015), ultrasensitive C-reactive protein or C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.000), serum amyloid A (P = 0.000), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.003) were higher in the case group than in the control group. Albumin was lower in the case group than in the control group. All differences were statistically significant. The infection rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (P = 0.030), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P = 0.043), and Candida albicans (P = 0.032) were significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with those without diabetes, the infection rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were higher in patients with combined CAP/T2D.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis for dose regimen optimization of vancomycin in Southern Chinese children.

Changes in physiological factors may result in large pharmacokinetic variability of vancomycin in pediatric patients, thereby leading to either supratherapeutic or subtherapeutic exposure and potentially affecting clinical outcomes. This study set out to characterize the disposition of vancomycin, quantify the exposure target and establish an optimal dosage regimen among the Southern Chinese pediatric population. Routine therapeutic drug monitoring data of 453 patients were available. We performed a retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis of hospitalized children prescribed intravenous vancomycin using NONMEM® software. A one-compartment PPK model of vancomycin with body weight and renal functions as covariates based on a cutoff of 2 years old children was proposed in this study. Both internal and external validation showing acceptable and robust predictive performance of the model to estimate PK parameters. The value of area under the curve over 24 h to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (AUC0-24/MIC) ≥ 260 was a significant predictor for therapeutic efficacy. Monte Carlo simulations served as a model-informed precision dosing approach and suggested that different optimal dose regimens in various scenarios should be considered rather than flat dosing. The evaluation of vancomycin exposure-efficacy relationship indicated that lower target level of AUC0-24/MIC may be needed to achieve clinical effectiveness in children, which was used to derive the recommended dosing regimen. Further prospective studies will be needed to corroborate and elucidate these results.

Interactions of oleanane pentacyclic triterpenoids with human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3.

Oleanane pentacyclic triterpenoids have been widely used in clinical practice. However, studies on their interactions with hepatic transporters remain limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the inhibitory effects of 14 oleanane pentacyclic triterpenoids on organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3), two liver-specific uptake transporters. Through fluorescence-based cellular uptake assays, we identified three potent OATP1B1 inhibitors (saikosaponin B1, saikosaponin A and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid) and five potent OATP1B3 inhibitors (echinocystic acid, 3-oxo-16α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28ß-oic acid, chikusetsu saponin IVa, saikosaponin B1 and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid). Structural analysis revealed that free oleanane triterpenoids inhibited OATP1B1/1B3 more potently than triterpene glycosides. Despite their similar structures, 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited much stronger inhibition on OATP1B1/1B3 than 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, while both were substrates of OATP1B3. Interestingly, OATP1B3 overexpression significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HepG2 cells after treatment with 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid. To conclude, this study highlights the potential interactions of oleanane pentacyclic triterpenoids with OATP1B1/1B3, and provides novel insights into the anti-cancer activity of 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid.

Genomic evolution of island birds from the view of the Swinhoe's pheasant (Lophura swinhoii).

Island endemic birds account for the majority of extinct vertebrates in the past few centuries. To date, the evolutionary characteristics of island endemic bird's is poorly known. In this research, we de novo assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for the Swinhoe's pheasant, which is a typical endemic island bird. Results of collinearity tests suggest rapid ancient chromosome rearrangement that may have contributed to the initial species radiation within Phasianidae, and a role for the insertions of CR1 transposable elements in rearranging chromosomes in Phasianidae. During the evolution of the Swinhoe's pheasant, natural selection positively selected genes involved in fecundity and body size functions, at both the species and population levels, which reflect genetic variation associated with island adaptation. We further tested for variation in population genomic traits between the Swinhoe's pheasant and its phylogenetically closely related mainland relative the silver pheasant, and found higher levels of genetic drift and inbreeding in the Swinhoe's pheasant genome. Divergent demographic histories of insular and mainland bird species during the last glacial period may reflect the differing impact of insular and continental climates on the evolution of species. Our research interprets the natural history and population genetic characteristics of the insular endemic bird the Swinhoe's pheasant, at a genome-wide scale, provides a broader perspective on insular speciation, and adaptive evolution and contributes to the genetic conservation of island endemic birds.