High Accuracy of Clinical Verification of Electrohydrodynamic-Driven Nanobox-on-Mirror Platform for Molecular Identification of Respiratory Viruses.

The molecular detection of multiple respiratory viruses provides evidence for the rational use of drugs and effective health management. Herein, we developed and tested the clinical performance of an electrohydrodynamic-driven nanobox-on-mirror platform (E-NoM) for the parallel, accurate, and sensitive detection of four respiratory viral antigens. The E-NoM platform uses gold-silver alloy nanoboxes as the core material with the deposition of a silver layer as a shell on the core surfaces to amplify and enable a reproducible Raman signal readout that facilitates accurate detection. Additionally, the E-NoM platform employs gold microelectrode arrays as the mirror with electrohydrodynamics to manipulate the fluid flow and enhance molecular interactions for an improved biosensing response. The presence of viral antigens binds the nanobox-based core-shell nanostructure on the gold microelectrode and creates the nanocavity with extremely strong "hot spots" to benefit sensitive analysis. Significantly, in a large clinical cohort with 227 patients, the designed E-NoM platform demonstrates the capability of screening respiratory infection with achieved clinical specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of 100.0, 96.48, and 96.91%, respectively. It is anticipated that the E-NoM platform can find a position in clinical usage for respiratory disease diagnosis.

Bacteriocins attenuate Listeria monocytogenes-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory response.

Bacteriocins have the potential to effectively improve food-borne infections or gastrointestinal diseases and hold promise as viable alternatives to antibiotics. This study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity of three bacteriocins (nisin, enterocin Gr17, and plantaricin RX-8) and their ability to attenuate intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory responses induced by Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. Bacteriocins have shown excellent antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes without causing any cytotoxicity. Bacteriocins inhibited the adhesion and invasion of L. monocytogenes on Caco-2 cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and cell migration showed that bacteriocin improved the permeability of Caco-2 cells. These results were attributed to the promotion of tight junction proteins (TJP) assembly, specifically zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1. Furthermore, bacteriocins could alleviate inflammation by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and reducing the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Among three bacteriocins, plantaricin RX-8 showed the best antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and the most pronounced protective effect on the intestinal barrier due to its unique structure. Based on our findings, we hypothesized that bacteriocins may inhibit the adhesion and invasion of L. monocytogenes by competing adhesion sites. Moreover, they may further enhance intestinal barrier function by inhibiting the expression of L. monocytogenes virulence factors, increasing the expression of TJP and decreasing the secretion of inflammatory factors. Therefore, bacteriocins will hopefully be an effective alternative to antibiotics, and this study provides valuable insights into food safety concerns. KEY POINTS: • Bacteriocins show excellent antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes • Bacteriocins improve intestinal barrier damage and inflammatory response • Plantaricin RX-8 has the best protective effect on Caco-2 cells damage.

Influence of myoglobin on the antibacterial activity of carvacrol and the binding mechanism between the two compounds.

BACKGROUND: Myoglobin (MB), a pigmentation protein, can adversely affect the antibacterial activity of carvacrol (CAR) and weaken its bacteriostasis effect. This study aimed to clarify the influence of MB on the antibacterial activity of CAR and ascertain the mechanism involved in the observed influence, especially the interaction between the two compounds. RESULTS: Microbiological analysis indicated that the presence of MB significantly suppressed the antibacterial activity of CAR against Listeria monocytogenes. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis confirmed the interaction between CAR and MB. The stoichiometric number was determined as ~0.7 via double logarithmic Stern-Volmer equation analysis, while thermodynamic analysis showed that the conjugation of the two compounds occurred as an exothermal reaction (ΔH° = -32.3 ± 11.4 kJ mol-1 and ΔS° = -75 J mol-1 K-1 ). Circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed hydrogen bonding in the carvacrol-myoglobin complex (CAR-MB). Molecular docking analysis confirmed that amino acid residues, including GLY80 and HIS82, were most likely to form hydrogen bonds with CAR, while hydrogen bonds represented the main driving force for CAR-MB formation. CONCLUSION: CAR antibacterial activity was significantly inhibited by the presence of MB in the environment due to the notable reduction in the effective concentration of CAR caused by CAR-MB formation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Construction of Z-Scheme Ag2MoO4/ZnWO4 Heterojunctions for Photocatalytically Removing Pollutants.

Facilitation of the photocarrier separation is a crucial strategy for developing highly efficient photocatalysts in eliminating environmental pollutants. Herein we have developed a new kind of Ag2MoO4/ZnWO4 (AMO/ZWO) composite photocatalysts with a Z-scheme mechanism by anchoring AMO nanoparticles onto ZWO nanorods. Multiple characterization methodologies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to study the performances of the AMO/ZWO heterojunctions as well as the underlying photocatalytic mechanism. Simulated-sunlight-driven photodegradation experiments for removing methylene blue (MB) demonstrates that the 8%AMO/ZWO heterojunction can photocatalytically remove 99.8% of MB within 60 min, and the reaction rate constant is obtained as 0.10199 min-1, which is enhanced by 6.8 (or 4.9) times when compared with that of pure ZWO (or AMO). On the base of the experimental results and DFT calculations, the enhanced photocatalytic mechanism of the AMO/ZWO heterojunctions was revealed to be the efficient separation of photocarriers via a Z-scheme transfer process. In addition, photodegradion of various organic pollutants over 8%AMO/ZWO was further compared and aimed at incorporating it into industrial application in pollutant removal.

Defining the Basal and Immunomodulatory Mediator-Induced Phosphoprotein Signature in Pediatric B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) Diagnostic Samples.

It is theorized that dysregulated immune responses to infectious insults contribute to the development of pediatric B-ALL. In this context, our understanding of the immunomodulatory-mediator-induced signaling responses of leukemic blasts in pediatric B-ALL diagnostic samples is rather limited. Hence, in this study, we defined the signaling landscape of leukemic blasts, as well as normal mature B cells and T cells residing in diagnostic samples from 63 pediatric B-ALL patients. These samples were interrogated with a range of immunomodulatory-mediators within 24 h of collection, and phosflow analyses of downstream proximal signaling nodes were performed. Our data reveal evidence of basal hyperphosphorylation across a broad swath of these signaling nodes in leukemic blasts in contrast to normal mature B cells and T cells in the same sample. We also detected similarities in the phosphoprotein signature between blasts and mature B cells in response to IFNγ and IL-2 treatment, but significant divergence in the phosphoprotein signature was observed between blasts and mature B cells in response to IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-21 and CD40 ligand treatment. Our results demonstrate the existence of both symmetry and asymmetry in the phosphoprotein signature between leukemic and non-leukemic cells in pediatric B-ALL diagnostic samples.

Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and genome features of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LR-14 from Sichuan pickles.

The persistence of Staphylococcus aureus within biofilm can lead to contamination of medical devices and life-threatening infections. Luckily, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have an inhibitory effect on the growth of these bacteria. This study aims to select LAB strains from fermented vegetables, and analyze their potential inhibition activities against S. aureus. In total, 45 isolates of LAB were successfully isolated from Sichuan pickles, and the CFS of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LR-14 exerted the strongest inhibitory effect against S. aureus. Moreover, S. aureus cells in planktonic and biofilm states both wrinkled and damaged when treated with the CFS of L. plantarum LR-14. In addition, whole genome sequencing analysis indicates that L. plantarum LR-14 contains various functional genes, including predicted extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis genes, and genes participating in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acid, implying that L. plantarum LR-14 has the potential to be used as a probiotic with multiple functions.

Determination of Ultratrace Level 135Cs and 135Cs/137Cs Ratio in Small Volume Seawater by Chemical Separation and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

The atomic ratio of 135Cs/137Cs is a powerful fingerprint for distinguishing the source terms of radioactive contamination and tracing the circulation of water masses in the ocean. However, the determination of the 135Cs/137Cs ratio is very difficult due to the ultratrace level of 135Cs (<0.02 mBq/m3) and 137Cs (<2 Bq/m3) in the ordinary seawater samples. In this work, a sensitive method was developed for determination of 135Cs concentration and 135Cs/137Cs ratio in seawater using chemical separation combined with thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) measurement. Cesium was first preconcentrated from seawater using ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile column chromatography and then purified using cation exchange chromatography to remove the interferences. With this method, decontamination factors of 6.0 × 106 for barium and 1800 for rubidium and a chemical yield of more than 60% for cesium were achieved. By using glucose as an activator, the ionization efficiency of cesium was significantly improved to 50.6%, and a constant high current of Cs+ (20 V) can be maintained for more than 180 min, which ensures sensitive and reliable measurement of low level 135Cs and 137Cs. Detection limits of 4.0 × 10-17 g/L for both 135Cs and 137Cs for 200 mL seawater were achieved, which enables the accurate determination of 135Cs concentration and 135Cs/137Cs ratio in a small volume of seawater samples (<200 mL). The developed method has been validated by analysis of seawater reference material IAEA-443. Seawater samples collected from the Greenland Sea, Baltic Sea, and Danish Straits have been successfully analyzed for 135Cs concentrations and 135Cs/137Cs ratios, and the results showed that 135Cs concentrations in the seawater of the Baltic Sea is much higher than that in the Greenland Sea, which is attributed to the high deposition of Chernobyl accident derived radiocesium in the Baltic Sea region.

Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecules and Inhibitors with Potential Antifungal Activity: A Review.

The theory of persisting independent and isolated regarding microorganisms is no longer accepted. To survive and reproduce they have developed several communication platforms within the cells which facilitates them to adapt the surrounding environmental changes. This cell-to-cell communication is termed as quorum sensing; it relies upon the cell density and can stimulate several traits of microbes including biofilm formation, competence, and virulence factors secretion. Initially, this sophisticated mode of communication was discovered in bacteria; later, it was also confirmed in eukaryotes (fungi). As a consequence, many quorum-sensing molecules and inhibitors have been identified and characterized in various fungal species. In this review article, we will primarily focus on fungal quorum-sensing molecules and the production of inhibitors from fungal species with potential applications for combating fungal infections.

Effects of nonionic surfactants on pigment excretion and cell morphology in extractive fermentation of Monascus sp. NJ1.

BACKGROUND: Different nonionic surfactants in submerged fermentation of Monascus sp. demonstrate significant differences regarding increasing pigment yield. In this study, 15 surfactants from five series were analyzed to investigate the influence of nonionic surfactants on Monascus pigments, with the aim of simultaneously obtaining a novel nonionic surfactant. RESULTS: Addition of the novel surfactant Brij 35 greatly enhanced pigment excretion and demonstrated good biocompatibility. Extracellular red, orange and yellow pigments increased by 1.47-, 1.71- and 2.07-fold respectively. Production of extracellular pigments was not only related to the hydrophile-lipophile balance value (HLB) but also affected by the cloud point temperature (CP) of the fermentation medium. It was found that nonionic surfactants can improve cell membrane permeability and cell storage capacity by modifying the cell walls of Monascus mycelium and by increasing lipid droplet levels, enhancing pigment excretion. Different nonionic surfactants modify Monascus mycelium to different degrees. CONCLUSION: The novel surfactant Brij 35, which has good capacity for pigment extraction and biocompatibility, was identified in the analysis. The effects of nonionic surfactants on the secretion of pigments are related to not only the modification of the cell wall and internal structure but also the CP and HLB. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle tissue during prenatal stages in Tongcheng and Yorkshire pig using RNA-seq.

Myogenesis is accompanied by a number of changes in gene expression in mammals, and the transcriptional events that underlie these processes have not been yet fully elucidated. In this study, RNA-seq was used to comprehensively compare the transcription profiles of skeletal muscle between Tongcheng (TC) and Yorkshire (YK) pigs at 40, 55, 63, 70, and 90 days of gestation. One thousand three hundred seventeen and 691 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in TC and YK, respectively, among which 321 DEGs were shown to be common in TC and YK. STEM (Time-series Expression Miner) analysis revealed different gene expression profiles between the two breeds. One thousand six hundred seventy-seven genes showed significant differential expression between TC and YK at the identical stages, while three genes were found to be common in all comparisons. A total of 3185 new putative transcripts were also predicted. Several gene expression profiles were further validated by qRT-PCR. Fifty-five dpc (days post coitum) was suggested to be the key stage to contribute developmental differences between TC and YK. PTEN, EP300, ENSSSCG00000004979 (Myosin 9A), CDK14, IRS1, PPP1CC, and some ribosomal proteins were suggested to be the key candidate genes for elucidating the developmental differences between the two breeds. In conclusion, we constructed comprehensive high-resolution gene expression maps of these two pig breeds, which not only provides an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of transcriptional regulation during myogenesis in this study, but also would facilitate the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying myogenesis in the future studies.

Exosomes from MiR-126-Overexpressing Adscs Are Therapeutic in Relieving Acute Myocardial Ischaemic Injury.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies have indicated that exosomes play an important role in adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplant-mediated ischaemic heart disease therapy. However, the treatment effect is not obvious. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ADSC-derived exosomes enriched with microRNA (miR)-126 have a more protective effect on acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Exosomes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the exosome particles were further examined using nanoparticle tracking analyses. A rat model of myocardial infarction and in vitro model of hypoxia-induced H9c2 myocardial cell injury were established to study the protective mechanism of exosomes from miR-126-overexpressing ADSCs. RESULTS: The in vitro results showed that exosomes derived from miR-126-overexpressing ADSCs decreased H9c2 myocardial cell injury by reducing inflammation factor expression during hypoxia induction. The miR-126-enriched exosomes also decreased the expression of fibrosis-related proteins of H9c2 cells under hypoxic conditions. Matrigel® and Transwell® assays showed that miR-126-enriched exosomes significantly promoted microvascular generation and migration, respectively. In vivo studies confirmed that exosomes derived from ADSCs significantly decreased the myocardial injury area of infarction, especially after miR-126-enriched exosome treatment. Cardiac fibrosis and inflammatory cytokine expression were also decreased after treatment with miR-126-enriched exosomes. However, blood vessel formation was promoted in the infarction region of AMI rats. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that the expression of miR-126-enhanced ADSC-derived exosomes prevented myocardial damage by protecting myocardial cells from apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and increased angiogenesis.

Experimental and theoretical revealing of piezo-photocatalyst Bi2O2CO3 for degradation of ciprofloxacin in water.

In this report, we have attempted to experimentally and theoretically reveal a new piezo-photocatalyst Bi2O2CO3 for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water. Bi2O2CO3 nanoplates were synthesized to evaluate their photocatalytic (irradiation source: simulated-sunlight), piezocatalytic (irradiation source: ultrasonic) and piezo-photocatalytic (irradiation source: simulated-sunlight and ultrasonic) performances for CIP elimination. Under the condition CCIP = 10 mg/L and Ccatalyst = 1 g/L, the piezo-photodegradation rate constant is obtained as kapp = 0.07811 min-1, which surpasses that of photocatalysis (kapp = 0.04686 min-1) and piezocatalysis (kapp = 0.01233 min-1); this phenomenon manifests an obvious piezo-enhanced photocatalytic behavior in terms of the "1 + 1 > 2" principle. The ultrasonic-induced piezoelectric behavior in Bi2O2CO3 nanoplates and involved piezo-photocatalytic mechanism were theoretically elucidated by density functional theory (DFT) and finite-element method (FEM) studies. Additionally, the effects of various factors on the CIP degradation, decomposition mechanism of CIP and toxicity of the decomposition intermediates were also analyzed.

Feasibility study on the introduction of Micro-CT technology for the identification of Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants.

Background: Radix Bupleuri, a kind of Chinese herbal medicine with great clinical use, is often confused with its adulterants, and it is difficult to identify it without certain knowledge. The existing identification methods have their own drawbacks, so a new method is needed to realize the identification of Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants. Methods: We used Micro Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) to perform tomography scans on Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants, performed data screening and data correction on the obtained DICOM images, and then applied 3D reconstruction, data augmentation, and ResNext deep learning model for the classification study. Results: The DICOM images after data screening, data correction, and 3D reconstruction can observe the differences in the microstructure of Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants, thus enabling effective classification and analysis. Meanwhile, the accuracy of classification using the ResNext model reached 75%. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Micro-CT technology is feasible for the authentication of Radix Bupleuri. The pre-processed and 3D reconstructed tomographic images clearly show the microstructure and the difference between Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants without damaging the internal structure of the samples. This study concludes that Micro-CT technology provides important technical support for the reliable identification of Radix Bupleuri and its adulterants, which is expected to play an important role in the quality control and clinical application of herbs.

Unveiling the breadmaking transformation: Structural and functional insights into Arabinoxylan.

To understand the changes in arabinoxylan (AX) during breadmaking, multi-step enzyme digestion was conducted to re-extract arabinoxylan (AX-B) from AX-fortified bread. Their structural changes were compared using HPSEC, HPAEC, FT-IR, methylation analysis, and 1H NMR analysis; their properties changes in terms of enzymatic inhibition activities and in vitro fermentability against gut microbiota were also compared. Results showed that AX-B contained a higher portion of covalently linked protein while the molecular weight was reduced significantly after breadmaking process (from 677.1 kDa to 15.6 kDa); the structural complexity of AX-B in terms of the degree of branching was increased; the inhibition activity against α-amylase (76.81 % vs 73.89 % at 4 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (64.43 % vs 58.08 % at 4 mg/mL) was improved; the AX-B group produced a higher short-chain fatty acids concentration than AX (54.68 ± 7.86 mmol/L vs 44.03 ± 4.10 mmol/L). This study provides novel knowledge regarding the structural and properties changes of arabinoxylan throughout breadmaking, which help to predict the health benefits of fibre-fortified bread and achieve precision nutrition.

Incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To determine incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China. METHODS: A prospective, population-based, 1:2 matched case-control study in Baotou, Inner Mongolia (≈2 million population) in 2009-2011. Multiple variable models used to determine relative risk and population-attributable risks for exposures. RESULTS: For a total of 226 patients (mean age, 59 years; 65% women; 434 controls), crude annual incidence (per 100 000) of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 6.2 (95% confidence intervals, 5.4-7.0); 4.3 (3.3-5.2) for men and 8.2 (6.9-9.6) for women. Compared with nonsmokers, adjusted relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in current smokers was 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-4.09) but was 4.00 (1.62-9.89) in women. Population-attributable risk for smoking, hypertension, and low income were 18%, 36% and 59%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China is slightly lower than in Western countries and is related to smoking, hypertension, and poor socioeconomic status.

Intravenous Contrast Material Administration at High-pitch Dual-source CT Coronary Angiography: Bolus-tracking Technique with Shortened Time of Respiratory Instruction Versus Test Bolus Technique.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of acquiring the similar homogeneous enhancement using bolus-tracking techniques with shortened respiratory time in prospectively electrocardiogram-gated high-pitch spiral acquisition mode (Flash mode) coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) compared with test bolus technique. Methods One hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients with mean heart rate ≤65 beats per minute undergoing CCTA were prospectively included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the group A (n=92) instructed to shorten respiratory time received CCTA using bolus-tracking technique with high-pitch spiral acquisition mode (Flash mode), while those in the group B (n=92) underwent CCTA with test bolus technique. The attenuation in the ascending aorta, image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio and radiation doses of the two groups were assessed. Results There were no significant differences in the mean attenuation values in the ascending aorta (483.18±59.07 HU vs. 498.7±83.51 HU, P=0.183), image noise (21.4±4.5 HU vs. 20.9±4.3 HU, P=0.414), contrast-to-noise ratio (12.1±4.2 vs. 13.8±5.1, P=0.31) between the groups A and B. There were no significant differences in the radiation dose of dynamic monitoring scans (0.056±0.026 mSv vs. 0.062±0.018 mSv, P=0.068) and radiation dose of angiography (0.94±0.07 mSv vs. 0.96±0.15 mSv, P=0.926) between the two groups, while 15 mL less contrast material volume was administered in the group A than the group B. Conclusion Bolus-tracking technique with shortened time of respiratory in Flash mode of dual-source CT yields the similar homogeneous enhancement with less contrast material in comparison to the test bolus technique.

A novel edible colorant lake prepared with CaCO3 and Monascus pigments: Lake characterization and mechanism study.

Monascus pigments (MPs) were adsorbed using calcium carbonate to produce CaCO3-MPs lakes. The fundamental properties and formation mechanism of the lakes were investigated. Results indicated that CaCO3 displayed a high enough affinity for the MPs to form colorant lakes, while the MPs tended to transform the CaCO3 crystals from calcite to vaterite. The adsorption of MPs by CaCO3 followed the Freundlich isothermal model with n value higher than 1, confirming it as physical adsorption. The ΔG0 (-29 to ∼-33 kJ/mol) and ΔH0(30-55 kJ/mol) indicated that lake formation was a spontaneous and endothermic process. UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis verified the complex formation between Ca2+ and MPs via physical bonding, suggesting a possible attraction between the Ca2+ and glutamate residues of the MPs. EDS showed that the MPs were trapped inside the particles. FTIR spectroscopy and XPS further confirmed that the physical bonding was the primary driving force behind the lake formation.

Bacteriocin production enhancing mechanism of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum RX-8 response to Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y-5 by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.

Plantaricin is a kind of bacteriocin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity on several food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, showing potential in biopreservation applications. However, the low yield of plantaricin limits its industrialization. In this study, it was found that the co-culture of Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y-5 and Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum RX-8 could enhance plantaricin production. To investigate the response of L. paraplantarum RX-8 facing W. anomalus Y-5 and understand the mechanisms activated when increasing plantaricin yield, comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of L. paraplantarum RX-8 were performed in mono-culture and co-culture. The results showed that different genes and proteins in the phosphotransferase system (PTS) were improved and enhanced the uptake of certain sugars; the key enzyme activity in glycolysis was increased with the promotion of energy production; arginine biosynthesis was downregulated to increase glutamate mechanism and then promoted plantaricin yield; and the expression of several genes/proteins related to purine metabolism was downregulated and those related to pyrimidine metabolism was upregulated. Meanwhile, the increase of plantaricin synthesis by upregulation of plnABCDEF cluster expression under co-culture indicated that the PlnA-mediated quorum sensing (QS) system took part in the response mechanism of L. paraplantarum RX-8. However, the absence of AI-2 did not influence the inducing effect on plantaricin production. Mannose, galactose, and glutamate were critical metabolites and significantly simulate plantaricin production (p < 0.05). In summary, the findings provided new insights into the interaction between bacteriocin-inducing and bacteriocin-producing microorganisms, which may serve as a basis for further research into the detailed mechanism.