Correction of the Nasal Ala.

The alar-columellar relationship is an important concept for the rhinoplasty surgeon to master. The alar rim in particular is a critical component of the nasal tip, contributing to both overall symmetry and proportion of the nasal base. The retracted ala creates a displeasing aesthetic to the tip complex, distorts the nostril openings, and may have functional implications of the external nasal valve. While alar retraction can occur naturally or as the result of trauma, the majority of cases are post-surgical in nature. Many techniques have been described for correction of alar retraction, most of which require open rhinoplasty and many fail to add the soft tissue within the vestibule necessary to properly lower the alar margin. Herein, we present our experience with the auricular chondrocutaneous composite graft-a simple, reliable, and effective technique to correct moderate to severe alar retraction via either open or endonasal rhinoplasty.

Supracrural Ligament Graft in Rhinoplasty.

Irregularities of the nasal dorsum or tip are a potential risk after rhinoplasty. Patients with thin skin are considered to be at a higher risk of these irregularities. Different materials and grafts to address areas that may result in a contour irregularity postoperatively include diced or crushed cartilage, temporalis fascia, fascia lata, and AlloDerm. We describe a new graft, the supracrural ligament graft, which can be used to camouflage or add bulk during primary rhinoplasty. The graft is harvested easily during the initial exposure and does not require additional surgical sites or extra dissection. In this research, we described the use of the supracrural ligament graft in 49 patients. We found the average graft size to be 0.6 × 0.4 cm. The graft was used in the following locations: nasal tip (49%), radix (40%), and nasal dorsum (10%). No complications were seen using the graft in any of the 49 patients. In conclusion, the supracrural ligament graft is a safe, simple, and effective camouflage graft for commonly encountered irregularities in rhinoplasty. Common areas of use include the nasal dorsum and nasal tip. Routine harvest of this graft may obviate the need to use either additional grafting material or an additional surgical site to help camouflage areas of concern in thin skin patients.

Iatrogenic cholesteatoma originating from a misplaced tympanomeatal flap during tympanoplasty: a series of five patients.

PURPOSE: To report our experience of a sequence of events that resulted in an iatrogenic cholesteatoma originating from the external auditory canal (EAC) years after tympanoplasty that had included a tympanomeatal flap. METHODS: Data on the presentation and pathogenesis of iatrogenic cholesteatomas arising from misplaced tympanomeatal flaps during tympanoplasty without mastoidectomy were retrieved from the patients' medical records and analyzed. RESULTS: Five patients were identified with cholesteatomas involving the EAC. They all had recurrent ear infections and varying degrees of conductive hearing loss. Each patient's past surgical history included one or more tympanoplasties in which an ipsilateral tympanomeatal flap had been raised. None had undergone a mastoidectomy. Two patients presented with small cholesteatomas that had developed over an average of 6.5 years after surgery. Three patients had large cholesteatomas that had developed over an average of 33.7 years after surgery. Clinical presentations and imaging studies suggested a misplaced tympanomeatal flap as the most likely source of cholesteatoma. CONCLUSION: Tympanomeatal flap misplacement may cause iatrogenic cholesteatoma formation originating from the EAC during tympanoplasty even without mastoidectomy. These cholesteatomas can grow substantially before becoming symptomatic as they extend to and through the mastoid. They may not affect the sound conduction system until late in the course of the disease. Meticulous replacement of tympanomeatal flaps and exercising a high index of suspicion postoperatively can reduce the incidence of this complication.

Osteotomies-When, Why, and How?

An ideal nasal osteotomy should deliver precise, predictable, and reproducible cosmetic and functional results while minimizing soft-tissue trauma and postoperative complications. In addition to closing an open roof deformity after hump reduction, other common indications for osteotomies include the crooked nose and a wide bony vault. The literature has reported numerous and diverse osteotomy techniques as well as differences in timing of osteotomies. Each has its own merits and indications, and its proponents. In this article, we review the anatomy and nomenclature relating to osteotomies. We review the locations and paths of the osteotomies-lateral, intermediate, medial, and superior/transverse. We consider the percutaneous and endonasal approaches, as well as timing of osteotomies and other considerations. We also discuss technical considerations in the selection of instrumentation for osteotomies.

The nasal vestibular body: anatomy, clinical features, and treatment considerations.

Nasal obstruction is a common presenting complaint, with many possible etiologies. Herein, we provide an introductory anatomic description, clinical relevance, and proposed nomenclature for an underappreciated soft tissue focus in the nasal vestibule-the nasal vestibular body (NVB)-that can contribute to nasal obstruction in a subset of patients. This is a small mound of dynamic soft tissue in the lateral aspect of the internal nasal valve, situated inferior and anterior to the head of the inferior turbinate that can be missed on routine examination for many salient reasons. In well-selected patients, whose symptoms of nasal obstruction may in part be secondary to the presence of this soft tissue focus, directed testing and tissue reduction can be performed.

Histopathologic classification of parapharyngeal space tumors: a case series and review of the literature.

The objective of the study is to present a large case series of parapharyngeal space tumors (PPST) and the most comprehensive literature review of tumor histopathologic distribution. The study was designed as internal case series and full Pubmed/MEDLINE electronic database review in a tertiary academic medical center. Tumor histopathology and patient demographics were obtained from a comprehensive Pubmed/MEDLINE database review, as well from an internal case series of 117 patients referred to our center between 1993 and 2013. Main outcome and measures of the study were to define the age, gender, and histopathology of PPST within a large internal case series and among the current body of published literature, and to propose a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for these tumors. Our cohort included 117 cases, 58 females and 59 males, with benign tumors comprising 85 % (n = 99) and malignant tumors 15 % (n = 18). A systematic review of published literature from 1963 to the present revealed 37 case series, and when combined with our present series, yielded a total of 2160 cases. Benign tumors are most common (78.8 %), with tumors of salivary gland (44.4 %), neural (34.4 %), and vascular (2.64 %) origin representing the largest subtypes. Pleomorphic adenomas (30.9 %), paragangliomas (13.1 %), and schwannomas (12.3 %) comprised the majority of all cases. Due to their rarity, data regarding the histopathologic distribution of PPST is scarce. We provide one of the largest case series and the most comprehensive review of these tumors in the literature to date, and offer our algorithm for evaluation and treatment.

Colchicine-clarithromycin-induced rhabdomyolysis in Familial Mediterranean Fever patients under treatment for Helicobacter pylori.

Chronic administration of colchicine remains a mainstay of therapy for patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). As this medication is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, it has the potential to interact with many routinely used medications. One such medication is clarithromycin, itself a strong inhibitor of the same enzyme, and a typical choice for triple therapy eradication of H. pylori. Various sequelae of colchicine-clarithromycin interaction have been documented and can be expected by prescribing physicians, with rhabdomyolysis, though rare, being among the most serious. Review of cases from a tertiary academic medical center and full PubMed/MEDLINE literature review. Despite the prevalence of diseases treated with clarithromycin and the expected drug interaction with colchicine, only two cases in the literature document clinical rhabdomyolysis due to colchicine-clarithromycin interaction. In neither case, however, were patients undergoing treatment for FMF. Herein, we describe the first two cases in the literature of clinical rhabdomyolysis in FMF patients under colchicine therapy after administration of clarithromycin as part of therapy treating H. pylori infection.

An algorithm for treating extracranial head and neck schwannomas.

Surgical resection of extracranial head and neck schwannomas (ECHNS) may be associated with major morbidity, but some ECHNSs can be safely treated expectantly. The aim of this study is to present a large case series and an algorithm for therapeutic decision-making in the management of ECHNS. The clinical records of patients diagnosed and treated for ECHNS between 1999 and 2012 at The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively. All relevant demographic and medical data were extracted, among them presenting symptoms, surgical approaches, nerve of origin, complications and follow-up. A total of 53 patients with ECHNS were included in this clinical study. There were 29 males and 24 females whose mean age was 49.2 years, and all were treated surgically. The schwannomas originated from the brachial plexus, sympathetic chain, vagus nerve, trigeminal nerve, lip, hypoglossal nerve and larynx. Intracapsular enucleation was performed in 32 (60 %) patients, and the remaining 21 (40 %) patients underwent complete excision of the tumor with the involved nerve segment. Thirty-two patients (60 %) had postoperative neurological deficits. This study provides an algorithm to serve as a guideline in the decision-making process for this patient population. Although there is abundant evidence regarding the efficacy of radiotherapy for acoustic schwannoma, the value of radiotherapy as a treatment alternative for patients with ECNHS, especially those unsuitable for surgery, has not been established and further studies are warranted.

Surface measurements by white light spatial-phase-shift imaging interferometry.

A novel method of common-path imaging interferometry, the White Light Spatial-Phase-Shift (WLSPS) for object surface measurements, is discussed here. Compared to standard White Light Interferometry (WLI), which uses a reference mirror, the interferometry of WLSPS is obtained by creating manipulations to the light wavefront reflected from an object's surface. Using this approach, surface measurements can be obtained from any real object image, and do not need to be taken directly from the object itself. This creates the ability for a surface measurement tool to be attached to any optical system that generates a real image of an object. Further, as this method does not require a reference beam, the surface measurement system contains inherent vibration cancelation.

Spatial-phase-shift imaging interferometry using a spectrally modulated white light source.

An extension of the white light spatial-phase-shift (WLSPS) for object surface measurements is described. Using WLSPS, surface measurements can be obtained from any real object image without the need of a reference beam, thus achieving inherent vibration cancellation. The surface topography is obtained by acquiring multiple images of an object illuminated by a spectrally modulated white light source and using an appropriate algorithm. The modulation of the light source obviates the need for the continuous phase delay to obtain the interferograms.

Novel Surgical Technique in Active Bone Conduction: Minimally Invasive Approach to Fully Implantable Osseointegrated Implant.

We report our experience using a novel minimally invasive surgical technique for implantation of a fully implantable active bone conduction implant. This was a retrospective review of 16 adults, including 10 women and 6 men. The mean age was 54 years. Hearing loss profiles included 8 with mixed hearing loss, 5 with conductive hearing loss, and 3 with single-sided deafness. Nine patients underwent placement through the standard approach and 7 with the minimally invasive approach. There were no postoperative complications at a mean follow-up of 6.5 months (SD, 4; range, 1.5-12), and all patients received audiologic benefit with objective improvement in sound-field thresholds upon activation. Mean operative time was shorter with the minimally invasive approach (64 vs 41 minutes, P = .01). The fully implantable bone-anchored auditory implant can be effectively placed via a minimally invasive incision, with potential benefits of decreased operative time, low risk for intra- and postoperative complications, and rapid healing.

Tranexamic Acid in Aesthetic Facial Plastic Surgery: A Systematic Review of Evidence, Applications, and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic that has become widely used in aesthetic facial plastic surgery, although its efficacy has not been well investigated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the existing evidence for use of TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery, highlighting routes of administration, dosing, surgical applications, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: Systematic review of primary literature evaluating TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery. RESULTS: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria: 8 prospective randomized controlled trials, 2 retrospective case series/cohort studies, and 1 clinical opinion. Six studies evaluated TXA in rhinoplasty, 4 in rhytidectomy, and 1 in blepharoplasty. Significant reductions in intraoperative blood loss were found in 5 rhinoplasty studies. Three rhinoplasty and 2 rhytidectomy studies found significantly reduced postoperative edema and ecchymosis. One rhinoplasty and 1 rhytidectomy study reported reduced operative time and time to achieve hemostasis. One rhytidectomy study reported reduced postoperative drain output and faster time to drain removal. No studies reported an adverse outcome directly related to TXA. CONCLUSIONS: Existing literature investigating TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery is sparse with varying levels of evidence and heterogeneous data. Literature suggests systemic TXA reduces intraoperative blood loss during rhinoplasty, although the clinical significance of this blood loss reduction is unclear. TXA may also reduce postoperative edema and/or ecchymosis in rhytidectomy and rhinoplasty, although the lack of validated grading scales yields insufficient evidence to support this claim. Topical and subcutaneously injected TXA are emerging administration routes in rhytidectomy, with evidence suggesting TXA mixed with tumescent may reduce postoperative drain output, thereby expediting drain removal.

Rhytidectomy: A Realself Social Media Analysis.

Importance: Social media has become a mainstream method of allowing patients to report and rate their satisfaction with cosmetic procedures and providers. To date, very few studies have published patient-reported satisfaction with the rhytidectomy procedure. Objective: We sought to perform a social media analysis of the rhytidectomy procedure. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data were extracted from 1876 consecutive rhytidectomy online reviews completed by individuals on "facelift" from the RealSelf website, from April 2017 to June 2019. Patients who did not undergo the procedure were excluded. Main Outcomes and Measures: Reasons for pursuing surgery, choosing a surgeon, and liking the surgical outcome were identified. Surgical and demographic variables, cost, and overall "Worth It" scores were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Valid frequencies and percentages are presented excluding missing data. Results: Of the data that could be extracted from 1876 RealSelf reviews, the majority of reviewers were female (88.3%), aged between 60 and 69 years (40.1%). Predominant reasons reviewers chose their surgeons related to favorable surgeon personality/demeanor (20.0%) and establishing a positive rapport with the surgeon during the consultation who was able to answer the patients' questions. In total, 85.0% (1045) of reviewers felt surgery was "Worth It," whereas 0.7% (8) were undecided and 14.4% (177) felt it was not worth it. The aggregate "Worth It Rating" of rhytidectomy, using RealSelf's methodology (i.e., not including unsure responses) was 96.9. The main reasons those who liked their surgical outcome related to reviewers looking younger and "fresher" (31.1%), natural or "not fake" (18.4%), and developing positive emotional responses including feeling more confident and happier (18.2%). Of those who did not feel the surgery was "Worth It," postoperative scarring, short-lasting results, and ineffective and/or poor results were common reasons why reviewers did not like their outcome. Conclusions and Relevance: The overall satisfaction with rhytidectomy surgery was high within this cohort, which is in keeping with satisfaction rates reported in the literature. Many patients chose their surgeon based on favorable personality traits and emotional connections rather than other factors.

Percutaneous Radiofrequency Technologies for the Lower Face and Neck.

The aging neck is one of the most common motivations for patients to seek aesthetic rejuvenation. Increasingly, patients are desiring less invasive aesthetic treatments with less morbidity and downtime. Percutaneous radiofrequency technologies have been recently introduced for cervical rejuvenation. These technologies safely and effectively apply energy directly into the subdermal space, targeting the upper dermal collagen network, the deeper fascial layer, and the fibrofatty septum that anchors the dermis to the deep fascia. Significant skin tightening and fat reduction have been reported with these technologies, beyond that which is currently achievable with other minimally invasive energy-based technologies.

Review and update on extracorporeal septoplasty.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine the recent literature on extracorporeal septoplasty. RECENT FINDINGS: The literature suggests that extracorporeal septoplasty is an effective approach for both functional and cosmetic treatment of moderate to severe deformities of the caudal and dorsal septum. The procedure can be performed via an endonasal or external approach based on the nature of the deformity and the experience of the surgeon, although recent literature highlights various advantages of an external approach. The use of polydioxanone foil as a scaffold for septal reconstruction is widely accepted, and can enhance the technical performance of this technique. Although reported complication rates are low, tip deprojection and rotation have been observed in cases where extracorporeal septoplasty is performed without simultaneous rhinoplasty. SUMMARY: Extracorporeal septoplasty is a useful technique in the armamentarium of surgeons addressing deviations of the dorsal and caudal septum.

Postoperative Opioid Use in Sinonasal Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To survey patients following sinonasal surgery regarding postoperative pain and opioid use. STUDY DESIGN: Patients were surveyed for 4 days following sinus and/or nasal surgery regarding their pain level and use of prescribed opioids. SETTING: Four academic medical centers and 1 private practice institution. SUBJECTS: Consecutive adult patients undergoing sinonasal surgery. RESULTS: A total of 219 subjects met criteria and were included for analysis; 134 patients (61%) took 5 or fewer combination oxycodone (5-mg) and acetaminophen (325-mg) tablets in the first 3 postoperative days, and 196 patients (89.5%) took fewer than 15. Fifty-one patients (23%) consumed no opioid pain medication. Opioid consumption was positively correlated with postoperative pain ( R2 = 0.2, P < .01) but was not correlated with the use of acetaminophen ( R2 = 0.002, P = .48). No significant difference in postoperative pain or opioid consumption was seen with respect to age, sex, specific procedures performed, postoperative steroids, or smoking history. Current smokers reported higher average pain than nonsmokers ( P < .001) and also required more postoperative opioids ( P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: An evidence-based approach to postoperative pain control following sinonasal surgery that reduces the number of unused and potentially diverted opioids is needed. The current study suggests that 15 combination oxycodone (5-mg) and acetaminophen (325-mg) tablets provide sufficient pain control for 90% of patients in the immediate postoperative period following sinonasal surgery, irrespective of the specific procedures performed, use of acetaminophen, or use of systemic steroids. Smoking status may help surgeons predict which patients will require larger opioid prescriptions.

Electrode Array Displacement into the Fallopian Canal in Revisions of Long-standing Cochlear Implants.

OBJECTIVE: To describe extracochlear extension of revision cochlear implant arrays into the Fallopian canal. PATIENTS: Two adult patients with extension of revision cochlear implant arrays into the Fallopian canal. INTERVENTIONS: Computed tomography (CT), selective deactivation of non-functional electrodes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Facial nerve function, facial nerve stimulation, cochlear implant electrode position, radiography, functional hearing. RESULTS: Two patients presented with failure of their long-standing cochlear implants (CIs). One patient with presumed postviral hearing loss presented with declining function and increasing facial stimulation from an implant placed 30 years previous. A second with postmeningitic hearing loss presented with a draining mastoid fistula from an implant placed 7 years before. Both patients were reimplanted with minimal insertion resistance via the established electrode tract, yet demonstrated facial nerve stimulation during intraoperative telemetry and on device activation. Postoperative CTs of each patient showed exit of the electrode from the cochlea into the tympanic or labyrinthine Fallopian canal. Both patients can use their devices effectively with selective electrode deactivation. CONCLUSIONS: Our cases illustrate the potential association of long-standing electrodes with otic capsule changes, allowing extracochlear malposition of subsequent arrays. This can occur despite apparently uneventful reinsertion of a flexible array without undue force. Previously reported histopathology confirms the potential for a reactive osteitis from arrays that may contribute to this phenomenon. Intraoperative facial stimulation with neural telemetry testing can raise suspicion of a malpositioned array involving the Fallopian canal. Such cases can be effectively managed with selective deactivation of malpositioned electrode contacts.

Anatomy-Specific Virtual Reality Simulation in Temporal Bone Dissection: Perceived Utility and Impact on Surgeon Confidence.

Objective To evaluate the effect of anatomy-specific virtual reality (VR) surgical rehearsal on surgeon confidence and temporal bone dissection performance. Study Design Prospective pre- and poststudy of a novel virtual surgical rehearsal platform. Setting Academic otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residency training programs. Subjects and Methods Sixteen otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residents from 2 North American training institutions were recruited. Surveys were administered to assess subjects' baseline confidence in performing 12 subtasks of cortical mastoidectomy with facial recess. A cadaver temporal bone was randomly assigned to each subject. Cadaver specimens were scanned with a clinical computed tomography protocol, allowing the creation of anatomy-specific models for use in a VR surgical rehearsal platform. Subjects then rehearsed a virtual mastoidectomy on data sets derived from their specimens. Surgical confidence surveys were administered again. Subjects then dissected assigned cadaver specimens, which were blindly graded with a modified Welling scale. A final survey assessed the perceived utility of rehearsal on dissection performance. Results Of 16 subjects, 14 (87.5%) reported a significant increase in overall confidence after conducting an anatomy-specific VR rehearsal. A significant correlation existed between perceived utility of rehearsal and confidence improvement. The effect of rehearsal on confidence was dependent on trainee experience and the inherent difficulty of the surgical subtask. Postrehearsal confidence correlated strongly with graded dissection performance. Subjects rated anatomy-specific rehearsal as having a moderate to high contribution to their dissection performance. Conclusion Anatomy-specific virtual rehearsal improves surgeon confidence in performing mastoid dissection, dependent on surgeon experience and task difficulty. The subjective confidence gained through rehearsal correlates positively with subsequent objective dissection performance.

High-fidelity haptic and visual rendering for patient-specific simulation of temporal bone surgery.

Medical imaging techniques provide a wealth of information for surgical preparation, but it is still often the case that surgeons are examining three-dimensional pre-operative image data as a series of two-dimensional images. With recent advances in visual computing and interactive technologies, there is much opportunity to provide surgeons an ability to actively manipulate and interpret digital image data in a surgically meaningful way. This article describes the design and initial evaluation of a virtual surgical environment that supports patient-specific simulation of temporal bone surgery using pre-operative medical image data. Computational methods are presented that enable six degree-of-freedom haptic feedback during manipulation, and that simulate virtual dissection according to the mechanical principles of orthogonal cutting and abrasive wear. A highly efficient direct volume renderer simultaneously provides high-fidelity visual feedback during surgical manipulation of the virtual anatomy. The resulting virtual surgical environment was assessed by evaluating its ability to replicate findings in the operating room, using pre-operative imaging of the same patient. Correspondences between surgical exposure, anatomical features, and the locations of pathology were readily observed when comparing intra-operative video with the simulation, indicating the predictive ability of the virtual surgical environment.

Fusion of Computed Tomography and PROPELLER Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection and Localization of Middle Ear Cholesteatoma.

Importance: A method to optimize imaging of cholesteatoma by combining the strengths of available modalities will improve diagnostic accuracy and help to target treatment. Objective: To assess whether fusing Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines With Enhanced Reconstruction (PROPELLER) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) with corresponding temporal bone computed tomography (CT) images could increase cholesteatoma diagnostic and localization accuracy across 6 distinct anatomical regions of the temporal bone. Design, Setting, and Participants: Case series and preliminary technology evaluation of adults with preoperative temporal bone CT and PROPELLER DW-MRI scans who underwent surgery for clinically suggested cholesteatoma at a tertiary academic hospital. When cholesteatoma was encountered surgically, the precise location was recorded in a diagram of the middle ear and mastoid. For each patient, the 3 image data sets (CT, PROPELLER DW-MRI, and CT-MRI fusion) were reviewed in random order for the presence or absence of cholesteatoma by an investigator blinded to operative findings. Main Outcomes and Measures: If cholesteatoma was deemed present on review of each imaging modality, the location of the lesion was mapped presumptively. Image analysis was then compared with surgical findings. Results: Twelve adults (5 women and 7 men; median [range] age, 45.5 [19-77] years) were included. The use of CT-MRI fusion had greater diagnostic sensitivity (0.88 vs 0.75), positive predictive value (0.88 vs 0.86), and negative predictive value (0.75 vs 0.60) than PROPELLER DW-MRI alone. Image fusion also showed increased overall localization accuracy when stratified across 6 distinct anatomical regions of the temporal bone (localization sensitivity and specificity, 0.76 and 0.98 for CT-MRI fusion vs 0.58 and 0.98 for PROPELLER DW-MRI). For PROPELLER DW-MRI, there were 15 true-positive, 45 true-negative, 1 false-positive, and 11 false-negative results; overall accuracy was 0.83. For CT-MRI fusion, there were 20 true-positive, 45 true-negative, 1 false-positive, and 6 false-negative results; overall accuracy was 0.90. Conclusions and Relevance: The poor anatomical spatial resolution of DW-MRI makes precise localization of cholesteatoma within the middle ear and mastoid a diagnostic challenge. This study suggests that the bony anatomic detail obtained via CT coupled with the excellent sensitivity and specificity of PROPELLER DW-MRI for cholesteatoma can improve both preoperative identification and localization of disease over DW-MRI alone.