Universal occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters and di-esters in marine sediments: Evidence from the Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea.

Despite numerous data on organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) in the environment, literatures on organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) in field environment, especially marine sediments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 35 abyssal sediment samples from the middle Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. A total of 25 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs were determined, but 13 tri-OPEs and 2 di-OPEs were nondetectable in any of these sediment samples. The concentrations of ∑12tri-OPE and ∑8di-OPE were 0.108-32.2 ng/g (median 1.11 ng/g) and 0.548-15.0 ng/g (median 2.74 ng/g). Chlorinated (Cl) tri-OPEs were the dominant tri-esters, accounting for 47.5 % of total tri-OPEs on average, whereas chlorinated di-OPEs represented only 19.2 % of total di-OPEs. This discrepancy between the relatively higher percentage of Cl-tri-OPEs and lower abundance of Cl-di-OPEs may be ascribed to the stronger environmental persistence of chlorinated tri-OPEs. Source assessment suggested that di-OPEs were primarily originated from the degradation of tri-OPEs rather than industrial production. Long range waterborne transport facilitated by oceanic currents was an important input pathway for OPEs in sediments from the Okinawa Trough. These findings enhance the understanding of the sources and transport of OPEs in marine sediments, particularly in the Okinawa Trough.

Widespread Occurrence and Transport of p-Phenylenediamines and Their Quinones in Sediments across Urban Rivers, Estuaries, Coasts, and Deep-Sea Regions.

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in tire rubber, and their derived quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs) may pose a threat to marine ecosystems. A compelling example is N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-derived quinone, called 6PPD-Q, as the causal toxicant for stormwater-linked acute mortality toward coho salmon. However, the knowledge of the co-occurrences of PPDs and PPD-Qs and their transport from freshwater to oceanic waterbodies on a large geographical scale remains unknown. Herein, we performed the first large-scale survey of these chemicals in sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, and deep-sea regions. Our results demonstrated that seven PPDs and four PPD-Qs are ubiquitously present in riverine, estuarine, and coastal sediments, and most of them also occur in deep-sea sediments. The most dominant chemicals of concern were identified as 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. Total sedimentary concentrations of PPDs and PPD-Qs presented a clear spatial trend with decreasing levels from urban rivers (medians: 39.7 and 15.2 ng/g) to estuaries (14.0 and 5.85 ng/g) and then toward coasts (9.47 and 2.97 ng/g) and deep-sea regions (5.24 and 3.96 ng/g). Interestingly, spatial variation in the ratios of 6PPD to 6PPD-Q (R6PPD/6PPD-Q) also presented a clear decreasing trend. Our field measurements implied that riverine outflows of PPDs and PPD-Qs may be an important route to transport these tire rubber-derived chemicals to coastal and open oceans.

Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure.

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants with multiple toxicities. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of SPAs in baby food and associated infant exposure is lacking. Herein, we analyzed three categories of baby food from China: infant formula, cereal, and puree, for a broad suite of 11 traditional and 19 novel SPAs. In addition to 11 traditional SPAs, up to 13 novel SPAs were detected in the baby food samples. The median concentrations of novel SPAs for infant formula, cereal, and puree were 604, 218, and 24.1 ng/g, respectively, surpassing those of traditional SPAs (53.4, 62.1, and 10.0 ng/g). The prevalent SPAs in the samples were butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO 1010), and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076). Source analysis indicated that the prevalence of these four SPAs in baby food was associated with contamination of packaging materials, mechanical processing, or raw ingredients. Migration experiments demonstrated that contamination of plastic packaging constituted an important source. Exposure assessment suggested that there may be no appreciable health risk posed by the SPAs in baby food. Even so, baby food consumption was still a dominant pathway for infant exposure to SPAs, with a higher contribution than breast milk consumption, dust ingestion, dermal dust absorption, and air inhalation, which requires special attention.

Underlying Degradation of Phthalates via Microbials in Dust from Different Microenvironments.

Phthalate monoesters (me-PAEs) have been used as biomarkers for assessing human exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) for a long time, and studies on the sources and distribution of me-PAEs in the environment are limited. In this study, dust samples from microenvironments were collected to measure the occurrence of PAEs and me-PAEs, as well as the bacterial diversity. The results indicated that me-PAEs coexisted with PAEs in different microenvironmental dust samples, with concentrations of nine PAEs and 16 me-PAEs ranging from 108 to 1450 µg/g (median range) and 6.00 to 21.6 µg/g, respectively. The concentrations of several low molecular weight me-PAEs (e.g., monomethyl phthalate and monoethyl phthalate) in dust were even significantly higher than those of their parents. The bacteria in the dust were mainly predominant with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (total abundance >90%). Bacteria from bus and air conditioning dust samples had the highest species richness and species diversity. Seven genes of suspected enzymes with the ability to degrade PAEs were selected, and the concentration of me-PAEs increased with increasing abundance of enzyme function. Our findings will provide useful information on the profiles of me-PAEs and their potential sources in indoor dusts, which will benefit the accurate estimation of human exposure.

Identification of Triazine UV Filters as an Emerging Class of Abundant, Ubiquitous Pollutants in Indoor Dust and Air from South China: Call for More Concerns on Their Occurrence and Human Exposure.

Triazine UV filters are an important class of UV filters, but knowledge on their environmental occurrence and human exposure remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed a targeted analysis of 17 emerging triazine UV filters in indoor dust and indoor air from South China based on a newly developed LC-MS/MS method. A total of 12 of the 17 emerging triazine UV filters were first positively detected in the dust and air samples. Ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) and bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT) were identified as the most abundant compounds. The median total concentrations of triazine UV filters reached 3860 ng/g in indoor dust and 1590 pg/m3 in indoor air. Gas-particle partitioning analysis showed that triazine UV filters were predominant in the particle phase in ambient air. Significant concentration correlations were observed among most triazine UV filters. The estimated daily intake of triazine UV filters through dust ingestion and air inhalation for toddlers under high-end exposure scenarios was up to 839 ng/kg bw/day, but a lack of toxic thresholds hampers accurate risk assessment. Our work highlights another emerging class of UV filters that significantly contribute to indoor chemical mixtures and expresses concerns over their occurrence and human exposure.

Identification of Fluorescent Brighteners as Another Emerging Class of Abundant, Ubiquitous Pollutants in the Indoor Environment.

Fluorescent brighteners (FBs) are extensively used as important chemical additives in multiple industrial fields worldwide. The history of the use of global FBs spans over 60 years, but knowledge on their environmental occurrence and risks remains largely unknown. Here, we screened indoor dust and hand wipes from South China for a broad suite of 17 emerging FBs using a new comprehensive analytical method. All 17 FBs were detected in the indoor environment for the first time, most of them having been rarely investigated or never reported in prior environmental studies. Ionic FBs were found to be more abundant than nonionic ones. The median total concentrations of the 17 detectable FBs reached 11,000 ng/g in indoor dust and 2640 ng/m2 in hand wipes, comparable to or higher than those of well-known indoor pollutants. Human exposure assessment indicated that hand-to-mouth contact is a significant pathway for exposure to FBs, with a comparable contribution to that of dust ingestion. Most of the newly identified FBs are predicted to have persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic properties. Our work demonstrates that FBs are another class of highly abundant, hazardous, and ubiquitous indoor pollutants that have been overlooked for decades and points to an emerging concern.

Microplastics in take-out food: Are we over taking it?

Take-out food has become increasingly prevalent due to the fast pace of people's life. However, few study has been done on microplastics in take-out food. Contacting with disposable plastic containers, take-out food may be contaminated with microplastics. In the present study, abundance and characteristics of microplastics in total of 146 take-out food samples including solid food samples and beverage samples (bubble tea and coffee) were determined and identified. The mean abundance of microplastics in take-out food was 639 items kg-1, with the highest value in rice and the lowest value in coffee. Fragments shape, transparent color and sizes ≤ 500 µm were the main characteristics of microplastics in those food, and polyethylene was the main polymer type. Our results indicated that microplastics in take-out food was influenced by food categories and cooking methods, as well as food packaging materials. Approximately 170-638 items of microplastics may be consumed by people who order take-out food 1-2 times weekly.

Use of glioma to assess the distribution patterns of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human brain.

Human brain has a complex structure and is able to perform powerful functions. Blood-brain barrier blocks the entry of foreign substances and maintains the homeostasis of the brain. However, some exogenous substances are still able to pass through the blood-brain barrier, with distribution patterns yet to be clarified. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), a precursor (perfluorooctane sulfonamide that can be degraded to other substances), and emerging PFASs, were analyzed for the first time in living human brain glioma. The target compounds were detected and quantified in 25 out of 26 glioma samples. The concentration range of ∑PFAS was < RL-51 ng g-1 wet weight (applied to all reported concentrations), with a median of 2.9 ng g-1. The most abundant compound was PFCAs (40%), followed by PFSAs (28%), emerging PFASs (22%), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (10%). Abundant alternatives PFASs, including short-chain PFCAs, short-chain PFSAs, and emerging PFASs (52% of ∑PFAS), were found in the glioma samples, supporting the notion that low molecular weight exogenous compounds have high permeability to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain tissue. Gender difference was not significant (p > 0.05) in the concentrations of PFASs in the glioma samples. Concentrations of PFASs increased with increasing age, from 0.61 ng g-1 (0-14 years old) to 1.6 ng g-1 (>48 years old), with no significant linear correlation with age. The present study suggested that glioma is an effective indicator for monitoring exogenous contaminants in brain tissues.

Plastics Are an Insignificant Carrier of Riverine Organic Pollutants to the Coastal Oceans.

Global rivers act as a dominant transport pathway for land-based plastic debris to the marine environment. Organic pollutants (OPs) affiliated with riverine plastics can also enter the global oceans, but their amounts remain unknown. Microplastic (MP) samples were collected in a one-year sampling event from the surface water of the eight main riverine outlets in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, and analyzed for OPs affiliated with MPs, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentrations of MP-affiliated ∑16PAH, ∑8PBDE, and ∑14PCB were 2010 (range: 25-40,100), 412 (range: 0.84-14,800), and 67.7 (range: 1.86-456) ng g-1, respectively. Based on these and previous results, the annual riverine outflows of MP-affiliated OPs were 148, 83, and 8.03 g for ∑16PAH, ∑8PBDE, and ∑14PCB, respectively. Assuming that plastic debris of different sizes contained the same concentrations of the target pollutants as MPs, the mean riverine outflows of plastic-bound ∑16PAH, ∑8PBDE, and ∑14PCB were 6.75, 3.77, and 0.37 kg year-1, respectively, which were insignificant compared with the riverine outflows of OPs through riverine water discharge (up to hundred tons per year). Apparently, plastics are an insignificant carrier of riverine OPs to the coastal oceans.

Global Riverine Plastic Outflows.

Global marine plastic pollution, which is derived mainly from the input of vast amounts of land-based plastic waste, has drawn increasing public attention. Riverine plastic outflows estimated using models based on the concept of mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) are substantially greater than reported field measurements. Herein, we formulate a robust model using the Human Development Index (HDI) as the main predictor, and the modeled riverine plastic outflows are calibrated and validated by available field data. A strong correlation is achieved between model estimates and field measurements, with a regression coefficient of r2 = 0.9. The model estimates that the global plastic outflows from 1518 main rivers were in the range of 57,000-265,000 (median: 134,000) MT year-1 in 2018, which were approximately one-tenth of the estimates by MPW-based models. With increased plastic production and human development, the global riverine plastic outflow is projected to peak in 2028 in a modeled trajectory of 2010-2050. The HDI is a better indicator than MPW to estimate global riverine plastic outflows, and plastic pollution can be effectively assessed and contained during human development processes. The much lower global riverine plastic outflows should substantially ease the public's concern about marine plastic pollution and financial pressure for remediation.

Riverine Microplastic Pollution in the Pearl River Delta, China: Are Modeled Estimates Accurate?

Plastic pollution has caused increasing global concern. Currently, model estimates of the riverine plastic inputs to the global oceans based on the concept of Mismanaged Plastic Waste (MPW) varied substantially, and no field measurements of riverine inputs were available. We conducted sampling at the eight major river outlets of the Pearl River Delta, South China with rapid economic growth and urbanization to provide field measured data for fine-tuning modeling results. Floating microplastics (MPs) were collected with a Manta net (mesh size of 0.33 mm) five times during 2018. Microplastic particles (0.3-5.0 mm) widely occurred in all sampling sites. The number and mass concentrations of MPs were in the ranges of 0.005-0.7 particles m-3 and 0.004-1.28 mg m-3 and were positively correlated with water discharges. The annual riverine input of MPs from the Pearl River Delta was estimated at 39 billion particles or 66 tons, which converts to 2400-3800 tons of plastic debris based on calculations described in Text S2. These values were substantially below the MPW-based model estimates (91,000-170,000 tons). The large difference between measured and modeling results may have derived from the large uncertainty in the MPW values assigned to the world's countries/regions.

Impact of Polymer Colonization on the Fate of Organic Contaminants in Sediment.

Plastic pellets and microbes are important constitutes in sediment, but the significance of microbes colonizing on plastic pellets to the environmental fate and transport of organic contaminants has not been adequately recognized and assessed. To address this issue, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyoxymethylene (POM) and polypropylene (PP) slices were preloaded with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and incubated in abiotic and biotic sediment microcosms. Images from scanning electron microscope, Lysogeny Broth agar plates and confocal laser scanning microscope indicated that all polymer slices incubated in biotic sediments were colonized by microorganisms, particularly the LDPE slices. The occurrence of biofilms induced higher dissipation rates of DDTs and PAHs from the LDPE slice surfaces incubated in the biotic sediments than in the abiotic sediments. Plastic colonization on LDPE slice surfaces enhanced the biotransformation of DDT and some PAHs in both marine and river sediments, but had little impact on PCBs. By comparison, PP and POM with unique properties were shown to exert different impacts on the physical and microbial activities as compared to LDPE. These results clearly demonstrated that the significance of polymer surface affiliated microbes to the environmental fate and behavior of organic contaminants should be recognized.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) in mother-infant pairs in the Southeastern U.S.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in foams, building material, electronics, and textiles. These chemicals leach into the environment, where they persist, and are found today in virtually every population worldwide. Several studies in recent years have detected the presence of PBDEs in maternal and infant samples. However, few of these studies were conducted in the U.S., and few examined paired or matched mother blood-cord blood samples. We analyzed serum from 10 mother-infant pairs for the presence of PBDEs in a patient population in the Southeastern U.S. Out of 35 measured PBDE congeners, five (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -153) were present, with detection frequencies of 65-100 %. The total PBDE concentrations in maternal and infant sera were highly correlated (r2 = 0.710, p = 0.0043). The levels of BDE-47, -99, and -100 and of total PBDEs were higher in the infant cord sera when compared with those in maternal sera (p < 0.017), suggesting that fetuses and neonates might have higher circulating concentrations of these potentially neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting chemicals compared with their mothers. The primary focus henceforward should be whether there are any deleterious effects from exposure to these chemicals on human health.

Hair and Nails as Noninvasive Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Brominated and Organophosphate Flame Retardants.

After the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the use of alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as FireMaster 550, and of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has increased. However, little is known about human exposure to these chemicals. This lack of biomonitoring studies is partially due to the absence of reliable noninvasive biomarkers of exposure. Human hair and nails can provide integrated exposure measurements, and as such, these matrices can potentially be used as noninvasive biomarkers of exposure to these flame retardants. Paired human hair, fingernail, toenail, and serum samples obtained from 50 adult participants recruited at Indiana University Bloomington campus were analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for 36 PBDEs, 9 AFRs, and 12 OPEs. BDE-47, BDE-99, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most abundant compounds detected in almost all hair, fingernail, and toenail samples. The concentrations followed the order OPEs > TBB+TBPH > Σpenta-BDE. PBDE levels in the hair and nail samples were significantly correlated with their levels in serum (P < 0.05), suggesting that human hair and nails can be used as biomarkers to assess human exposure to PBDEs.

Halogenated flame retardants in baby food from the United States and from China and the estimated dietary intakes by infants.

Three categories of baby food (formula, cereal, and puree) were bought from United States and Chinese stores in 2013 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and related flame retardants. The primary goal of this project was to investigate whether there were differences in the levels of flame retardants between these two nations' baby foods. The median concentrations of total PBDEs (sum of BDE-17, -28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -153, -183, and -209) were 21 and 36 pg/g fresh weight for the Unites States and Chinese baby foods, respectively. Among non-PBDE flame retardants, hexabromobenzene, Dechlorane Plus (DP), and decabromodiphenylethane were frequently detected (22-57%) with median concentrations of 1.6, 8.7, and 17 pg/g fresh weight for United States samples, and 1.3, 13, and 20 pg/g fresh weight for Chinese samples. In general, the flame retardant concentrations in the United States and Chinese samples were not statistically different, but very high DP concentrations were observed in one Chinese formula sample (4000 pg/g) and in one United States cereal sample (430 pg/g), possibly suggesting contamination of the raw materials or contamination during production of these two samples. A comparison of median estimated daily dietary intake rates of BDE-47, -99, and -153 with existing reference doses for neurodevelopmental toxicity and other existing criteria suggested no concerns for the consumption of these baby foods.

Widespread phthalate esters and monoesters in the aquatic environment: Distribution, bioconcentration, and ecological risks.

Field research on phthalate monoesters (MPEs) and their relationships with phthalate esters (PAEs) is limited, especially in wild fishes. Here, PAEs and MPEs were measured in surface water, sediment, and wild fish collected from a representative river basin with high economic development. Several metabolites of emerging plasticizers, such as mono(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl) phthalate and mono(6-oxo-2-propylheptyl) phthalate, have already existed in fish with high detection frequencies (95 % and 100 %). Monobutyl phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the predominant MPEs in fish and natural environment (surface water and sediment), while bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the most abundant PAEs in all matrices. The total concentrations (median) of 9 PAEs and 16 MPEs were 5980 and 266 ng/L in water, 231 and 10.6 ng/g (dw) in sediment, and 209 and 32.5 ng/g (ww) in fish, respectively. The occurrence of MPEs was highly related to their parent PAEs, with similar spatial distribution characteristics in the aquatic environments. Moreover, municipal wastewater discharge was recognized as the main source of MPEs in the research area. Fish species can accumulate targeted chemicals, and it seems more MPEs were from the PAE degradation in fish other than the direct uptake of MPEs in water. Parent PAEs showed higher ecological risk than their corresponding metabolites.

First report on liquid crystal monomers in tree barks surrounding a display manufacturer: Insights for atmospheric transport and establishment of priority list.

Tree bark has been proven as an effective passive air sampler, particularly where access to active sampling methods is limited. In this study, 60 target liquid crystal monomers (LCMs; comprising 10 cyanobiphenyl and analogs (CBAs), 13 biphenyl and analogs (BAs), and 37 fluorinated biphenyl and analogs (FBAs)) were analyzed in 34 tree barks collected from the vicinity of a liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturer situated in the Pearl River Delta, South China. The concentrations of LCMs in tree barks ranged from 1400 to 16000 ng/g lipid weight, with an average of 5900 ng/g lipid weight. Generally, bark levels of BAs exponentially decreased within 5 km of the LCD manufacturer. The profiles of LCMs in tree barks are similar to previously reported patterns in gaseous phase, suggesting bark's efficacy as a sampler for gaseous LCMs. The inclusion of different congeners in existing studies on the environmental occurrence of LCMs has hindered the horizontal comparisons. Therefore, this study established a list of priority LCMs based on environmental monitoring data and the publicly accessible production data. This list comprised 146 LCMs, including 63 REACH registered LCMs that haven't been analyzed in any study and 56 belonging to 4 types of mainstream LCMs.

Occurrence and risk assessment of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in aquatic environment: From city wastewater to deep sea.

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) and PPD-derived quinones (PPD-Qs) have been considered emerging pollutants recently. Their available data on sediment and sewage sludge are limited, especially the ecological risks. Here, typical PPDs and PPD-Qs were measured in the sludge of wastewater treatment plants and surface sediment of a developed river basin (including reservoirs, estuaries, and rivers) and deep-sea troughs. The total concentrations of PPDs (∑PPD) were highest in sludge (range: 9.06-248 ng g-1), followed by surface sediment of the Dongjiang River basin, China (3.33-85.3 ng g-1), and lowest in sediment of the Okinawa Trough (0.01-7.46 ng g-1). The median value of ∑PPD in surface sediment of rivers (9.54 ng g-1) was higher than those in reservoirs (4.28 ng g-1) and estuaries (5.26 ng g-1). N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) was the major congener in all samples, accounting for over 60 % of ∑PPD. For quinones, 6PPD-Q and IPPD-Q were frequently detected in sludge, only trace 6PPD-Q was detected in the sediment of estuaries (nd-0.62 ng g-1) and rivers (nd-5.24 ng g-1), and both of them were absent from the sediment of the Okinawa Trough. The occurrence of PPDs in the trough may be the in-situ release of microplastics, and due to the low-light and weak alkaline conditions of deep-sea water, quinones may hardly photodegrade from PPDs. The PPD concentrations in sludge were positively correlated with local GDP, and the annual PPD emission from sludge will exceed 1370 kg in China. The results of ecological risk assessments indicated low risks for PPDs in sludge-amended soil, median risks for several PPDs in river sediment, but median to high risks for 6PPD-Q contamination sludge-amended soil. For the first time, we reported the occurrence of PPDs and related quinones in the sludge of WWTPs and found a potential environmental risk from 6PPD-Q in sludge used as a soil conditioner.

A review on micro- and nanoplastics in humans: Implication for their translocation of barriers and potential health effects.

As emerging contaminants, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) can absorb and leach various toxic chemicals and ultimately endanger the health of the ecological environment and humans. With extensive research on MNPs, knowledge about MNPs in humans, especially their translocation of barriers and potential health effects, is of utmost importance. In this review, we collected literature published from 2000 to 2023, focusing on MNPs on their occurrence in humans, penetrating characteristics in the placental, blood-brain, and blood-testis barriers, and exposure effects on mammalian health. The characteristics and distributions of MNPs in human samples were analyzed, and the results demonstrated that MNPs were ubiquitous in most human samples, except for kidneys and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, the phenomenon of MNPs crossing barriers and their underlying mechanisms were discussed. We also summarized the potential factors that may affect the barrier crossing and health effects of MNPs, including characteristics of MNPs, exposure doses, administration routes, exposure durations, co-exposure to other pollutants, and genetic predisposition. Exposure to MNPs may cause cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and developmental and reproductive toxicity in mammals. People are encouraged to reduce their exposure to MNPs to prevent these adverse health effects. Finally, we discussed the shortcomings of current research on MNPs in humans, providing a valuable reference for understanding and evaluating the potential health risks from MNP exposure in mammals, including humans.

Single injection by LC-ESI-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of organophosphate tri- and di-esters in plant tissue based on ultrasonic-assisted sequential extraction and single-step purification.

A novel methodology based on ultrasonic-assisted sequential extraction, dispersive-SPE purification, and single-injection on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is proposed, for the first time, to simultaneously measure 14 tri-OPEs and 9 di-OPEs in plant tissues. The samples were successively ultrasonicated with a mixture of hexane:dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) and 8% acetic acid in acetonitrile for extracting tri- and di-OPEs purified with graphitized carbon black and quantitated on LC-MS/MS at the same time. The recoveries of targeted tri- and di-OPEs in the matrix spike ranged from 66% to 120% and 71% to 110% respectively. The proposed method was validated by processing eight types of common vegetables including spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa Hoffm.), sweet potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), with the recoveries of surrogates ranging from 84% to 98%.