RESUMEN
Sepsis causes systemic inflammatory responses and acute lung injury (ALI). Despite modern treatments, sepsis-related ALI mortality remains high. Aqueous extract of Descuraniae Semen (AEDS) exerts anti-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. AEDS alleviates inflammation and oedema in ALI. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) is essential for regulating alveolar fluid and is important in ALI. The NKCC1 activity is regulated by upstream with-no-lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). This study aimed to investigate the effects of AEDS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model in A549 cells, considering the regulation of ER stress, WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 cascades, inflammation and apoptosis. Cell viability was investigated by the CCK-8 assay. The expressions of the proteins were assessed by immunoblotting analysis assays. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. The expression of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in A549 cells was determined using Fluo-4 AM. AEDS attenuates LPS-induced inflammation, which is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and activation of the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 pathway. AEDS inhibits the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 pathway by regulating of Bcl-2, IP3R and intracellular Ca2+. WNK4 expression levels are significantly higher in the WNK4-overexpressed transfected A549 cells and significantly decrease after AEDS treatment. AEDS attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 cascade. Therefore, AEDS is regarded as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI.
Asunto(s)
Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico , Inflamación , Lipopolisacáridos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Transducción de Señal , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12 , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Células A549 , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/metabolismo , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/patología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
As a physiological defense mechanism, inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli [...].
RESUMEN
Artificial neural networks usually consist of successive linear multiply-accumulate operations and nonlinear activation functions. However, most optical neural networks only achieve the linear operation in the optical domain, while the optical implementation of activation function remains challenging. Here we present an optical ReLU-like activation function (with 180° rotation) based on a semiconductor laser subject to the optical injection in an experiment. The ReLU-like function is achieved in a broad regime above the Hopf bifurcation of the injection-locking diagram and is operated in the continuous-wave mode. In particular, the slope of the activation function is reconfigurable by tuning the frequency difference between the master laser and the slave laser.