The effects of zoledronic acid and dexamethasone on osseointegration of endosseous implants: histological and histomorphometrical evaluation in rats.

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are a widely used class of drugs that prevent bone loss. Several side effects related to bisphosphonate therapy have been reported, including osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with invasive dental procedures and implants placement. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of intravenous nitrogen-containing BPs in combination with or without dexamethasone on osseointegration of titanium implants placed in an animal model. METHODS: Twenty-seven male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group 1 was treated solely with zoledronic acid, group 2 was treated with zoledronic acid and dexamethasone, and group 3 did only receive saline solution injections. Two endosseous implants were placed in each tibia, and three animals from each group were sacrificed at postoperative times of seven, 14, and 28 days. Non-decalcified sections were observed with light microscopy for histological and histomorphometrical analyses. RESULTS: Histomorphometrical analysis using the animals and the implants as unit of measurement revealed no statistically significant difference regarding bone-implant contact and bone density among the three groups. Histological observation revealed that zoledronic acid-treated animals in combination with or without dexamethasone showed expressive less bone remodeling activity at 14 and 28 days after implants placement, compared with control specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The studied bisphosphonate regimens did not interfere with the osseointegration of the implants, cortical, or medular bone deposition, but a possible lack of bone remodeling of the original cortical bone may affect long-term osseointegration.

Effect of Center-Pivot Irrigation in the Rust and Brown Eye Spot of Coffee.

Incidence of rust (caused by Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (caused by Cercospora coffeicola) of coffee was evaluated for 2 years in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a center-pivot-irrigated coffee crop with different water application levels. Treatments consisted of six water levels of 0 (nonirrigated), 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140% applied according to class A evaporation pan (CAE). Progress of disease was influenced significantly by different water levels; the highest incidence of rust occurred with lower water levels-0 (nonirrigated), 60, and 80% CAE-whereas the lowest incidence was detected with larger water levels: 120 and 140% CAE. There was one peak of rust incidence in August. The highest incidence of brown eye spot occurred with water levels of 100 and 140% CAE and the lowest incidence was found in the nonirrigated treatment. Two incidence peaks occurred in March and June. This study identified that irrigation methods and water levels can decisively affect the epidemiological behavior of diseases and, therefore, their management.

Role of rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 in the metabolism and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells cultured on chemically modified titanium surfaces.

This study analyzed the role of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (rhBMP-7) in the adhesion and differentiation of rat osteoblast-like (osteo-1) cells cultured on chemically modified titanium surfaces. Osteo-1 cells were cultured on chemically modified (modified sandblasted and acid-etched) titanium surfaces in 3 different types of medium: control, medium supplemented with 20 ng/mL rhBMP-2, and medium supplemented with 20 ng/mL rhBMP-7. The following parameters were evaluated: cell adhesion after 24 hours; total protein content; collagen content and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity after 7, 14, and 21 days; and calcified nodule formation after 21 days. The addition of rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7 did not influence cell adhesion (P = .1175). Cell differentiation was influenced by rhBMP-2, as demonstrated by a significant increase in collagen content after 7 days of culture (P < .0001) and a significant decrease in AP activity after 21 days (P < .0001). The addition of rhBMP-7 only influenced AP activity, and a significant increase was observed after 21 days (P < .0001). Within the limitations of the study, we conclude that the presence of rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7 did not influence cell adhesion to chemically modified titanium surfaces but provided an additional stimulus during the differentiation of rat osteo-1 cells cultured on this type of surface.

Two-year randomized clinical trial of enamel matrix derivative treated infrabony defects: radiographic analysis.

BACKGROUND: This split-mouth, double-blind randomized controlled trial evaluated radiographic changes in infrabony defects treated with open flap debridement (OFD) or OFD associated with enamel matrix derivative (EMD) after a 24-month follow-up. The radiographic distance from the CEJ to the bottom of the defect (BD) was considered the primary outcome. CEJ-BC and defect angle were secondary outcomes. METHODS: Ten patients presenting 2 or more defects were selected. An individualized film holder was used to take standardized radiographs of the 43 defects, at baseline and after 24 months. Images were digitized and used to measure the distances from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (AC), CEJ to the bottom of the defect (BD) and infrabony defect angle. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS for Windows (version 5.2). Paired samples t test was used to compare test and control groups and to evaluate changes within each group. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05%. RESULTS: After 24 months, a significant crestal bone loss was observed for EMD (1.01 mm; p = 0.049) but not for OFD (0.14 mm; p = 0.622). However, no differences were detected between groups (p = 0.37). Reduction of the bone defect depth was significant for OFD (0.70 mm; p = 0.005) but not for EMD (0.04 mm; p = 0.86), while no differences were detected between them (p = 0.87). Both EMD (0.69°; p = 0.82) and OFD (5.71°; p = 0.24) showed an improvement in defect angle measurements but no significant differences were observed after 24 months or between the groups (p = 0.35). CONCLUSION: Linear radiographic analysis was not able to demonstrate superiority of EMD treated infrabony defects when compared to ODF after 24 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02195765. Registered 17 July 2014.

Climate change-related distributional range shifts of venomous snakes: a predictive modelling study of effects on public health and biodiversity.

BACKGROUND: Climate change is expected to have profound effects on the distribution of venomous snake species, including reductions in biodiversity and changes in patterns of envenomation of humans and domestic animals. We estimated the effect of future climate change on the distribution of venomous snake species and potential knock-on effects on biodiversity and public health. METHODS: We built species distribution models based on the geographical distribution of 209 medically relevant venomous snake species (WHO categories 1 and 2) and present climatic variables, and used these models to project the potential distribution of species in 2070. We incorporated different future climatic scenarios into the model, which we used to estimate the loss and gain of areas potentially suitable for each species. We also assessed which countries were likely to gain new species in the future as a result of species crossing national borders. We integrated the species distribution models with different socioeconomic scenarios to estimate which countries would become more vulnerable to snakebites in 2070. FINDINGS: Our results suggest that substantial losses of potentially suitable areas for the survival of most venomous snake species will occur by 2070. However, some species of high risk to public health could gain climatically suitable areas for habitation. Countries such as Niger, Namibia, China, Nepal, and Myanmar could potentially gain several venomous snake species from neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the combination of an increase in climatically suitable areas and socioeconomic factors (including low-income and high rural populations) means that southeast Asia and Africa (and countries including Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh, India, and Thailand in particular) could have increased vulnerability to snakebites in the future, with potential effects on public human and veterinary health. INTERPRETATION: Loss of venomous snake biodiversity in low-income countries will affect ecosystem functioning and result in the loss of valuable genetic resources. Additionally, climate change will create new challenges to public health in several low-income countries, particularly in southeast Asia and Africa. The international community needs to increase its efforts to counter the effects of climate change in the coming decades. FUNDING: German Research Foundation, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, European Regional Development Fund.

Subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation of residual pockets irrigated with essential oils: a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation irrigated with essential oils (EOs) of residual periodontal pockets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four individuals with chronic periodontitis were invited to participate in this randomized, double-blind, parallel, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. All subjects received non-surgical periodontal therapy. After re-evaluation (baseline), residual pockets (pocket depth ≥5 mm) received test (ultrasonic instrumentation irrigated with EOs) or control therapy (ultrasonic instrumentation irrigated with negative control). Probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (R), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque were assessed at baseline and after 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Differences between groups and changes over the course of time were analysed according to a generalized linear model. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in PPD and BOP, as well as a significant CAL gain in the two groups (p<0.001). Nevertheless, there were no differences between the groups at any time of the study. When only initially deep pockets (PPD ≥7 mm) were analysed, a significantly greater CAL gain (p=0.03) and PPD reduction (p=0.01) was observed in the test group. CONCLUSION: The adjunctive use of EOs may promote significant CAL gain and PPD reduction in deep residual pockets.

Influence of osteopenia in autogenous bone graft healing with or without expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes: histologic and histomorphometric study in rats.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate and qualitatively describe autogenous bone graft healing with or without an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane in ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty Wistar rats, weighing approximately 300 g each, were used. A graft was obtained from the parietal bone and fixed to the sidewall of each animal's left mandibular ramus. The animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 20 in each group): group 1, sham operated and autogenous bone graft only; group 2, sham operated and autogenous bone graft covered by e-PTFE membrane; group 3, ovariectomized (OVX) and autogenous bone graft only; group 4, OVX and autogenous bone graft covered by e-PTFE membrane. The animals were sacrificed at five different time points: immediately after grafting or at 7, 21, 45, or 60 days after grafting. Histologic examination and morphometric measurement of the sections were performed, and values were submitted to statistical analyses. RESULTS: Both groups (sham and OVX) experienced loss of the original graft volume when it was not covered by the membrane, whereas use of the membrane resulted in additional bone formation beyond the edges of the graft and under the membrane. Histologic analysis showed integration of the grafts in all animals, although a larger number of marrow spaces was found in OVX groups. CONCLUSIONS: Association of bone graft with an e-PTFE membrane resulted in maintenance of its original volume as well as formation of new bone that filled the space under the membrane. Osteopenia did not influence bone graft repair, regardless of whether or not it was associated with e-PTFE membrane, but descriptive histologic analysis showed larger numbers of marrow spaces in the bone graft and receptor bed and formation of new bone in the OVX animals.

Synthetic Parathyroid Hormone May Augment Bone Volume in Autogenous Grafts: A Study in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Synthetic parathyroid hormone [PTH(1-34)] has been investigated for its benefits on bone healing and osteoporosis treatment; however, there is little information regarding bone grafts. This study therefore investigates the effect of PTH(1-34) on autogenous bone graft healing. METHODS: Bone grafts were harvested from the calvarium of rats with a trephine bur (3-mm internal diameter) and placed on the cortex near the mandible angle with a titanium screw. Animals were randomly assigned to group 1 (control): subcutaneous injections of saline solution, three times a week (n = 15); group 2: 2 µg/kg PTH(1-34), three times a week (n = 15); and group 3: 40 µg/kg PTH(1-34), three times a week (n = 15). Thirty days postoperatively, the animals were killed, and specimens (implant + bed + graft) were removed and used for undecalcified sections. The following histometric parameters were evaluated: total bone thickness (TT) (bed + gap + graft), graft thickness (GT) (adjacent to the implant), bone-to-implant contact (BIC), and bone area (BA) (within the limits of the threads). Five additional animals were sacrificed immediately after surgery (zero hour) to register bed and graft sizes before healing. RESULTS: Group 3 showed significantly greater bone gain compared with groups 1 and 2 (TT and GT, P <0.05). In relation to initial thickness (zero hour), groups 1 and 2 showed a total decrease in volume of 15.91% and 20.83%, respectively, whereas group 3 showed a slight bone gain (1.21%). Data analysis revealed a significant difference for group 3 compared with groups 1 and 2 (P <0.01). No differences were observed for BIC and BA (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: Systemic administration of PTH(1-34) augmented bone volume in autogenous grafts.

Protocolos de Enfermagem no município de Jaraguá do Sul/SC: estratégia transformadora para atenção primária / Nursing protocols in the municipality of jaraguá do sul/sc: transforming strategy for primary care / Protocolos de enfermería en el municipio de jaraguá do sul / sc: estratégia transformadora para la atención primaria

Objetivo: relatar a implantação e os impactos advindos dos Protocolos de Enfermagem no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde do município de Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina,. Método: Trata de um estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência. Resultados: O Fluxo de implantação foi desenvolvido com a instituição de uma Comissão de Implantação, Monitoramento e Avaliação dos Protocolos. Após a ampla divulgação, sensibilização e publicitação para a população do município, iniciou-se a implantação nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, gerando impacto direto nos 12.765 pacientes que aguardavam a primeira consulta médica. Com a implantação dos protocolos, em um mês, houve redução de 74,71% (9.538 pacientes) e em sete meses, houve o resultado prospectado de zerar as filas de primeira consulta da Atenção Primária. Considerações Finais: a implementação dos Protocolos de Enfermagem, propicia mais segurança para a atuação dos enfermeiros da rede municipal e reduz a fila de espera na Atenção Primária. A consulta de Enfermagem e a prescrição de exames e medicamentos essenciais para a população, bem como o processo de acolhimento nas unidades de saúde, foram incorporados na rotina de trabalho dos enfermeiros, proporcionando maior resolutividade das demandas de saúde. (AU)

Objective: To report the implementation and impacts arising from the Nursing Protocols in the context of Primary Health Care in the municipality of Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina. Methods: This is a descriptive study of the experience report type. Results: The Implementation Flow was developed with the institution of a Protocol Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. After wide dissemination, awareness and publicity for the population of the city, the implementation of Basic Health Units began, generating a direct impact on the 12,765 patients who were waiting for their first medical appointment. With the implementation of the protocols, in one month, there was a reduction of 74.71% (9,538 patients) and in seven months, there was the prospected result of clearing the queues for the first consultation in Primary Care. Conclusion: The implementation of Nursing Protocols provides more security for the work of nurses in the municipal network and reduces the waiting list in Primary Care. Nursing consultation and the prescription of tests and essential medications for the population, as well as the reception process in health units, were incorporated into the nurses' work routine, providing greater resolution of health demands. (AU)

Objetivo: Reportar la implementación e impactos derivados de los Protocolos de Enfermería en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud en el municipio de Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo del tipo relato de experiencia. Resultados: El Flujo de Implementación fue desarrollado con la institución de una Comisión de Implementación, Monitoreo y Evaluación del Protocolo. Luego de una amplia difusión, sensibilización y publicidad para la población de la ciudad, se inició la implementación de Unidades Básicas de Salud, generando un impacto directo en los 12.765 pacientes que esperaban su primera cita médica. Con la implementación de los protocolos, en un mes hubo una reducción del 74,71% (9.538 pacientes) y en siete meses, se logró el resultado esperado de despejar las colas para la primera consulta en Atención Primaria. Conclusion: La implementación de Protocolos de Enfermería brinda mayor seguridad para el trabajo de los enfermeros en la red municipal y reduce la lista de espera en Atención Primaria. La consulta de enfermería y la prescripción de pruebas y medicamentos esenciales para la población, así como el proceso de recepción en las unidades de salud, se incorporaron a la rutina de trabajo de las enfermeras, brindando una mayor resolución de las demandas de salud. (AU)

Repair of Class II furcation defects after a reparative tissue graft obtained from extraction sockets treated with growth factors: a histologic and histometric study in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Reparative tissue of extraction sockets was proposed as grafting material in the treatment of periodontal defects. Our hypothesis was that the addition of growth factors to extraction sockets improves the regenerative potential of this tissue when used as a graft. The objective of the present study was to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the repair of acute Class II furcation defects after they receive this grafting material. METHODS: The second and third upper premolars were extracted from four dogs. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, at concentrations of 6 microg/ml each, were applied to the resulting sockets. After 5 days, 24 acute defects (12 control and 12 test defects) were created in the second, third, and fourth lower premolars. Only the test sites received the graft. The flaps were positioned coronally on both sides and sutured. After 45 days, the specimens were collected, decalcified, and processed histologically in a buccal-lingual plane. The parameters were measured horizontally in the buccal-lingual direction. RESULTS: Repair was histologically and histometrically similar in the two groups. No significant difference was observed between the test and control groups in the parameters connective tissue, new cementum, new bone, and junctional epithelium. CONCLUSION: The use of this graft did not show beneficial effects on the repair of acute Class II furcation defects in dogs.

Propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subgingival irrigation with propolis extract by clinical and microbiological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis presenting three non-adjacent teeth with deep pockets were selected. After scaling and root planing, the selected periodontal sites were submitted to one of the following treatments: irrigation with a hydro alcoholic solution of propolis extract twice/week for two weeks (group A); irrigation with a placebo twice/week for two weeks (group B); or no additional treatment (C). Subgingival plaque sampling and scaling and root planing were performed two weeks after clinical data recording. Two weeks later irrigation procedures were started (Baseline). Microbiological and clinical data were collected at baseline, and after 4, 6 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: A decrease in total viable counts of anaerobic bacteria (p=0.007), an increase in the proportion of sites with low levels (< or = 10(3) cfu/mL) of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p=0.005), and a decrease in the number of sites with detectable presence of yeasts (p=0.000) were observed in group A sites when compared to group B and C sites. Propolis treatment did not lead to an increase in organisms such as coagulase positive Staphylococci and Pseudomonas spp. 24 weeks after treatment there was an increased proportion of sites showing probing depth (PD) < or = 3 mm in Group A sites. CONCLUSION: Subgingival irrigation with propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment was more effective than conventional treatment both by clinical and microbiological parameters.

Immunolocalization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 during the early healing events after guided bone regeneration.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunolocalization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) after autogenous block grafting covered or not with an e-PTFE membrane. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight rats were divided into 2 groups, autogenous block graft (B) and autogenous block graft + e-PTFE membrane (MB), and were evaluated by immunohistochemistry at baseline and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 45 days. RESULTS: The largest number of positive cells in the recipient bed was observed after 3 days in both groups. At the graft border, the largest number of positive cells was seen after 7 days in group B and after 14 days in group MB. The highest proportion of staining in the graft was observed after 3 days in group B and after 21 days in group MB. CONCLUSIONS: High proportions of stain were related to intense revascularization and osteogenesis. Except for the interface, BMP-2 staining occurred later in group MB than in group B in all structures analyzed.

Uniformidade de aplicação de água na irrigação de mudas de espécies florestais nativas produzidas em tubetes / Water application uniformity on the irrigation of native forest seedlings grown in recipient tubes

Sistemas de irrigação mal dimensionados aliados a manejos inadequados podem afetar o uso satisfatório da irrigação em viveiros, ocasionando desperdício de água e energia e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento inferior das espécies. Sendo assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar a uniformidade de irrigação de um sistema de microaspersão, já instalado em um viveiro de mudas de espécies florestais, bem como avaliar a uniformidade de um sistema de irrigação por capilaridade de mudas florestais cultivadas em tubetes. A avaliação de uniformidade da irrigação por microaspersão foi realizada em um viveiro de mudas de espécies nativas florestais, em Itutinga ­ MG, utilizando emissores modelos MA-20, Rondo e Inverted Rotor Spray. Para determinação da uniformidade foram calculados o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christhiasen (CUC) e o coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) de cada emissor, em três repetições. A uniformidade da irrigação por capilaridade foi avaliada em uma estufa localizada na Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), em três espécies cultivadas em tubetes de 300 cm³ (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze., Syagrus romanzoffiana e Joannesia princeps) e três espécies cultivadas em tubetes de 110 cm³ (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan e Aspidosperma polyneuron), sendo calculados os coeficientes de uniformidade para cada espécie, também em três repetições. Para os sistemas de microaspersão os maiores valores de CUC e CUD foram obtidos para o emissor MA-20. Na irrigação por capilaridade, os maiores valores de CUC e CUD foram obtidos na espécie Mutamba. Em geral, a uniformidade de irrigação em espécies cultivadas em tubetes de 110 cm³ foi maior que em tubetes de 300 cm³.

Irrigation systems poorly dimensioned allied to inadequate management could affect the satisfactory use of irrigation in nurseries, causing waste of water and energy and, consequently, less species development. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the uniformity of a microsprinkle irrigation system, already installed in a nursery of forest species, as well as evaluating the uniformity of a capillarity irrigation system of forest seedlings grown in plastic tubes. The microsplinkle irrigation uniformity evaluation was performed in a native forest nursery at Itutinga city, MG, using the emitters models MA-20, Rondo e Inverted Rotor Spray. To determine the irrigation uniformity, were calculated the coefficients CUC (Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient) and DUC (Distribution Uniformity Coefficient) of each emitter, with three replications. The capillary irrigation uniformity evaluation was evaluated in a greenhouse located in the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), in three species cultivated in 300 cm³ recipient tubes (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze, Syagrus romanzoffiana e Joannesia princeps) and three species cultivated in 110 cm³ tubes (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan and Aspidosperma polyneuron), through the calculation of CUC and DUC for each species, also with three replications. To the microsprinkle systems, the largest values of CUC and DUC were obtained for the MA-20 emitter. In capillarity irrigation, the largest CUC and DUC were obtained at irrigation of the Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. plants. In general, the irrigation uniformity in the species cultivated in 110 cm³ tubes was higher than in tubes of 300 cm³.

Characterization of bone cells obtained from the calvaria of neonatal rats (osteo-1) after serial subculture.

The objective of the present study was to characterize bone cells grown in two culture media, and to determine the effective concentration of OP-1 on the growth of osteo-1 cells. Subcultured rat bone cells (osteo-1) were grown in alpha-modified Eagle's minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules were evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of rhOP-1 for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days and compared with an untreated control. Osteo-1 cells presented a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposits were observed at 21 days. Cells treated with 10 and 20 ng/mL rhOP-1 for 24 h showed a significant increase in cell viability when compared to control. Osteo-1 cells cultured on DMEM demonstrated an osteoblastic phenotype as indicated by high alkaline phosphatase activity and the presence of calcified nodules. The results suggest that low concentrations of OP-1 may promote an osteogenic effect on osteo-1 cells.

Effect of enamel matrix proteins on the treatment of intrabony defects: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial study.

The objective of this split-mouth, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was to compare the clinical effect of treatment of 2- or 3-wall intrabony defects with open flap debridement (OFD) combined or not with enamel matrix proteins (EMP). Thirteen volunteers were selected with one pair of or more intrabony defects and probing pocket depth (PPD) > or = 5 mm. All individuals received instructions regarding oral hygiene and were submitted to scaling and root planing. Each participant received the two treatment modalities: test sites were treated with OFD and EMP, and control sites received only OFD. After 6 months, a significant reduction was observed in PPD for the EMP group (from 6.42 +/- 1.08 mm to 2.67 +/- 1.15 mm) and for the OFD group (from 6.08 +/- 1.00 mm to 2.00 +/- 0.95 mm) (p < 0.0001), but with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.13). A significant gain in relative attachment level (RAL) was observed in both groups (EMP: from 13.42 +/- 1.88 mm to 10.75 +/- 2.26 mm, p < 0.001; OFD: from 12.42 +/- 1.98 mm to 10.58 +/- 2.23 mm, p = 0.013), but with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.85). Gingival recession (GR) was higher in the EMP group (from 1.08 +/- 1.50 mm to 2.33 +/- 1.43 mm; p = 0.0009) than in the OFD group (from 0.66 +/- 1.15 mm to 1.16 +/- 1.33 mm; p = 0.16), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.06). In conclusion, the results showed that OFD combined with EMP was not able to improve treatment of intrabony defects compared to OFD alone.

Fontes de financiamento em ensaios clínicos: análise crítica / Sources of funding in clinical trials: critical analysis

Os ensaios clínicos são de grande valor para a descoberta e confirmação de terapias contra diferentes patologias. A declaração CONSORT tem o objetivo de evitar erros metodológicos e de interpretação de resultados em ensaios clínicos. Este artigo faz uma análise crítica acerca do item 25 da declaração CONSORT 2010, sobre Fontes de Financiamento em ensaios clínicos randomizados, pois pode haver tendenciosidade na publicação de resultados de pesquisas patrocinadas por indústrias. Assim, verifica-se a necessidade de adequação das pesquisas clínicas, principalmente quanto ao registro e à transparência no financiamento, a fim de promover uma real melhoria destas pesquisas, promovendo o surgimento de novas terapias.

Clinical trials in the medical are of great value for the discovery and confirmation of therapies against different diseases. However, one senses a possible bias in scientific articles published from clinical trials sponsored by industry. The CONSORT statement aims to avoid methodological errors and interpretation of results in clinical trials. Thus, this article makes a critical analysis of item 25 of the 2010 update of the CONSORT statement on Sources of Funding in randomized clinical trials. Thus, there is a need for adequacy of clinical research, especially regarding the registration and ethics in finance in order to promote a real improvement of this research, fostering the emergence of new therapies.

Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the initial repair pattern of an autogenous bone block graft when covered or not with e-PTFE membranes. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty male Wistar rats received a bone graft plus an e-PTFE membrane (MB) or just the graft (B). A block graft was harvested from the animal's calvarium and was laid and stabilized on the external cortical area near the angle of the mandible. Descriptive histology and histomorphometric analyses were carried out and the data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and the Tukey test, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The results for group B showed that there was bone loss during the healing period (B0 = 1.38, B45 = 1.05, F = 7.91 > F(C) = 3.02), that is, the initial volume of the graft decreased in time. Bone tissue loss was about 24%. In contrast, the MB group showed bone tissue gain along the observation period (MB0 = 1.54, MB45 = 2.40, F = 7.91 > F(C) = 3.02), meaning that the total volume of newly formed bone was greater than the original graft area. Bone tissue gain was approximately 55%. MB showed significantly greater bone gain when compared to B (B45 = 1.05, MB45 = 2.40, F = 39.86 > F(C) = 1.90). These significant differences between B and MB could already be observed after 21 days. CONCLUSIONS: The bone block graft underwent resorption at an early healing stage, while additional new bone formation was observed when the bone graft was covered with an e-PTFE membrane.

Avaliação da uniformidade de aplicação de água em um sistema de gotejamento para pequenas propriedades / Uniformity of water application for a drip irrigation system to small farms

O uso de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento à baixa pressão tem como objetivo oferecer uma técnica de irrigação viável para pequenas propriedades. Foram dimensionados oito sistemas de irrigação, um com os seguintes acessórios: 210 metros de tubo gotejador com diâmetro interno (DI) de 10,4 mm, sete conectores de 12 mm, e seis metros de tubo de polietileno, um adaptador para tubo de polietileno, uma curva de 90º e três metros de tubo de PVC com DI igual a 20,6 mm. Quatro sistemas foram montados com um filtro de tela de 130 μm e os demais com um filtro de disco de 200 μm. Em todos os sistemas foram utilizados um reservatório de 1 m³ localizado a 3 m acima do nível do solo. Irrigou-se 1296 m² de uma cultura de tomate, em canteiros com dimensões de 1,20 m por 60 m. Para avaliação técnica do projeto foi obtida a uniformidade de aplicação de água através do coeficiente de uniformidade de emissão (UE) e coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (UD), durante um período de 90 dias. Os resultados indicaram que o UE e o UD foram excelentes e que os valores de grau de entupimento aumentaram com o uso da irrigação. Assim, de acordo com os resultados, comprova-se a viabilidade técnica da utilização de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento funcionando a baixa pressão para pequenas áreas.

A low pressure drip irrigation gravity feed system may be a viable technique to small farms. So, according with it, eight irrigation systems with 10.4 mm internal diameter driptubing 210 m long, seven 12 mm adapters, 20.6 mm polyethylene pipe 6 m long, polyethylene adapter, 20.6 mm 90º elbow, 20.6 mm PVC pipe 3 m long and 1 m³ water reservoir at 3 m height, were designed and assembled to irrigate 1.296 m² with tomato cultivated in 0.8 x 60 m beds. One 130 mm screen filter was used to four systems and one 200 mm disc filter for the other ones. Emission uniformity coefficients (UE) and distribution uniformity coefficients (UD) were obtained throughout 90 days. UE and UD were excellent and the degree of clogging at the emitters increased with time. Therefore, according to the results, the low pressure drip irrigation systems tested are technically viable to small areas.

Produtividade e rendimento do cafeeiro nas cinco primeiras safras irrigado por pivô central em Lavras, MG / Coffee yield and production during the initial five harvests under irrigation with center pivot in Lavras, MG

Com a racionalização da exploração agrícola a caminho da sustentabilidade e a incorporação de novas tecnologias pelacafeicultura, tornam-se necessários o domínio, o conhecimento e o manejo dos principais fatores relacionados à produção, dentre os quais a irrigação é de fundamental importância. Avaliou-se o efeito da irrigação na produtividade e no rendimento do café da roça emlavoura irrigada por pivô central na região de Lavras, MG. O experimento foi conduzido em lavoura cafeeira da cultivar Rubi MG- 1192, plantada em março de 1999, com espaçamento de 3,5 m entre linhas e 0,8 m entre plantas. O delineamento experimental adotadofoi o de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. As irrigações foram realizadas em turnos de rega fixos de 2 e 3 dias (segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras), com base no balanço entre a evaporação do tanque classe A (ECA) e as precipitações, aplicandose à diferença os porcentuais 0% ECA (T1, não irrigado), 60% ECA (T2), 80% ECA (T3), 100% ECA (T4), 120% ECA (T5) e 140% ECA (T6). Após a derriça e homogeneização do café colhido nas parcelas experimentais, amostras de café da roça foram acondicionadas em sacaria de fio de plástico trançado e submetidas à secagem em bancadas de madeira suspensa ao ar livre, até atingirem umidade entre 11 e 12% com base em peso. Após a secagem, procedeu-se o beneficiamento (retirada da casca) e pesagem das amostras para estimativa da produtividade e do rendimento. A irrigação promoveu acréscimo na produtividade dos tratamentos irrigados quando comparada à produtividade da testemunha; mesmo não havendo diferença estatística significativa na comparação de safras anuais paraas irrigações nota-se, ao comparar a produção total acumulada das safras, diferença estatística entre a testemunha e os tratamentos irrigados...

Search for sustainability on agricultural exploration and incorporation of new technologies impose the necessity forknowledge and management of main factors related to production, such as irrigation. This experiment evaluated the irrigation effect on yield and production efficiency (amount of beans to produce a bag of 60Kg) of coffee irrigated by center pivot in Lavras- MG, Brazil. The experiment was planted with the cultivar Rubi MG-1192, planted on March, 1999. spaced 3.5 meters between rows and 0.8 meters between plants. The experimental design was the one of randomized blocks, with six treatment levels and three replicates. The irrigation was applied at intervals of 2 or 3 days, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, based on the amount estimated by the water blance considering the class A pan evaporation (ECA) and rain depths. The irrigation was calculated as 0% of the difference between ECA and rain depth - 0% ECA (T1, non irrigated), 60% ECA (T2), 80% ECA (T3), 100% ECA (T4), 120% ECA (T5) and 140% ECA (T6). After harvesting the coffee grains from the experimental plots, coffee samples were packed in ventilated plastic bags and dried on wood benches exposed to air long enough to decrease its moisturecontent between 11 and 12%, gravimetric water content. After drying, the beans were unpeeled and weighed to calculate the yield and production efficiency. Irrigation increased the yield of irrigated plots compared to non irrigated. Although non significantdifference was statistically observed when comparing annual yields, the differences were statistically significant when the total production was compared among treatment levels. Application of 60% ECA resulted in a total production along five years of 225.6 bags, with annual average of 45.12 bags per hectare, representing an increase of 119% when compared to the non irrigated treatment, where the annual average was 24 bags per hectare...

Uso da BMP-2 e 7 na promoção da osseointegração às superfícies dos implantes de titânio / The usage of BMP-2 and 7 for the promotion of the osseointegration to titanium implants surfaces

Para que seja possível a instalação dos implantes, há necessidade de que exista tecido ósseo de boa qualidade. Sem isto, as possibilidades de osseointegração e, portanto, de sucesso são muito reduzidas. As proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas (BMPs) são substâncias osteoindutoras e têm sido utilizadas na regeneração periodontal e na osseointegração. Em função disto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura para analisar a influência da BMP-2 e 7 na osseointegração da superfície dos implantes com o osso neoformado. As BMP-2 e 7 promovem uma neoformação óssea, produzindo uma área propícia para a instalação dos implantes. Além disso, estas proteínas permitem uma melhor osseointegração com a superfície de titânio, acelerando-a e possibilitando uma adaptação precoce às cargas funcionais. A aplicação da BMP-2 ou 7 pode ter utilidade clínica, no caso os implantes, além de ser uma alternativa para os enxertos ósseos autógenos. Novos estudos são necessários para analisar a viabilidade e o sucesso da aplicação destas proteínas no caso de implantes intra-orais em humanos.

For the implants installation to be possible there is a need for a good quality osseous tissue to exist. Without this, the possibilities of osseointegration and, therefore, the success, are much reduced. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are osseous inducers substances and have been used in the periodontal regeneration and in the osseointegration. In function of that, a literature revision was carried out to analyze the influence of BMP-2 and 7 in the osseointegrationof implants surface, with the neoformed bone. The BMP-2 and 7 promote a bone neoformation, thus producing an adequate area for the implants installation. Besides that, these proteins allow a better osseointegration with the titanium surface, expediting it and enabling a precocious adaptation to the functional loads. The application of BMP-2 or 7 can have clinical utility, in this case the implants, besides being an alternative for the autogenous osseous grafts. New studies are necessary to analyze the viability and the success of these proteins application, in case of intraoral implants in humans.