Diphenyleneiodonium Mitigates Bupivacaine-Induced Sciatic Nerve Damage in a Diabetic Neuropathy Rat Model by Attenuating Oxidative Stress.

BACKGROUND: Increased oxidative stress has been linked to local anesthetic-induced nerve injury in a diabetic neuropathy (DN) rat model. The current study explores the effects of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) chloride, an NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, on bupivacaine-induced sciatic nerve injury in DN rats. METHODS: A rat DN model was established through high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin injection. The model was confirmed via testing (i) blood glucose, (ii) hindpaw allodynia responses to von Frey (VF) monofilaments, (iii) paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL), and (iv) nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Bupivacaine (Bup, 0.2 mL, 5 mg/mL) was used to block the right sciatic nerve. DPI (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 24 hours and 30 minutes before the sciatic block. At 24 hours after the block, NCV, various reactive oxygen species, and Caspase-3 were evaluated to determine the extent of sciatic nerve injury. RESULTS: The DN rat model was successfully established. Compared with the DN control group, the postblock values of VF responses (DN-Con, 16.5 ± 1.3 g; DN + Bup, 19.1 ± 1.5 g, P < .001) and PWTL significantly increased (DN-Con, 13.3 ± 1.1 seconds; DN + Bup, 14.6 ± 1.1 seconds, P = .028); the NCV of sciatic nerve was significantly reduced (DN-Con, 38.8 ± 2.4 m/s, DN + Bup, 30.5 ± 2.0 m/s, P = .003), and sciatic nerve injury (as indicated by axonal area) was more severe in the bupivacaine-treated DN group (DN-Con, 11.6 ± 0.3 µm, DN + Bup, 7.5 ± 0.3 µm, P < .001). In addition, DPI treatment significantly improved nerve function (VF responses, 17.3 ± 1.3 g; PWTL, 13.4 ± 1.1 seconds; NCV, 35.6 ± 3.1 m/s) and mitigated loss of axonal area (9.6 ± 0.3 µm). Compared to the DN + Bup group (without DPI), the levels of lipid peroxides and hydroperoxides, as well as the protein expression of NOX2, NOX4, and Caspase-3, were significantly reduced in the DN + Bup + DPI group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous injection of DPI appears to protect against the functional and neurohistological damage of bupivacaine-blocked sciatic nerves in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced DN model.

[Source Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in PM2.5 During Winter in Liaocheng City].

To investigate the mass concentrations, sources, and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient particulate matter (PM) in Liaocheng City during winter, 14 types of PAHs in PM2.5 were determined from January to February of 2017. The sources of the PAHs were analyzed by using diagnostics ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA)-multiple linear regression (MLR) model,and the health risk of PAHs was assessed by BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The results showed that the mass concentrations of PAHs in PM2.5 during winter were (64.89±48.23) ng·m-3, Fla, Pyr, and Chry were predominant species, accounting for 15.5%, 12.8%, and 12.7% of the total concentrations of PAHs, respectively. Moreover, the ring distribution of the PAHs was dominated by four-ring PAHs. The pollution during the pre-Spring Festival and firework Ⅱwere the most severe during the sampling period. The results of the PCA-MLR model suggested that PAHs originated mostly from coal burning, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions. The toxicity exposure index (TEQ) in Liaocheng City during winter was (6.37±4.92) ng·m-3. The results of the risk model revealed that the ILCR of adults was higher than that of children, and both groups of ILCR for winter were in the range of the risk threshold. This suggests that a potential risk in terms of inhalation PAH exposure for residents in Liaocheng City.

Chronic inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: implications for therapy.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age related proliferative abnormality of the human prostate. Histological features demonstrate that the typical nodules of BPH are composed of stromal and epithelial cells that are proportionally different between nodules. BPH nodules frequently occur concurrently with chronic inflammatory infiltrates, mainly composed of chronically activated T cells and macrophages. Recent studies suggest that these inflammatory cells, immunity responses and their precursors play important roles in the pathogenesis of BPH. Clinical evidences also indicate that chronic inflammation correlates with clinical progression of BPH. Therefore, we hypothesize that BPH is an inflammatory disease. Reducing inflammation may play a crucial role in the treatment of BPH and finally lead to a better clinical outcome. If our hypotheses can be further supported with clinical trials it may change the approach of the medical management for BPH.

[Urethroplasty with tunica vaginalis flap for treating hypospadias with hydrocele: a report of 9 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment of hypospadias with hydrocele. METHODS: Nine patients with hypospadias complicated by hydrocele underwent urethroplasty with tunica vaginalis flap. RESULTS: Satisfactory results were achieved in 7 cases, all with a normal anatomic position of urethral meatus, perfect urination and no infection. Local infection and meatal stricture occurred in 1 case, which was restored to normal by urethral sounding. Scrotal urinary fistula developed in another. CONCLUSION: With minimum surgical trauma, conveniently available material and fast tissue repair, urethroplasty with tunica vaginalis flap is a desirable method for the treatment of hypospadias with hydrocele.

[Expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 in benign prostatic hyperplasia combined with prostatitis and their significances].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 in simple benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and BPH combined with prostatitis,and to evaluate the effect of inflammation on the development and progression of BPH. METHODS: All specimens were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection of the prostate. The paraffin section of the specimens was stained with hemotoxyline and eosin, and observed under light microscope to examine the inflammation hispathological changes. Sixteen patients with simple BPH (Group A) and 42 patients with BPH combined with prostatitis (Group B) were included. Immunohistochemical analysis and Western blot were used to examine the expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3. RESULTS: The expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 was significantly higher in Group B than that in Group A (P<0.05), and caspase-3 expression was significantly lower (P<0.05). There was no difference in Bax expression between the 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Prostatitis can up-regulate Ki-67, Bcl-2 expression, and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 in BPH. Prostatitis appeared to play an important role in the development of BPH by affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of the prostatic cells.

Activation of p47phox as a Mechanism of Bupivacaine-Induced Burst Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Neural Toxicity.

Bupivacaine has been shown to induce neurotoxicity through inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. NOX2 is one of the most important sources of ROS in the nervous system, and its activation requires the membrane translocation of subunit p47phox. However, the role of p47phox in bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity has not been explored. In our in vitro study, cultured human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with 1.5 mM bupivacaine to induce neurotoxicity. Membrane translocation of p47phox was assessed by measuring the cytosol/membrane ratio of p47phox. The effects of the NOX inhibitor VAS2870 and p47phox-siRNA on bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of VAS2870 on bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity was assessed in vivo in rats. All these changes were reversed by pretreatment with VAS2870 or transfection with p47phox-siRNA in SH-SY5Y cells. Similarly, pretreatment with VAS2870 attenuated bupivacaine-induced neuronal toxicity in rats. It is concluded that enhancing p47phox membrane translocation is a major mechanism whereby bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity and that pretreatment with VAS2870 or local p47phox gene knockdown attenuated bupivacaine-induced neuronal cell injury.

[Effects of environmental and biotic factors on soil respiration in a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China.] / çŽ¯å¢ƒå› å­å’Œç”Ÿç‰©å› å­å¯¹é»„æ²³ä¸‰è§’æ´²æ»¨æµ·æ¹¿åœ°åœŸå£¤å‘¼å¸çš„å½±å“.

Using the Li-8150 multichannel automatic soil CO2 efflux system, soil respiration was measured continuously over a one-year period in a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China. Environmental and biological factors were measured simultaneously, including temperature, soil water content, aboveground biomass and leaf area index. The results showed that the diurnal variation of soil respiration presented a single-peak curve, but it appeared as multiple peaks when disturbed by soil freezing and surface flooding. Soil respiration showed obvious seasonal dynamics and a single peak curve. The average annual soil respiration was 0.85 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1, and the mean soil respiration rate was 1.22 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1 during the growing season. On one-year scale, soil temperature was a major factor influencing soil respiration in the coastal wetland, which explained 87.5% of the variation in soil respiration. On the growing season scale, soil water content and leaf area index accounted for 85% of the seasonal variation of soil respiration.

[The efficacy and safety in the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome after intraprostatic injection of Chuanshentong].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinic efficacy and safety in the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CABP/CPPS) after intraprostatic injection of Chuanshentong. METHODS: Five milliliter of solution blending Chuanshentong and lidocaine was transperineally injected into one lobe of prostate, once a day for 6 days, for a total of 98 cases of patients who had been diagnosed as chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The efficacy was evaluated by the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI) after a 12 week follow-up. RESULTS: All cases had completed the follow-up. Fifty-three cases (54.08%) were completely cured, accompanied by remarkable effective in 17 cases (17.35%) and improved in 23 cases (23.47%). The total remarkable efficacy was 71.43% and improved 94. 90%. Scores of CPSI decreased significantly compared with pre-treatment (95% confidence interval 12.85 approximately 17.91). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that transperineally intraprostatic injection of Chuanshentong may be a useful method for the treatment of CABP/CPPS.