MicroRNA-148a-3p in pericyte-derived extracellular vesicles improves erectile function in diabetic mice by promoting cavernous neurovascular regeneration.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the regulatory role of microRNA (miR)-148a-3p in mouse corpus cavernous pericyte (MCPs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the treatment of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: Mouse corpus cavernous tissue was used for MCP primary culture and EV isolation. Small-RNA sequencing analysis was performed to assess the type and content of miRs in MCPs-EVs. Four groups of mice were used: control nondiabetic mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice receiving two intracavernous injections (days - 3 and 0) of phosphate buffered saline, MCPs-EVs transfected with reagent control, or MCPs-EVs transfected with a miR-148a-3p inhibitor. miR-148a-3p function in MCPs-EVs was evaluated by tube-formation assay, migration assay, TUNEL assay, intracavernous pressure, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting. RESULTS: We extracted EVs from MCPs, and small-RNA sequencing analysis showed miR-148a-3p enrichment in MCPs-EVs. Exogenous MCPs-EV administration effectively promoted mouse cavernous endothelial cell (MCECs) tube formation, migration, and proliferation, and reduced MCECs apoptosis under high-glucose conditions. These effects were significantly attenuated in miR-148a-3p-depleted MCPs-EVs, which were extracted after inhibiting miR-148a-3p expression in MCPs. Repetitive intracavernous injections of MCPs-EVs improved erectile function by inducing cavernous neurovascular regeneration in diabetic mice. Using online bioinformatics databases and luciferase report assays, we predicted that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) is a potential target gene of miR-148a-3p. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new and reliable evidence that miR-148a-3p in MCPs-EVs significantly enhances cavernous neurovascular regeneration by inhibiting PDK4 expression in diabetic mice.

Salidroside ameliorates pathological cardiac hypertrophy via TLR4-TAK1-dependent signaling.

Salidroside, a prominent active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicines, is garnering increased attention because of its unique pharmacological effects against ischemic heart disease via MAPK signaling, which plays a critical role in regulating the evolution of ventricular hypertrophy. However, the function of Salidroside on myocardial hypertrophy has not yet been elucidated. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), and treated with Salidroside (100 mg kg-1  day-1 ) by oral gavage for 3 weeks starting 1 week after surgery. Four weeks after TAC surgery, the mice were subjected to echocardiography and then sacrificed to harvest the hearts for analysis. For in vitro study, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were used to validate the protective effects of Salidroside in response to Angiotensin II (Ang II, 1 µM) stimulation. Here, we proved that Salidroside dramatically inhibited hypertrophic reactions generated by pressure overload and isoproterenol (ISO) injection. Salidroside prevented the activation of the TAK1-JNK/p38 axis. Salidroside pretreatment of TAK1-inhibited cardiomyocytes shows no additional attenuation of Ang II-induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and signaling pathway activation. The overexpression of constitutively active TAK1 removed the protective effects of Salidroside on myocardial hypertrophy. TAC-induced increase of TLR4 protein expression was reduced considerably in the Salidroside treated mice. Transient transfection of small interfering RNA targeting TLR4 (siTLR4) in cardiomyocytes did not further decrease the activation of the TAK1/JNK-p38 axis. In conclusion, Salidroside functioned as a TLR4 inhibitor and displayed anti-hypertrophic action via the TAK1/JNK-p38 pathway.

Argonaute 2 Restores Erectile Function by Enhancing Angiogenesis and Reducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Type-1 Diabetic Mice.

Severe vascular and nerve damage from diabetes is a leading cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) and poor response to oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a catalytic engine in mammalian RNA interference, is involved in neurovascular regeneration under inflammatory conditions. In the present study, we report that Ago2 administration can effectively improve penile erection by enhancing cavernous endothelial cell angiogenesis and survival under diabetic conditions. We found that although Ago2 is highly expressed around blood vessels and nerves, it is significantly reduced in the penis tissue of diabetic mice. Exogenous administration of the Ago2 protein restored erectile function in diabetic mice by reducing reactive oxygen species production-signaling pathways (inducing eNOS Ser1177/NF-κB Ser536 signaling) and improving cavernous endothelial angiogenesis, migration, and cell survival. Our study provides new evidence that Ago2 mediation may be a promising therapeutic strategy and a new approach for diabetic ED treatment.

[Advances in mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in inhibiting angiogenesis in ovarian cancer].

Ovarian cancer is one of the three major cancers in gynecology. Ovarian cancer has insidious symptoms in its early stages and mostly has progressed to advanced stages when detected. Surgical treatment combined with chemotherapy is currently the main treatment, but the 5-year survival rate is still less than 45%. Angiogenesis is a key step in the growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer. The inhibition of ovarian cancer angiogenesis has become a new hotspot in anti-tumor targeted therapy, which has many advantages such as less drug resistance, high specificity, few side effects, and broad anti-tumor spectrum. Modern research has confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) can inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of pro-angiogenic factors, up-regulating the expression of anti-angiogenic factors, inhibiting the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, reducing the density of tumor microvessels, and regulating related signaling pathways, with unique advantages in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This paper presented a review of the role of TCM in inhibiting ovarian cancer angiogenesis in order to provide references for the optimization of clinical ovarian cancer treatment strategies.

The role of vaginal microecology in the cervical cancer.

AIM: To explore the role of vaginal microecology in cervical cancer, so as to increase the understanding of cervical cancer and lay a foundation for future large-sample clinical trials. METHODS: We reviewed and summarized the literature comprehensively, and discussed the relationship between vaginal microecology and HPV infection, CIN progression and cervical cancer, as well as the potential molecular mechanism and the prospects of probiotics and prebiotics in future cancer treatments. RESULTS: With the popularization of high-throughput sequencing technology and the development of bioinformatics analysis technology, many evidences show that the increase in the diversity of the bacterial community in the vaginal microecological environment and the decrease in the number of Lactobacilli are associated with the continuous infection of HPV and the further development of CIN, cervical cancer-related. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal microecological imbalance has an important impact on the occurrence and development of cervical cancer. However, the pathogenesis is not completely clear, and more high-level basic research and longitudinal clinical studies are needed to verify.

[Activity of Codonopsis canescens against rheumatoid arthritis based on TLRs/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways and its mechanism].

This paper aims to explore the activity of Codonopsis canescens extract against rheumatoid arthritis(RA) based on the Toll-like receptors(TLRs)/mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathways and its mechanism. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to identify the components of C. canescens extract. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely the normal group, the model group, the methotrexate(MTX) tablet group, and the low, medium, and high-dose C. canescens extract(ZDS-L, ZDS-M, and ZDS-H) groups, with 8 rats in each group. The model of collagen-induced arthritis in rats was induced by injection of bovine type Ⅱ collagen emulsion. MTX(2.5 mg·kg~(-1)), ZDS-L, ZDS-M, and ZDS-H(0.3 g·kg~(-1), 0.6 g·kg~(-1), and 1.2 g·kg~(-1)) were administrated by gavage. Rats in the normal group and the model group received distilled water. MTX was given once every three days for 28 days, and the rest medicines were given once daily for 28 days. Body weight, degree of foot swelling, arthritis index, immune organ index, synovial histopathological changes, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), and interleukin-6(IL-6) were observed. Protein expressions of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, and p-p38 MAPK in rats were determined by Western blot. Thirty-four main components were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including 15 flavonoids, 7 phenylpropanoids, 4 terpenoids, 4 organic acids, 2 esters, and 2 polyalkynes. As compared with the normal group, the body weight of the model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01), and foot swelling(P<0.05, P<0.01), arthritis index(P<0.01), and the immune organ index(P<0.01) were significantly increased. The synovial histopathological injury was obviously observed in the model group. The serum levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly increased(P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK in the synovial tissue were significantly increased(P<0.01) in the model group. As compared with the model group, the body weights of the ZDS dose groups were increased(P<0.01), and the degree of foot swelling(P<0.01) and the arthritis index were decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01). The immune organ index was decreased(P<0.01) in the ZDS dose groups, and the synovial tissue hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration were alleviated. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK were decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01) in the ZDS dose groups. C. canescens extract containing apigenin, tricin, chlorogenic acid, aesculin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and oleanolic acid has a good anti-RA effect, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLRs/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways.

6-Gingerol protects against cardiac remodeling by inhibiting the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

6-Gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but the effect of 6-gingerol on pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling remains inconclusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of 6-gingerol on cardiac remodeling in in vivo and in vitro models, and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), and treated with 6-gingerol (20 mg/kg, ig) three times a week (1 week in advance and continued until the end of the experiment). Four weeks after TAC surgery, the mice were subjected to echocardiography, and then sacrificed to harvest the hearts for analysis. For in vitro study, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts were used to validate the protective effects of 6-gingerol in response to phenylephrine (PE) and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) challenge. We showed that 6-gingerol administration protected against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and dysfunction in TAC mice. In the in vitro study, we showed that treatment with 6-gingerol (20 µM) blocked PE-induced-cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and TGF-ß-induced cardiac fibroblast activation. Furthermore, 6-gingerol treatment significantly decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38) phosphorylation in response to pressure overload in vivo and extracellular stimuli in vitro, which was upregulated in the absence of 6-gingerol treatment. Moreover, transfection with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 expressing adenoviruses (Ad-MKK6), which specifically activated p38, abolished the protective effects of 6-gingerol in both in vitro and in vivo models. In conclusion, 6-gingerol improves cardiac function and alleviates cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload in a p38-dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that 6-gingerol is a promising agent for the intervention of pathological cardiac remodeling.

The anti-inflammatory effect of ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells associated with NF-κB and P38/MAPK pathways.

Ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid (LL-3) was demonstrated that it can inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and macrophage migration, maintain homeostasis of oxidative stress, including increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and maintenance of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities and inhibit oxidative stress-induced P38 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways to decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expressions without marked cytotoxicity. These findings revealed that LL-3 could serve as a candidate lead compound for further studying anti-inflammatory therapies.[Formula: see text].

Global Transcriptional Analyses of the Wnt-Induced Development of Neural Stem Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to neural stem cells (NSCs) is the key initial event in neurogenesis and is thought to be dependent on the family of Wnt growth factors, their receptors and signaling proteins. The delineation of the transcriptional pathways that mediate Wnt-induced hPSCs to NSCs differentiation is vital for understanding the global genomic mechanisms of the development of NSCs and, potentially, the creation of new protocols in regenerative medicine. To understand the genomic mechanism of Wnt signaling during NSCs development, we treated hPSCs with Wnt activator (CHIR-99021) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a chemically defined medium (N2B27) to induce NSCs, referred to as CLNSCs. The CLNSCs were subcultured for more than 40 passages in vitro; were positive for AP staining; expressed neural progenitor markers such as NESTIN, PAX6, SOX2, and SOX1; and were able to differentiate into three neural lineage cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. Our transcriptome analyses revealed that the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways regulate hPSCs cell fate decisions for neural lineages and maintain the self-renewal of CLNSCs. One interesting network could be the deregulation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in CLNSCs via the downregulation of c-MYC, which may promote exit from pluripotency and neural differentiation. The Wnt-induced spinal markers HOXA1-4, HOXA7, HOXB1-4, and HOXC4 were increased, however, the brain markers FOXG1 and OTX2, were absent in the CLNSCs, indicating that CLNSCs have partial spinal cord properties. Finally, a CLNSC simple culture condition, when applied to hPSCs, supports the generation of NSCs, and provides a new and efficient cell model with which to untangle the mechanisms during neurogenesis.

TLR9 deficiency alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via the regulation of autophagy.

Doxorubicin is a commonly used anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug. Its application for treatment has been impeded by its cardiotoxicity as it is detrimental and fatal. DNA damage, cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death are the critical links in DOX-induced myocardial injury. Previous studies found that TLR9-related signalling pathways are associated with the inflammatory response of cardiac myocytes, mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death, but it remains unclear whether TLR9 could influence DOX-induced heart injury. Our current data imply that DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is ameliorated by TLR9 deficiency both in vivo and in vitro, manifested as improved cardiac function and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the deletion of TLR9 rescued DOX-induced abnormal autophagy flux in vivo and in vitro. However, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA abolished the protective effects of TLR9 deletion on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Moreover, TLR9 ablation suppressed the activation of p38 MAPK during DOX administration and may promote autophagy via the TLR9-p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Our study suggests that the deletion of TLR9 exhibits a protective effect on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing p38-dependent autophagy. This finding could be used as a basis for the development of a prospective therapy against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Actinomycin V Suppresses Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells by Inducing G2/M Phase Arrest and Apoptosis via the p53-Dependent Pathway.

Actinomycin V, extracted and separated from marine-derived actinomycete Streptomyces sp., as the superior potential replacement of actinomycin D (which showed defect for its hepatotoxicity) has revealed an ideal effect in the suppression of migration and invasion in human breast cancer cells as referred to in our previous study. In this study, the involvement of p53 in the cell cycle arrest and pro-apoptotic action of actinomycin V was investigated in human non-small-cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Results from the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that cytotoxic activity of actinomycin V on A549 cells (with wild-type p53) was stronger than the NCI-H1299 cells (p53-deficient). Actinomycin V upregulated both of the protein and mRNA expression levels of p53, p21Waf1/Cip1 and Bax in A549 cells. For this situation, actinomycin V decreased the M-phase related proteins (Cdc2, Cdc25A and Cyclin B1) expression, arrested cells in G2/M phase and subsequently triggered apoptosis by mediating the Bcl-2 family proteins' expression (Bax and Bcl-2). Furthermore, the effects of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells which were induced by actinomycin V could be reversed by the pifithrin-α, a specific inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity. Collectively, our results suggest that actinomycin V causes up-regulation of p53 by which the growth of A549 cells is suppressed for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Protective effects of 3ß-angeloyloxy-8ß, 10ß-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-12, 8α-lactone on paraquat-induced oxidative injury in SH-SY5Y cells.

3ß-Angeloyloxy-8ß,10ß-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-12,8α-lactone (FJ1) inhibited effectively paraquat (PQ)-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. In this way, FJ1 was shown to reverse the PQ-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the release of cytochrome c. The mechanism was associated with a reduction of oxidative stress, including the decrease in the levels of ROS and MDA and maintaining the activity of SOD and GSH. Taken together, findings revealed that FJ1 had protective effects against PQ-induced injury via attenuating the oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells, which suggested that FJ1 might be a candidate for further evaluation against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Ivalin Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Associated with the NF-κB Activation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells.

Ivalin, a natural compound isolated from Carpesium divaricatum, showed excellent microtubule depolymerization activities among human hepatocellular carcinoma in our previous work. Here, we investigated its functions on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, annexin V-fluorexcein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection, and western blotting were applied to explore the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. Next, the induction effect of Ivalin on the mitochondrial pathway was also confirmed via a series of phenomena including the damage of mitochondria membrane potential, mitochondria cytochrome c escape, cleaved caspase-3 induction, and the reactive oxygen species generation. In this connection, we understood that Ivalin induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and the overload of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we found that the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent p53 induction were associated with the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. These data confirmed that Ivalin might be a promising pro-apoptotic compound that can be utilized as a potential drug for clinical treatment.

Ivalin Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Invasion by Suppressing Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells.

Ivalin, an eudesmane-type sesquiterpene compound, was isolated from the Chinese herb Carpesium divaricatum in our chemistry group. In this study, we investigated the anti-migration and anti-invasion activities and underlying mechanisms of Ivalin in breast cancer cells in vitro. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, Western blotting was used to determine the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and ZEB1, and mRNA levels were analyzed by qPCR. The anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of Ivalin were measured by wound-healing and Transwell assays. In this connection, Ivalin treatment reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of ZEB1 as well as N-cadherin and vimentin expression in various breast cancer cells. E-cadherin expression was enhanced by Ivalin in the same cells, which implied that Ivalin depressed the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our results revealed that Ivalin significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. This study suggests that Ivalin may merit further investigation as a potential therapeutic leading compound for the treatment of breast cancer migration and invasion.

Sesamin Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling Via Sirt3/ROS Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cardiac remodeling is associated with oxidative stress. Sesamin, a well-known antioxidant from sesamin seeds, have been used extensively as traditional health foods. However, there is little known about the effect of sesamin on cardiac remodeling. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether sesamin could protect against cardiac remodeling and to clarify potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The mice were subjected to either transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery (control group). Beginning one week after surgery, the mice were oral gavage treated with sesamin (100mg·kg-1·day-1) or vehicle for 3 weeks. Cardiac hypertrophy was assessed by echocardiographic parameters, histological analyses and hypertrophic markers. RESULTS: Sesamin alleviated cardiac hypertrophy, inhibited fibrosis and attenuated the inflammatory response. The increased production of reactive oxygen species, the activation of ERK1/2-dependent nuclear factor-κB and the increased level of Smad2 phosphorylation were observed in cardiac remolding model that were treated with sesamin. Furthermore, TAC induced alteration of Sirt3 and SOD2 was normalized by sesamin treatment. Finally, a selective Sirt3 inhibitor 3-TYP blocks all the protective role of sesamin, suggesting that a Sirt3-dependent effect of sesamin on cardiac remodeling. CONCLUSION: Sesamin improves cardiac function and prevents the development of cardiac hypertrophy via Sirt3/ROS pathway. Our results suggest the protective effect of sesamin on cardiac remolding.

Semaglutide ameliorates cardiac remodeling in male mice by optimizing energy substrate utilization through the Creb5/NR4a1 axis.

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is clinically used as a glucose-lowering and weight loss medication due to its effects on energy metabolism. In heart failure, energy production is impaired due to altered mitochondrial function and increased glycolysis. However, the impact of semaglutide on cardiomyocyte metabolism under pressure overload remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that semaglutide improves cardiac function and reduces hypertrophy and fibrosis in a mouse model of pressure overload-induced heart failure. Semaglutide preserves mitochondrial structure and function under chronic stress. Metabolomics reveals that semaglutide reduces mitochondrial damage, lipid accumulation, and ATP deficiency by promoting pyruvate entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and increasing fatty acid oxidation. Transcriptional analysis shows that semaglutide regulates myocardial energy metabolism through the Creb5/NR4a1 axis in the PI3K/AKT pathway, reducing NR4a1 expression and its translocation to mitochondria. NR4a1 knockdown ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in the heart. These findings suggest that semaglutide may be a therapeutic agent for improving cardiac remodeling by modulating energy metabolism.

Curcumin nicotinate increases LDL cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes through IDOL/LDL-R pathway regulation.

BACKGROUND: Curcumin nicotinate (Curtn), derived from curcumin and niacin, reduces serum LDL-C levels, partly due to its influence on PCSK9. This study investigates IDOL's role in Curtn's lipid-lowering effects. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate Curtn's regulation of the IDOL/LDLR pathway and potential molecular mechanisms in hepatocytes. METHODS: Differential metabolites in Curtn-treated HepG2 cells were identified via LC-MS. Molecular docking assessed Curtn's affinity with IDOL. Cholesterol content and LDLR expression effects were studied in high-fat diet Wistar rats. In vitro evaluations determined Curtn's influence on IDOL overexpression's LDL-C uptake and LDLR expression in hepatocytes. RESULTS: Lipids were the main differential metabolites in Curtn-treated HepG2 cells. Docking showed Curtn's higher affinity to IDOL's FERM domain compared to curcumin, suggesting potential competitive inhibition of IDOL's binding to LDLR. Curtn decreased liver cholesterol in Wistar rats and elevated LDLR expression. During in vitro experiments, Curtn significantly enhanced the effects of IDOL overexpression in HepG2 cells, leading to increased LDL-C uptake and elevated expression of LDL receptors. CONCLUSION: Curtn modulates the IDOL/LDLR pathway, enhancing LDL cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Combined with its PCSK9 influence, Curtn emerges as a potential hyperlipidemia therapy.

Research progress on the mechanism of glycolysis in ovarian cancer.

Glycolysis is the preferred energy metabolism pathway in cancer cells even when the oxygen content is sufficient. Through glycolysis, cancer cells convert glucose into pyruvic acid and then lactate to rapidly produce energy and promote cancer progression. Changes in glycolysis activity play a crucial role in the biosynthesis and energy requirements of cancer cells needed to maintain growth and metastasis. This review focuses on ovarian cancer and the significance of key rate-limiting enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, related signaling pathways (PI3K-AKT, Wnt, MAPK, AMPK), transcription regulators (HIF-1a), and non-coding RNA in the glycolytic pathway. Understanding the relationship between glycolysis and these different mechanisms may provide new opportunities for the future treatment of ovarian cancer.

Tuning oxygen vacancy in Bi2WO6 by heteroatom doping for enhanced photooxidation-reduction properties.

Heteroatom doping was recently regarded as an effective method to tune the band gap and improve the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, a novel S,F-codoped Bi2WO6 (S,F-Bi2WO6) with suitable oxygen vacancies was synthesized via the hydrothermal-calcination and post-sulfurization, for efficient Cr(VI) reduction and methyl orange (MO) degradation under visible light. The amount of surface oxygen vacancies could be controlled by adjusting the S/F ratio during the doping process, which modulated the band structure and photogenerated charge behavior of Bi2WO6. The optimal S0.10F-Bi2WO6 exhibited an excellent photooxidation-reduction performance, which Cr(VI) reduction and MO degradation efficiencies were 1.6 and 2.6 times than those of the pristine Bi2WO6 without oxygen vacancy under visible-light, respectively. The enhanced photooxidation-reduction performance was because the right amount of oxygen vacancies could effectively narrow the bandgap and improve the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. Thus, this work offered a mild and simply approach for preparing heteroatom doped Bi2WO6 and a potential to be extended to the synthesis of other doped materials for environmental remediation.