Uterine cancer among Asian Americans - Disparities & clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the patterns and trends of uterine cancer among Asian subgroups living in the U.S. METHODS: Data were obtained from United States Cancer Statistics (2001-2017), National Cancer Database (2004-2015), and World Population Review (2023). SEER*Stat version 8.3.9.2, Joinpoint regression program 4.9.0.0, and SAS v 9.4 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Based on data from 778,891 women in the United States Cancer Statistics database, Asians had a 3.4-fold higher rate of incident uterine cancer compared to White populations (2.14% vs. 0.63%; p < 0.001). Using the National Cancer Database, 7,641 Asian women from six subgroups were analyzed: Filipino, Korean, Indian/Pakistani, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Japanese. Indian and Pakistani women had the greatest increase in the proportion of cancer diagnoses (5.0% to 14.4%; p = 0.0003). Additionally, Indian and Pakistani patients had higher comorbidity scores while Koreans had the lowest (22.7% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.0001). Regarding stage of disease, 25.3% of Filipinos presented with advanced stage disease compared to 19.2% of Indians and Pakistanis (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, Filipinos had the highest proportion of non-endometrioid cancers at 18.4% compared to other subgroups (p = 0.0003). Using the World Population Review, female obesity was highest in Pakistan (8.6%) and the Philippines (7.5%) and lowest in Vietnam (2.6%). CONCLUSION: Uterine cancer incidence increased at higher rates among Asians compared to White populations. Specifically, Indian and Pakistani uterine cancer patients were more likely to have higher comorbidity rates and Filipino patients had more advanced stage cancer with non-endometrioid histologies than other Asian subgroups. Further research is warranted to better understand these trends.

Racial, ethnic and country of origin disparities in aggressive endometrial cancer histologic subtypes.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the risk of an aggressive endometrial cancer (EC) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and country of origin to further elucidate histologic disparities in non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), American Indian/Alaskan Native (AIAN) vs. non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, particularly in Hispanic or API subgroups. METHODS: Patient diagnosed between 2004 and 2020 with low grade (LG)-endometrioid endometrial cancer (ECC) or an aggressive EC including grade 3 EEC, serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, mixed epithelial carcinoma, or carcinosarcoma in the National Cancer Database were studied. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for diagnosis of an aggressive EC histology was estimated using logistic modeling. RESULTS: There were 343,868 NHW, 48,897 NHB, 30,013 Hispanic, 15,015 API and 1646 AIAN patients. The OR (95% CI) for an aggressive EC diagnosis was 3.07 (3.01-3.13) for NHB, 1.08 (1.06-1.11) for Hispanic, 1.17 (1.13-1.21) for API and 1.07 (0.96-1.19) for AIAN, relative to NHW patients. Subset analyses by country of origin illustrated the diversity in the OR for an aggressive EC diagnosis among Hispanic (1.18 for Mexican to 1.87 for Dominican), Asian (1.14 Asian Indian-Pakistani to 1.48 Korean) and Pacific Islander (1.00 for Hawaiian to 1.33 for Samoan) descendants. Hispanic, API and AIAN patients were diagnosed 5-years younger that NHW patients, and the risk for an aggressive EC histology were all significantly higher than NHW patients after correcting for age. Insurance status was another independent risk factor for aggressive histology. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of an aggressive EC diagnosis varied by race, ethnicity, and country of origin. NHB patients had the highest risk, followed by Dominican, South/Central American, Cuban, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, and Filipino descendants.

Trends in Incidence of Cancers Associated With Obesity and Other Modifiable Risk Factors Among Women, 2001-2018.

We used data from the US Cancer Statistics database to determine trends in cancer incidence, stratified by age, race, and ethnicity, among women aged 20 years or older during an 18-year study period (2001-2018). We limited analysis to cancers associated with 5 modifiable risk factors: tobacco use, excess body fat, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, and human papillomavirus infection. The incidence of cancers associated with obesity have risen, particularly among women aged 20 to 49 years (vs ≥50 y) and among Hispanic women. Strategies that address obesity rates in these populations may help decrease cancer risk.

The increasing incidence of stage IV cervical cancer in the USA: what factors are related?

OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)) stage IVA-B (distant stage) is a rare diagnosis with an approximate 5 year survival rate of 17% and with limited treatment options. The objective of this study was to determine the trends in distant stage cervical cancer in the USA and identify possible factors related to these trends. METHODS: Data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics program from 2001 to 2018. Rates of cervical cancer screening and vaccination were evaluated using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and TeenVaxView. SEER*Stat 8.3.8.9.2 and Joinpoint regression program 4.9.0.0 were used to calculate incidence trends. RESULTS: Over the last 18 years, 29 715 women were diagnosed with distant stage cervical carcinoma. Black women have disproportionately higher rates at 1.55/100 000 versus 0.92/100 000 in White women (p<0.001). When examining the trends over time, there has been an annual increase in distant stage cervical cancer at a rate of 1.3% per year (p<0.001). The largest increase is seen in cervical adenocarcinoma with an average annual percent change of 2.9% (p<0.001). When performing an intersection analysis of race, region and age, White women in the South aged 40-44 have the highest rise in distant cervical cancer at a rate of 4.5% annually (p<0.001). Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and TeenVax data, compared with Black women, we found that White women have a nearly two-fold higher rate of missed or lack of guideline screening, 26.6% vs 13.8%. White teenagers (13-17 years) have the lowest human papillomavirus vaccination rate at 66.1% compared with others at 75.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Black women have a higher incidence of distant stage disease compared with White women. However, White women have a greater annual increase, particularly in adenocarcinomas. Compared with Black women, White women also have lower rates of guideline screening and vaccination.

Racial disparities in high-risk uterine cancer histologic subtypes: A United States Cancer Statistics study.

OBJECTIVE: Black women with uterine cancer on average have worse survival outcomes compared to White women, in part due to higher rates of aggressive, non-endometrioid subtypes. However, analyses of incidence trends by specific high-risk subtypes are lacking, including those with hysterectomy and active pregnancy correction. The objective of our study was to evaluate racial disparities in age-adjusted incidence of non-endometrioid uterine cancer in 720,984 patients. METHODS: Data were obtained from United States Cancer Statistics using SEER*Stat. We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to correct for hysterectomy and active pregnancy. Age-adjusted, corrected incidence of uterine cancer from 2001 to 2016 and annual percent change (APC) were calculated using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Of 720,984 patients, 560,131 (77.7%) were White, 72,328 (10.0%) were Black, 56,239 (7.8%) were Hispanic, and 22,963 (3.2%) were Asian/Pacific Islander. Age-adjusted incidence of uterine cancer increased from 40.8 (per 100,000) in 2001 to 42.9 in 2016 (APC = 0.5, p < 0.001). Black women had the highest overall incidence at 49.5 (APC = 2.3, p < 0.001). The incidence of non-endometrioid subtypes was higher in Black compared to White women, with the most pronounced differences seen in serous carcinoma (9.1 vs. 3.0), carcinosarcoma (6.1 vs. 1.8), and leiomyosarcoma (1.3 vs. 0.6). In particular, Black women aged 70-74 with serous carcinoma had the highest incidence (61.3) and the highest APC (7.3, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Black women have a two to four-fold higher incidence of high-risk uterine cancer subtypes, particularly serous carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma, compared to White women after correcting for hysterectomy and active pregnancy.

Age and racial differences in the presentation of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia are a group of diseases with few data given their rarity. The aim of this study was to determine the age and racial differences in the presentation and survival of patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the United States. METHODS: Data were collected from the National Cancer Database from January 2004 to December 2014. Chi-square tests, Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier models were performed. Demographic characteristics included age at diagnosis, race, insurance status, facility location and type, community median income, high school dropout rate, education, income, and population density data. RESULTS: There were 1004 eligible patients including 64% white (n=645), 23% black (n=233), and 8.3% Asian patients (n=83). Median age was 30.8 (range 14-59) years. Stage I, II, III, IV, and unknown were diagnosed in 32%, 5.4%, 30%, 18%, and 15% of patients, respectively, with 5-year survival of 99%, 93%, 94%, 72%, and 95%, respectively (p<0.001). Compared with national birth rates, those with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia were overrepresented at younger (age 10-19 years: 8.2% vs 4.8%) and older ages (age 40-54 years: 17% vs 3.3%). The extremes of age at presentation were more pronounced in black patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (age 10-19 years: 11% vs 6.9%, 40-54 years: 18% vs 3.2%), and black patients constituted 23% of patients compared with 15% of births nationwide. Some 59% of patients were treated at Academic/Research Programs. Only 6/448 (1.3%) facilities treated more than one patient per year, and only 9% (n=92) of patients were treated at one of these high-volume facilities. On multivariable analysis, older age, higher Charlson/Deyo co-morbidity score, and higher stage disease were independently associated with worse survival (all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was disproportionately higher in those at extremes of age and in black women as compared with United States national data. The lack of centralization of care justifies the need to develop regional centers of excellence for this rare malignancy.

Long term survival outcomes of stage I mucinous ovarian cancer - A clinical calculator predictive of chemotherapy benefit.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the long-term potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in subgroups of high-risk stage I mucinous ovarian cancer patients using a predictive scoring algorithm. METHODS: Data were collected from the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2014. Based on demographic and surgical characteristics, a novel 10-year survival prognostic scoring system was developed using Cox regression. RESULTS: There were 2041 eligible patients with stage I mucinous ovarian cancer including 1362 (67%) with stage IA/IB disease, 598 (29%) with stage IC disease, and 81 (4%) with stage I disease not otherwise specified. Median age was 52 with a range of 13-90 years old. 737 (36%) patients were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was more common in patients with stage IC relative to stage IA/IB disease (69% vs. 21%, P < 0.001) or with poorly-differentiated relative to well-differentiated tumors (69% vs. 23%, P < 0.001). Unadjusted 10-year survival was 81% relative to 79% for patients treated with vs. without chemotherapy, respectively (P = 0.46). Patients were predicted to exhibit a low- or a high-risk of death using a multivariate Cox regression model with age, stage, grade, lymphovascular space invasion and ascites. Risk of death without vs. with adjuvant chemotherapy was similar in low-risk patients (88% vs. 84%; HR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.56-1.15, P = 0.23) and worse in high-risk patients (51% vs. 74%; HR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.05-2.38, P = 0.03) with stage I mucinous ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: A predictive scoring algorithm may provide prognostic information on long-term survival and identify high-risk stage I mucinous ovarian cancer patients who might achieve a survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy alone for patients 75 years and older with epithelial ovarian cancer-is interval cytoreductive surgery still needed?

BACKGROUND: Patients ≥75 years old with ovarian cancer experience high perioperative morbidity, but recruitment into prospective trials to assess the role of surgery continues to be challenging. OBJECTIVE: To compare overall survival for patients ≥75 years old with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy alone vs neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Data were extracted from the National Cancer Data Base from 2004 to 2014. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Of 1661 patients (median age: 79 years), most were white (88%) and had stage III-IV disease (95%), and 51% had serous histology. Of those who did not receive primary surgery, 58% had chemotherapy alone and the remainder had neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery increased from 28% to 50% in years 2004-2007 to 2012-2014 (P<.001). Compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery, chemotherapy-only patients were older (80 vs 78 years; P<.001) and had more advanced stage disease (98% vs 91%; P<.001). The 5-year overall survival of the entire study group was 14%; those who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery had overall survival of 25% compared with only 7% in chemotherapy alone group (P<.001). In multivariable analysis, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval cytoreductive surgery (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.54; P<.001) was an independent predictor for improved survival. Older (80-84 years) age (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.63; P=.002), advanced (stage III-IV) disease (hazard ratio; 2.06, 95% confidence interval, 1.37-3.09; P=.001), and clear cell histology (hazard ratio; 2.17, 95% confidence interval, 1.10-4.28; P=.03) portended for worse outcome. CONCLUSION: Patients ≥75 years with ovarian cancer old have an overall poor prognosis. Receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery is associated with greater overall survival compared to chemotherapy alone.

Relationship status and other demographic influences on survival in patients with ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of marital status and other demographic factors on survival of patients with ovarian cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2010 to 2015. Analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazard methods. RESULTS: Of 19 643 patients with ovarian cancer (median age 60 years, range 18-99), 16 278 (83%), 1381 (7%), 1856 (9%), and 128 (1%) were White, Black, Asian, and Native American, respectively. The majority of patients (10 769, 55%) were married while 4155 (21%) were single, 2278 (12%) were divorced, and 2441 (12%) were widowed. Patients were more likely to be married if they were Asian (65%) or White (56%) than if they were Black (31%) or Native American (39%) (p<0.001). Most married patients were insured (n=9760 (91%), non-Medicaid) compared with 3002 (72%) of single, 1777 (78%) divorced, and 2102 (86%) of widowed patients (p<0.001). Married patients were more likely to receive chemotherapy than single, divorced, and widowed patients (8515 (79%) vs 3000 (72%), 1747 (77%), and 1650 (68%), respectively; p<0.001). The 5-year disease-specific survival of the overall group was 58%. Married patients had improved survival of 60% compared with divorced (52%) and widowed (44%) patients (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, older age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.016 to 1.021, p<0.001), Black race (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.38, p<0.001), and Medicaid (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.30, p<0.001) or uninsured status (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.44, p<0.01) carried a worse prognosis. Single (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.26, p<0.001), divorced (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25, p<0.01), and widowed (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.26, p<0.001) patients had decreased survival. CONCLUSION: Married patients with ovarian cancer were more likely to undergo chemotherapy with better survival rates. Black, uninsured, or patients with Medicaid insurance had poorer outcomes.

Trends and survival outcomes of robotic, laparoscopic, and open surgery for stage II uterine cancer.

INTRODUCTION: A recent randomized clinical trial showed that minimally invasive surgery led to poorer survival compared with open surgery in early stage cervical cancer. We determined the trends in adoption of minimally invasive surgery and 5-year overall survival outcomes after open, laparoscopic-assisted, and robotic-assisted hysterectomy for stage II uterine cancer with cervical stromal involvement. METHODS: Data for patients with stage II uterine cancer were acquired from the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2015. χ2 testing, Kaplan-Meier methods, and Cox models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Of 2949 patients, 44.3% underwent open hysterectomy, 13.9% underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy, and 41.8% underwent robotic hysterectomy. The proportion of robotic cases increased from 26.8% in 2010 to 48.3% in 2015 (annual percent change 10.1%), with a decrease in open hysterectomy from 63.3% to 34.3% (annual percent change -12.5%). The overall 5-year survival was 77.6% in robotic, 76.8% in laparoscopic, and 72.5% in open hysterectomy (p=0.045); however, after adjusting for known prognostic factors, robotic (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.21; p=0.97) and laparoscopic hysterectomy (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.44; p=0.54) did not portend for improved survival compared with open hysterectomy. Black women (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.02; p<0.001) and individuals with co-morbidities (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.75, p<0.001) had worse adjusted survival and the highest rates of open hysterectomy. CONCLUSION: The use of minimally invasive surgery for stage II uterine cancer has increased over time, with comparable adjusted 5-year survival after robotic or laparoscopic hysterectomy compared with open hysterectomy. Black women and those with co-morbidities had lowest rates of minimally invasive surgery and the poorest adjusted survival.

Trends in the incidence of serous fallopian tube, ovarian, and peritoneal cancer in the US.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the trends in incidence of serous fallopian tube, ovarian, and peritoneal epithelial cancers in the United States. METHODS: Data was obtained from United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) from 2001 to 2014. All incidences are per 100,000 women. Analyses were performed using SEER*Stat and Joinpoint regression programs. RESULTS: Of the 146,470 patients with serous cancers, 9381 (6.4%) were fallopian tube, 121,418 (82.9%) were ovarian, and 15,671 (10.7%) were primary peritoneal. The study period was divided from 2001 to 2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2014, and there was an increase in fallopian tube incidence from 0.19 to 0.35 to 0.63, with a corresponding decrease in ovarian incidence from 5.31 to 5.08 to 4.86. There was no significant change in peritoneal cancers from 0.64 to 0.69 to 0.62. The age-specific peak incidence of fallopian tube cancer was younger at age 70-74, compared to ovarian and peritoneal cancer at age 75-79. Further, the incidence of serous fallopian tube cancer was highest in Whites at 0.42, compared to Blacks at 0.24, Hispanics at 0.27, and Asians at 0.28. CONCLUSION: From 2001 to 2014, the diagnosis of serous fallopian tube cancer increased fourfold with a corresponding decrease in ovarian cancer. The peak incidence of tubal cancer was 70-74years with an increased incidence in Whites.

PAX1 methylation as a potential biomarker for cervical cancer screening.

OBJECTIVES: DNA methylation is a potential biomarker for early cancer detection. Previous studies suggested that the methylations of several genes are promising markers for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at grade III or worse (CIN3+). The purpose of the present study was to explore the feasibility of these DNA methylation testing in cervical cancer screening. METHODS: A total of 443 women were recruited from the Yuan's General Hospital. Cervical scrapings were collected for Papanicolaou (Pap) test by using cervical brushes, and the cytological data were used for analysis. The residual cells on the brush were preserved in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 4°C until DNA extraction. Then, the extracted DNA were used for molecular tests, which included human papillomavirus typing and quantification of the methylation levels for PAX1, SOX1, and NKX6-1 genes. Subjects who had abnormal Pap test results underwent colposcopy or biopsy with subsequent conization or major surgery when biopsy results revealed CIN2+. The final diagnosis for this group was confirmed by colposcopy or pathological examination. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Yuan's General Hospital, and all the molecular tests were performed by ISO17025 certified laboratories. RESULTS: The sensitivity of PAX1 and SOX1 was greater than 80%, and the specificity of PAX1 and NXK6-1 was greater than 80% for the detection of CIN3+ lesions. PAX1 detection alone had a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 85%, respectively, whereas when used as a cotest with the Pap test, the sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PAX1 showed great potential as a biomarker for cervical cancer screening. When incorporating PAX1 detection into current screening protocol, the efficacy of screening could be greatly improved. Moreover, unnecessary referral for colposcopy and biopsy could be reduced up to 60%. However, prospective population-based studies are necessary for further implementation of this screening program.

Trends in Uterine Cancer Mortality in the United States: A 50-Year Population-Based Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality trends in uterine cancer in the United States over 50 years with an emphasis on age and race and ethnicity. METHODS: Data on uterine cancer deaths from 1969 to 2018 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Trends were examined by age and race and ethnicity after adjustment for the hysterectomy rate and pregnancy. RESULTS: Uterine cancer mortality decreased between 1969 and 1997 (from 6.03 to 4.00/100,000) but increased between 1997 and 2018 (from 4.00 to 5.02/100,000). From 2001 to 2018, mortality rates increased by 1.25-fold across all age groups. In 2018, the mortality rate from uterine cancer for patients aged 70 years or older and 60-69 years was sixfold and threefold higher, respectively, than in younger patients (aged 50-59 years) (54.87/100,000 vs 27.80/100,000 vs 8.70/100,000). The mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 2.2-fold higher than for non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women (17.6/100,000 vs 7.82/100,000, 6.54/100,000, and 4.24/100,000, respectively). On an intersection analysis of age and race, non-Hispanic Black women aged older than 60 years had a threefold higher mortality rate than non-Hispanic White women (72/100,000 vs 24/100,000). A notable finding was that young non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women (30-39 years) had the highest annual increases in mortality at 3.3% and 3.8% per year compared with 2.2% in non-Hispanic White women. CONCLUSION: Since 2001, the uterine cancer mortality rate has increased across all four racial and ethnic groups examined, with the highest increase seen among non-Hispanic Black women. The largest increase in mortality was observed among younger non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women.

Trends in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan after the ban on aristolochic acid-containing Chinese herbal preparations, 2001-2018: a national population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder (BUC) and the upper urinary tract (UTUC) are the two most common UCs. The incidence of UTUC in Taiwan is the highest worldwide. Aristolochic acid (AA) was identified as the main cause of UTUC in Taiwan. To explore trends in the incidence of UC in Taiwan after the ban on Chinese herbal preparations containing AA in 2003. METHODS: We used data from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database-linked Taiwanese National Cancer Registry for 2001-2018. UC was defined in accordance with the International Classification of Disease for Oncology. The age-standardized incidence was calculated on the basis of the World Health Organization standard population. Trends in the incidence were calculated as the annual percent change (APC) by using the Joinpoint regression program. RESULTS: Over the investigated period, the incidence of UC decreased at an average annual percent change (AAPC) of - 1.19% (95% CI - 1.47 ~ - 0.91, P < 0.001). However, the incidence in UTUC significantly increased, with the AAPC being 1.47% (95% CI 1.03 ~ 1.90, P < 0.001). In contrast, the incidence of BUC significantly decreased, with the overall AAPC being - 1.92% (95% CI - 2.3 ~ - 1.54, P < 0. 001). From 2001 to 2018, the overall incidence of UCs and BUC decreased in Taiwan, but the incidence of UTUC significantly increased. CONCLUSION: We suggest to apply the same review standards of new drug development process to herbal preparations and incorporate them into the adverse drug reaction or poison surveillance system. Most importantly, raise public awareness of the potential toxicity of phytotherapy.

Trends in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers, Demographic Characteristics, and Vaccinations in the US, 2001-2017.

Importance: Nearly 45 000 human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers are diagnosed annually in the US. The HPV vaccine has been approved since 2006, but information on the association between vaccination and the incidence of HPV-attributable cancers is unclear. Objective: To evaluate the potential association of screening and vaccination on the trends of HPV-associated cancers. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective, population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using data on HPV-associated (oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], anal/rectal SCC, vulvar SCC, vaginal SCC, cervical carcinoma, and penile SCC) cancers from the US Cancer Statistics Public Use Database, representing 99% of the US population, between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2017; HPV vaccination and screening data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2016; and TeenVaxView between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2018. National Cancer Database and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance were used to correct for hysterectomy. Data analysis was performed from April 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021. Exposures: Patient demographic characteristics, including age, race and ethnicity, sex, region, and vaccination status. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes examined in this study were diagnoses of any HPV-associated cancer and HPV vaccination status. Results: A total of 657 317 HPV-associated cancers (exact ages not collected by the United States Cancer Statistics); of these, 264 019 (40.2%) developed in men and 393 298 (59.8%) in women; 14 520 individuals (2.2%) were non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander, 74 641 (11.4%) were non-Hispanic Black, 59 841 (9.1%) were Hispanic, and 499 899 were non-Hispanic White (76.1%). More than half (206 075 [52.4%]) of cancers in women were cervical, whereas most (211 421 [80.1%]) cancers in men were oropharyngeal. In female adolescents (aged 13-17 years), the vaccination rate increased from 37.2% to 69.9% from 2008 to 2018 (annual percent change: 6.57% [95% CI, 5.83%-7.32%]). Before vaccination approval, cervical cancer rates in the 20- to 24-year age group were decreasing at 2.29% annually (P = .045); after vaccine approval, this rate has been decreasing at 9.50% (P = .003). In men, annual increases were noted in oropharyngeal (2.71%) and anal/rectal (1.83%) cancers (P < .001); in women, the incidence of oropharyngeal remained stable but anal/rectal cancer increased at 2.83% every year (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In the US, cervical cancer rates have decreased at a population level, especially in younger women. The findings of this study suggest this decrease may be associated with vaccination. Given the increase in oropharyngeal and anal/rectal cancers, particularly in men, it may be important to highlight vaccination uptake in both sexes.

Increasing incidence of uterine carcinosarcoma: A United States Cancer Statistics study.

•The incidence of uterine carcinosarcoma increased over the past 17 years.•Black women in the South ages 70-74 had the highest incidence.•Uterine carcinosarcoma increased annually by 2.6% in Hispanic women.