Genome-wide identification and structural analysis of the BMP gene family in Triplophysa dalaica.

BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are part of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) superfamily and play crucial roles in bone development, as well as in the formation and maintenance of various organs. Triplophysa dalaica, a small loach fish that primarily inhabits relatively high elevations and cooler water bodies, was the focus of this study. Understanding the function of BMP genes during the morphogenesis of T. dalaica helps to clarify the mechanisms of its evolution and serves as a reference for the study of BMP genes in other bony fishes. The data for the T. dalaica transcriptome and genome used in this investigation were derived from the outcomes of our laboratory sequencing. RESULTS: This study identified a total of 26 BMP genes, all of which, except for BMP1, possess similar TGF-ß structural domains. We conducted an analysis of these 26 BMP genes, examining their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, phylogenetic relationships, covariance within and among species, chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motifs, conserved structural domains, and expression patterns. Our findings indicated that three BMP genes were associated with unstable proteins, while 11 BMP genes were located within the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, some BMP genes were duplicated, with the majority being enriched in the GO:0008083 pathway, which is related to growth factor activity. It was hypothesized that genes within the BMP1/3/11/15 subgroup (Group I) play a significant role in the growth and development of T. dalaica. By analyzing the expression patterns of proteins in nine tissues (gonad, kidney, gill, spleen, brain, liver, fin, heart, and muscle), we found that BMP genes play diverse regulatory roles during different stages of growth and development and exhibit characteristics of division of labor. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of BMP gene family member expression patterns in high-altitude, high-salinity environments and provides valuable insights for future research on the BMP gene family in bony fishes.

IL-17 signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target for reducing skeletal muscle inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway is intricately linked with immunity and inflammation; however, the association between the IL-17 signaling pathway and skeletal muscle inflammation remains poorly understood. The study aims to investigate the role of the IL-17 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle inflammation and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-17 antibodies in reducing muscle inflammation. METHODS: A skeletal muscle inflammation model was induced by cardiotoxin (CTX) injection in C57BL6/J mice. Following treatment with an anti-IL-17 antibody, we conducted a comprehensive analysis integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bioinformatics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and Western blot techniques to elucidate underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: scRNA-seq analysis revealed a significant increase in neutrophil numbers and activity in inflamed skeletal muscle compared to other cell types, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, fast muscle cells, fibroblasts, and skeletal muscle satellite cells. The top 30 differentially expressed genes within neutrophils, along with 55 chemokines, were predominantly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Moreover, the IL-17 signaling pathway exhibited heightened expression in inflamed skeletal muscle, particularly within neutrophils. Treatment with anti-IL-17 antibody resulted in the suppression of IL-17 signaling pathway expression, accompanied by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as decreased numbers and activity of Ly6g+/Mpo+ neutrophils compared to CTX-induced skeletal muscle inflammation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the IL-17 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in promoting inflammation within skeletal muscle. Targeting this pathway may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for ameliorating the inflammatory micro-environment and reducing cytokine production.

Exploring flatfeet morphology in children aged 6-12 years: relationships with body mass and body height through footprints and three-dimensional measurements.

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between flatfoot morphology and body mass and height in children aged 6-12 years. A total of 6471 Chinese children (mean age 9.0 ± 1.9 years, 41% female) were assessed for foot morphometry, body height, and body mass index. Foot morphology, including foot length, width, girth, arch height, hallux valgus angle, and rearfoot valgus angle, was measured using a 3D laser scanner. Flatfoot evaluations were conducted using the Sztriter-Godunov index (KY) from footprints. All measurements were analyzed by age and sex using the mean values of the left and right sides. Comparisons were performed between flatfoot groups, between body mass index (BMI) groups, and between body height groups. The study revealed a significant decrease in the incidence of bipedal flatfoot with age (p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of obesity remained consistent (p > 0.05). Bipedal flatfoot was associated with distinct morphological changes, including lower arches, reduced instep height, diminished ankle heights and a greater rearfoot valgus angle (p < 0.05). When comparing the BMI groups, overweight children had larger and thicker feet (p < 0.05), but no differences were found in arch height and ankle height (p > 0.05). When comparing the body height groups, short-statured children had a shorter feet girth, shorter arches, and shorter ankle height (p < 0.05), but no differences were found in the rearfoot valgus angle (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The main characteristics of flat feet include lower arches and instep heights and ankle heights but higher rearfoot valgus angles. In general, overweight children's feet do not have the common features of flat feet. In contrast, short children had similar features of flatfoot except for rearfoot valgus. Assessment of posture, such as rearfoot valgus, can be critical in identifying children with flat feet. WHAT IS KNOWN: • The morphology of children's feet is associated with body growth, but the relationship between flatfeet and body mass and height remains controversial. WHAT IS NEW: • Three-dimensional foot measurement shows that body mass is generally not associated with flatfeet, while short children have lower arches but no rearfoot valgus.

Osthole accelerates osteoporotic fracture healing by inducing the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling of BMSCs via the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Osthole, a natural coumarin derivative, has been shown to have multiple pharmacological activities. However, its effect on osteoporotic fracture has not yet been examined. This research was designed to explore the unknown role and potential mechanism of osthole on osteoporotic fracture healing. We first evaluated the osteogenic and angiogenic abilities of osthole. Then angiogenesis-related assays were conducted to investigate the relationship between osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and further explore its molecular mechanism. After that, we established osteoporotic fracture model in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats and treated the rats with osthole or placebo. Radiography, histomorphometry, histology, and sequential fluorescent labeling were used to evaluate the effect of osthole on osteoporotic fracture healing. In vitro research revealed that osthole promoted osteogenesis and up-regulated the expression of angiogenic-related markers. Further research found that osthole couldn't facilitate the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a direct manner, but it possessed the ability to induce the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Mechanistically, this was conducted through activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Subsequently, using ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis tibia fracture rat model, we observed that osthole facilitated bone formation and CD31hiEMCNhi type H-positive capillary formation. Sequential fluorescent labeling confirmed that osthole could effectively accelerate bone formation in the fractured region. The data above indicated that osthole could accelerate osteoporotic fracture healing by inducing the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling of BMSCs via the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which implied that osthole may be a potential drug for treating osteoporosis fracture.

Gene Regulatory Network Controlling Flower Development in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious, diploid, wind-pollinated crop cultivated worldwide. Sex determination plays an important role in spinach breeding. Hence, this study aimed to understand the differences in sexual differentiation and floral organ development of dioecious flowers, as well as the differences in the regulatory mechanisms of floral organ development of dioecious and monoecious flowers. We compared transcriptional-level differences between different genders and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to spinach floral development, as well as sex-biased genes to investigate the flower development mechanisms in spinach. In this study, 9189 DEGs were identified among the different genders. DEG analysis showed the participation of four main transcription factor families, MIKC_MADS, MYB, NAC, and bHLH, in spinach flower development. In our key findings, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) signal transduction pathways play major roles in male flower development, while auxin regulates both male and female flower development. By constructing a gene regulatory network (GRN) for floral organ development, core transcription factors (TFs) controlling organ initiation and growth were discovered. This analysis of the development of female, male, and monoecious flowers in spinach provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of floral organ development and sexual differentiation in dioecious and monoecious plants in spinach.

Effects of manipulations of oblique pulling on the biomechanics of the sacroiliac joint: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: There are many reports on the treatment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction by manipulation of oblique pulling (MOP). However, the specific mechanism of MOP on the sacroiliac joint remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MOP on the biomechanics of the sacroiliac joint and the effect of the anterior sacroiliac ligament on the stability of the sacroiliac joint. METHODS: First, MOP-F1 (F: force) and MOP-F2 were applied to nine cadaveric pelvises. Then, segmental resection of the anterior sacroiliac ligament was performed. The range of motion of the sacroiliac joint was observed in all procedures. RESULTS: Under MOP-F1 and F2, the average total angles were 0.84° ± 0.59° and 1.52° ± 0.83°, and the displacements were 0.61 ± 0.21 mm and 0.98 ± 0.39 mm, respectively. Compared with MOP-F1, MOP-F2 caused greater rotation angles and displacements of the sacroiliac joint (p = 0.00 and p = 0.01, respectively). In addition, the rotation angles and displacements of the sacroiliac joint significantly increased after complete resection of the anterior sacroiliac ligament (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The increase was mainly due to the transection of the upper part of the anterior sacroiliac ligament. CONCLUSIONS: MOP-F2 caused greater rotation angles and displacements of the sacroiliac joint and was a more effective manipulation. The anterior sacroiliac ligament played an important role in maintaining the stability of the sacroiliac joint; the upper part of the anterior sacroiliac ligament contributed more to the stability of the joint than the lower part.

An unusual manifestation of asymmetric polydactyly of both feet and symmetrical polydactyly of both hands.

In the routine treatment at the hospital, it was observed that a 31-year-old Asian woman developed foot pain after work, with clinical manifestations including local tenderness, abrasion, and a rare case of polydactyly with bilateral foot asymmetry. In addition, we also found that the patient had two-handed symmetric polydactyly. According to our observations, there seem to be few similar cases reported in the past of a two-handed symmetric polydactyly combined with a feet asymmetry polydactyly in the same person, so this is a relatively rare reported case of polydactyly. This paper aims to present detailed case report and discuss related diseases in a morphological and clinical study.

Correlation-based view registration for 3D tomography.

This study reports a new, to the best of our knowledge, view registration method that can achieve high-quality tomographic reconstruction in spite of a large view registration (VR) error. The correlation-based view registration (CBVR) method is a directional orientation modification method based on the cross-correlation between measured projections and ray-tracings generated from the reconstruction, which can reduce the gross VR error to moderate levels by iterations. In the CBVR method, a traditional multi-camera VR process is first performed, based on the sensitivity of the projections to the VR error, and are evaluated and quantified for all cameras. Afterward, the orientation of each camera is iteratively updated based on the cross-correlation of the measured projections and the ray-tracings generated from the reconstruction calculated through all other cameras. The CBVR is consecutively validated by numerical and experimental studies. Through a numerical study on a controlled phantom introduced with 2% Gaussian noise, the CBVR method is proved to be able to reduce the large VR error (up to 4.8°) to 0.2° as well as to reduce the reconstruction error to ∼6.7% in 12 rounds of iterations, which is very close to that obtained without any VR error (6% caused by Gaussian noise only). The CBVR method is then demonstrated and validated by reconstructing a two-branch laminar flame. By implementing the method, the initial projection orientations are optimized from traditional multi-camera VR results within a range of ±3∘, leading to effectively improved tomographic reconstruction of flame chemiluminescence distribution.

Effects of Cervical Rotatory Manipulation on Hemodynamics and Plaque Stability of Atherosclerotic Internal Carotid Artery in Rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical rotatory manipulation (CRM) on hemodynamics and plaque stability of atherosclerotic internal carotid artery (ICA) in rabbits. METHODS: Forty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) internal carotid atherosclerosis (ICAS) rabbits treated with CRM (ICAS-CRM group); (2) ICAS rabbits treated without CRM (ICAS group), (3) Normal-CRM group (normal rabbits treated with CRM), and (4) blank control group. In the ICAS-CRM group and ICAS group, the ICAS model was induced by ICA balloon injury combined with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. CRM was applied to rabbits in the ICAS-CRM and the Normal-CRM groups. During the study, an ultrasonography examination was performed for detecting plaque and hemodynamics on the ICAs. At the end of the study, all atherosclerotic ICAs were removed for histological and immunohistochemical detection. RESULTS: The hemodynamics (especially end-diastolic velocity, resistance index, and pulsatility index) through the ICAs were adversely affected by atherosclerosis while not adversely affected by CRM. Compared with the ICAS group, the micro-vessel density and average integrated optical densities of macrophages in the ICAS-CRM group were significantly increased. Compared to the ICAS group, in the ICAS-CRM group, the atherosclerosis was more serious, and the tunica intima was more unstable. CONCLUSIONS: Although CRM did not affect the hemodynamic index of ICA, it was observed to decrease the stability of severe ICAS plaques in rabbits, which may increase the plaque vulnerability.

Morphological types and localization patterns of pterion in the skulls of adults from southeastern China.

PURPOSE: To study the morphological types and relative location of the pterion and its precise relationship with the middle meningeal artery (MMA) in the skulls of adults from southeastern China. METHODS: Dry skulls (n = 250) of adults were obtained from a university specimen bank and analyzed. The morphological types of the pterions were observed. The distances from the center of the external pterion (Pec) to the relevant intracranial and extracranial marker points were measured using a digital vernier caliper. The anterior, middle, and posterior end points of the external pterion were drilled perpendicular to the bone surface. The precise relationships of the external pterion with the internal pterion and the groove of the frontal branch of the MMA were observed and measured after sawing the skull. RESULTS: The morphological types of the pterion in the skulls of adults from southeastern China were sphenoparietal suture (SP) (85%), epipteric (12.4%), frontotemporal suture (1.4%), and stellate (1.2%) types. The mean widths of the external and internal pterions were R, 10.68 ± 4.22 mm; L, 11.13 ± 4.40 mm and R, 14.66 ± 4.04 mm; L, 14.14 ± 4.29 mm, respectively, and the width of the internal pterion was slightly longer than that of the external (P < 0.05). No significant difference in pterion width was found between the genders or sides of the skull (both P > 0.05). The distances from the Pec to the posterolateral aspect of the frontozygomatic suture, zygomatic process of the frontal bone, midpoint of the zygomatic arch, and external acoustic meatus were 29.95 ± 3.75 mm, 34.88 ± 4.08 mm, 40.86 ± 3.59 mm, and 53.79 ± 3.82 mm, respectively. These distances were slightly longer on the right side of the skull than on the left side (P < 0.01) and longer in men than in women (P < 0.01). The distances from the Pec to the frontal crest, optic canal, and anterior clinoid process were 62.79 ± 1.15 mm, 45.39 ± 2.48 mm, and 45.47 ± 2.05 mm, respectively. The external and internal pterions were not on the same level, and all the internal pterions were located below the external ones. In the vast majority of the skulls, the groove of the frontal branch of the MMA passed through the posterior end of the external pterion (Pep) or the area between the Pec and Pep. CONCLUSION: The morphology of the pterion in the skulls of adults from southeastern China is predominantly of the SP type, mostly symmetrically distributed. The distance from the pterion to the extracranially relevant marker points differs among the ethnic groups, between the genders, and between the sides of the skull. All the internal pterions are located below the external ones. Most of the frontal branch of the MMA is located below the mid-posterior segment of the lateral pterion. The characterization of the morphology, the relative position of the pterion and the precise relationship of this structure with the MMA in the skulls of adults from southeastern China may provide an anatomical basis for teaching and clinical practices.

A study of 285 cases of cranial vault suture closure in Chinese adults.

PURPOSE: To examine the presence and characteristics of cranial vault suture closure in Chinese adults and to explore whether craniosacral therapy (CST) manipulation is rational from the anatomical perspective. METHODS: Anthropological non-metric observation and craniometry were used to study 285 dry skull specimens of Chinese adults. RESULTS: A total of 91 specimens with closed extracranial sutures were observed, with an occurrence rate of 31.93%. Based on the mode of closure, there were 32 cases of single type closure, with sagittal suture closure predominating with 20 cases (21.98%); 59 cases of composite closure, with a partial closure of coronal suture + sagittal suture + lambdoid suture predominating with 26 cases (28.57%). In terms of the degree of closure, there were 13 cases (14.28%) of sagittal suture grade 0 closure and 78 cases (85.72%) of grade 1 - 4 closure; 34 cases (37.36%) of coronal suture grade 0 closure and 57 cases (62.64%) of grade 1 - 4 closure; 47 cases (51.65%) of lambdoid suture grade 0 closure and 44 cases (48.35%) of grade 1 - 4 closure. The segment and degree of coronal suture closure (46, 80.7%) and lambdoid suture (31, 70.45%) were mostly left-right symmetrical. The bone surfaces on either side of the cranial vault sutures are embedded in each other, forming a rough, complex and interlocking bone-suture-bone structure. CONCLUSION: This study observed the closure of the cranial vault suture, summarized its characteristics, and explored the irrationality of the CST manipulation. The anatomical characteristics of the cranial suture dictate that manipulation cannot push the cranial suture at will.

A case of musculi peronaeus tertius anatomic variation.

In the routine dissections study for medical postgraduates, a rare anatomical variation between the right leg and the ankle was observed on the Asian male cadaver. The peronaeus tertius muscle in this cadaver's right leg divided into two tendons: the first tendon was attached to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, and the second tendon was inserted into the base of the fourth metatarsal bone. The purpose of this paper is to provide detailed anatomical case reports, and to discuss the possible causes and mechanisms of the variation by reviewing relevant literature, so as to provide some reference for future anatomical and clinical related disease research.

A finite element analysis of sacroiliac joint displacements and ligament strains in response to three manipulations.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have found that manipulations have a good clinical effect on sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain without specific causes. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the effect of manipulations are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three common manipulations on the stresses and displacements of the normal SIJ and the strains of the surrounding ligaments. METHODS: A three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvis-femur was developed. The manipulations of hip and knee flexion (MHKF), oblique pulling (MOP), and lower limb hyperextension (MLLH) were simulated. The stresses and displacements of the SIJ and the strains of the surrounding ligaments were analyzed during the three manipulations. RESULTS: MOP produced the highest stress on the left SIJ, at 6.6 MPa, while MHKF produced the lowest stress on the right SIJ, at 1.5 MPa. The displacements of the SIJ were all less than 1 mm during the three manipulations. The three manipulations caused different degrees of ligament strain around the SIJ, and MOP produced the greatest straining of the ligaments. CONCLUSION: The three manipulations all produced small displacements of the SIJ and different degrees of ligament strains, which might be the mechanism through which they relieve SIJ pain. MOP produced the largest displacement and the greatest ligament strains.

LeafScope: A Portable High-Resolution Multispectral Imager for In Vivo Imaging Soybean Leaf.

Portable devices for measuring plant physiological features with their isolated measuring chamber are playing an increasingly important role in plant phenotyping. However, currently available commercial devices of this type, such as soil plant analysis development (SPAD) meter and spectrometer, are dot meters that only measure a small region of the leaf, which does not perfectly represent the highly varied leaf surface. This study developed a portable and high-resolution multispectral imager (named LeafScope) to in-vivo image a whole leaf of dicotyledon plants while blocking the ambient light. The hardware system is comprised of a monochrome camera, an imaging chamber, a lightbox with different bands of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) array, and a microcontroller. During measuring, the device presses the leaf to lay it flat in the imaging chamber and acquires multiple images while alternating the LED bands within seconds in a certain order. The results of an experiment with soybean plants clearly showed the effect of nitrogen and water treatments as well as the genotype differences by the color and morphological features from image processing. We conclude that the low cost and easy to use LeafScope can provide promising imaging quality for dicotyledon plants, so it has great potential to be used in plant phenotyping.

Effects of Cervical Rotation Angle on Atherosclerotic Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow: A Safety Study Using an Animal Model of Internal Carotid Atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the cervical rotation angle (CRA) on atherosclerotic internal carotid artery blood flow (ICA-BF) in an animal model. METHODS: Thirty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Twenty of the 30 rabbits were chosen randomly to be the model rabbits, and the remaining 10 were chosen to be the normal rabbits. The model rabbits' left ICAs were treated by atherosclerosis modeling. The left ICAs of the model rabbits with atherosclerotic stenosis were chosen as the experimental group, and the right ICAs of the model rabbits without atherosclerotic stenosis were chosen as the control group. The left ICAs of the normal rabbits were chosen as the blank group. Using color duplex ultrasound, ICA-BF was measured in the artery contralateral to the direction of rotation in the positions of neutral (Pre-0°), 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, and subsequent neutral (Post-0°). RESULTS: Statistically significant decreases were seen in ICA-BF after cervical spine rotation (from Pre-0° to 90°) in the control group only (P < .05). All the values of end-diastolic velocity in the experimental group were lower than those in the blank group at the same CRAs. The resistance index and pulsatility index of the experimental group were higher than those of the blank group except at 45° rotation. CONCLUSION: In our animal model, in the rabbits with hyperlipidemia but without atherosclerotic stenosis, CRA had the greatest impact on ICA-BF. Furthermore, at some of the same CRAs (especially neutral, 30°, and 60°), there were statistical differences in ICA-BF among the 3 groups.

Morphological Characteristics of the Spinous Process of Axis: Clinical Implications for Cervical Spine Manipulation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osseous variation of the axis spinous process as it may relate to palpation by clinicians. METHODS: Morphologies of the bifid spinous process in the intact dry axis of 121 Chinese adult were investigated and classified. The angular deflection of the spinous processes, the bifid spinous processes (the bifid portions of the spinous processes), and the length of the bifid spinous processes were observed and measured. RESULTS: The bifid spinous process morphologies were classified into 4 types: inverted-V shape (n = 49), inverted-U shape (n = 50), M shape (n = 18), and nonbifid spinous processes (n = 4). The direction of the spinous processes and bifid spinous processes were consistent because they depended on each other's direction of deviation. When the correlation between angular deflection of spinous processes and bifid spinous processes was analyzed, the right deviations of spinous process specimens (29 cases) showed that angular deflections of spinous processes were equal to bifid spinous processes and there was no statistically significant difference seen between them (t = 0.286, P > .05), whereas in the left deviations of spinous process specimens (49 cases), the angular deflection of spinous processes were not equal in length, but bigger than the bifid spinous processes, which was statistically significant (t = -3.079, P = .003 < .05). CONCLUSION: The anatomical structure of the spinous processes and the bifid spinous processes vary from one another, but they exhibit some regularity. In clinical spinal manipulation practice, the anatomical characteristic of the axis should be taken into account during cervical static palpation, diagnostic imaging, and treatment.

Proprioceptive Changes in Bilateral Knee Joints Following Unilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Cynomolgus Monkeys.

BACKGROUND The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most important structures maintaining stability of knee joints, and the proprioception of the ACL plays a key role in it. If the ACL is injured in the unilateral knee joint, it changes nerve electrophysiology, morphology, and quantity of the proprioceptors in the bilateral ACL. The aim of this study was to explore the proprioceptive changes in the bilateral knee joints following unilateral ACL injury, and to provide a theoretical foundation and ideas for clinical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine normal cynomolgus monkeys were chosen and used to developed a model of unilateral ACL injury, and 3 monkeys without modeling were used as blank control. At the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks, the changes in ACL nerves were inspected using electrophysiology [somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV)], and the changes of morphology and quantity of the proprioceptors in ACL were observed and measured under gold chloride staining. RESULTS On the injured and contralateral knee joints, the incubations were extended and the amplitudes were decreased over time. In addition, with the extension of time, the total number of proprioceptors in the ACL decreased, and the variable number of proprioceptors in the ACL increased. CONCLUSIONS ACL injury leads to attenuation of proprioception on the injured side, and also leads to the attenuation of proprioception on the contralateral side, and there is a tendency could get worse over time.

Uniaxial Tensile Properties of Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery After Mobilization of Pushing on Qiao-Gong: A Safety Study Using an Animal Model of Carotid Atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to preliminarily explore the effects of the soft tissue mobilization of pushing on Qiao-Gong (MPQ) on biomechanical properties of the carotid artery using an animal model of carotid atherosclerosis (CAS). METHODS: Fifty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: animals with CAS treated with MPQ (CAS-MPQ [n = 15]); animals with CAS treated without MPQ (CAS [n = 15]); normal animals treated with MPQ (normal-MPQ [n = 10]); and a blank control group (n = 10). The MPQ procedure consisted of soft tissue mobilization of the Qiao-Gong acupoint on the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle applied from top to bottom, by flat pushing with the thumb repeatedly for 20 times. Disease in the CAS models was induced by carotid artery balloon injury combined with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. At the end of modeling, carotid color Doppler ultrasonography examination was performed to confirm which animal models were successfully induced with CAS, excluding model rabbits without typical CAS at the same time. Then, MPQ was applied on rabbits in the CAS-MPQ and the normal-MPQ groups for 3 weeks. By contrast, rabbits in the other 2 groups were fed normally without MPQ. Uniaxial failure tests were later performed on carotid arteries in all 4 groups, and at the end of the study, a 2-way factorial analysis of variance of the results was conducted. RESULTS: (1) At the end of modeling, 10 rabbits in the CAS-MPQ group and 9 in the CAS group were included with typical carotid atherosclerotic characteristics. (2) Young's elastic modulus of the rabbit carotid artery increased more significantly in the CAS-MPQ group than the CAS group. (3) Compared with normal rabbit carotid arteries, atherosclerotic carotid arteries had lower levels of ultimate stress and ultimate strain but higher levels of ultimate load. CONCLUSIONS: The uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of the rabbit atherosclerotic carotid artery were impaired after MPQ.

A Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution and Disk Displacement in Response to Lumbar Rotation Manipulation in the Sitting and Side-Lying Positions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate stress distribution and disk displacement in healthy and degenerated intervertebral disks during simulated lumbar rotation manipulation (LRM) in the sitting and side-lying positions. METHODS: Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of healthy, mildly degenerated and moderately degenerated L4/5 spinal units were reconstructed. Lumbar rotation manipulation in the sitting and side-lying positions were simulated, and alterations in stress distribution and disk displacement in the lumbar disks were observed. RESULTS: The application of LRM in the sitting or side-lying position resulted in a similar stress distribution in healthy, mildly degenerated, and moderately degenerated disks. Stress was concentrated at the anterior right side of the annulus. In all disks, intradiskal pressure (IDP) and maximum von Mises stress were higher during LRM in the sitting position than during LRM in the side-lying position. During these manipulations, Intradiskal pressure and stress in the annulus of moderately degenerated disks were higher than in mildly degenerated disks. Displacement was most obvious in healthy disks. CONCLUSIONS: Mildly and moderately degenerated lumbar disks were subject to higher stress during LRM in the sitting position than during LRM in the side-lying position. Intradiskal pressure and the maximum von Mises stress in the annulus of moderately degenerated disks increased, suggesting the need for caution when treating patients with moderately compromised disks. Although our results are in accordance with previously published data, they are simulated and preliminary and do not necessarily replicate the clinical condition.

Downregulation of dickkopf-1 enhances the proliferation and osteogenic potential of fibroblasts isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients via the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Heterotopic ossification of the entheses is one of the most distinctive features in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Fibroblasts are potential target cells for heterotopic ossification. The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway and its inhibitor dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) regulate bone formation. DKK-1 expression in human AS tissues has not been documented. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the expression of DKK-1 in AS tissues and to elucidate its role in fibroblasts proliferation and osteogenesis in AS. METHODS: DKK-1 expression was assessed by western blotting, real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry analysis of hip synovial tissues obtained from AS and control patients. Fibroblasts were isolated, cultured, and transfected with lentiviral vectors for overexpressing human DKK-1 or an shRNA for silencing DKK-1. MTS [(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl) 2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] and a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay were used to detect AS fibroblasts proliferation after transfection. The expression levels of ß-catenin, phosphorylated ß-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and the osteogenesis markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were then examined by western blot analysis. Alizarin red staining (ARS) was also used to observe biomineralization activity. RESULTS: DKK-1 was downregulated in hip synovial tissues from AS patients compared to that observed in controls. AS fibroblasts exhibited excessive proliferation, a higher growth rate, and a decreased apoptotic rate. EdU assay demonstrated that DKK-1 suppressed the growth of AS fibroblasts. Downregulation of DKK-1 decreased the phosphorylation of ß-catenin and upregulated the expression of ß-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and osteogenesis markers. Overexpression of DKK-1 had the opposite effect, resulting in the inhibition of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. ARS showed an increase in biomineralization activity after the inhibition of DKK-1. CONCLUSIONS: AS fibroblasts are characterized by an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis. DKK-1 may play a role in switching to new bone formation in AS progression.