The effect of knee and foot position on the electromyographical activity of the superficial quadriceps.

Isometric quadriceps exercises are used early in knee rehabilitation. Varying knee or foot position is hypothesized to selectively activate specific quadriceps muscles. This study examined the activities of the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris during isometric contractions at 90 degrees, 150 degrees, and 175 degrees knee angles with internally rotated, neutral, and externally rotated foot positions. Subjects performed three perceived maximal isometric contractions at each knee angle/foot position while electromyographic activity (EMG) was collected. Statistical analysis consisted of a three-way repeated measures multiple analysis of variance, with post hoc analysis as was appropriate. Although no significant differences were detected among foot positions for the rectus femoris at 90 degrees, this knee angle produced significantly greater EMG activity for the neutral position compared with 150 degrees or 175 degrees. The 90 degrees angle was also superior to 175 degrees for the externally rotated position. The results for both the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis were similar, with the 90 degrees angle producing greater EMG activity than 175 degrees in the externally rotated position. In addition, the neutral position produced significantly more activity than the internally rotated position at 90 degrees. At 150 degrees, the neutral position was superior to the externally rotated position. Finally, at the 175 degrees knee angle, the highest level of EMG activity was with the foot internally rotated. Considering the combination of effects for EMG activity across all muscles tested, the 90 degrees knee angle with a neutral foot position may provide the most effective condition for rehabilitation of all muscles tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Do doctors accurately assess coronary risk in their patients? Preliminary results of the coronary health assessment study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of doctors in primary care to assess risk patients' risk of coronary heart disease. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey. SETTING: Continuing medical education meetings, Ontario and Quebec, Canada. SUBJECTS: Community based doctors who agreed to enroll in the coronary health assessment study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ratings of coronary risk factors and estimates by doctors of relative and absolute coronary risk of two hypothetical patients and the "average" 40 year old Canadian man and 70 year old Canadian woman. RESULTS: 253 doctors answered the questionnaire. For 30 year olds the doctors rated cigarette smoking as the most important risk factor and raised serum triglyceride concentrations as the least important; for 70 year old patients they rated diabetes as the most important risk factor and raised serum triglyceride concentrations as the least important. They rated each individual risk factor as significantly less important for 70 year olds than for 30 year olds (all risk factors, P < 0.001). They showed a strong understanding of the relative importance of specific risk factors, and most were confident in their ability to estimate coronary risk. While doctors accurately estimated the relative risk of a specific patient (compared with the average adult) they systematically overestimated the absolute baseline risk of developing coronary disease and the risk reductions associated with specific interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite guidelines on targeting patients at high risk of coronary disease accurate assessment of coronary risk remains difficult for many doctors. Additional strategies must be developed to help doctors to assess better their patients' coronary risk.

Effect of exercise in reducing breast and chest-wall pain in patients with breast cancer: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Breast or chest-wall pain (BCP) is prevalent in 20%-50% of breast cancer survivors, and it affects quality of life (QOL). To determine the feasibility and potential efficacy of an exercise program to improve patient QOL and BCP, such a program was offered to breast cancer patients suffering from BCP. METHODS: The study enrolled 10 breast cancer patients with moderate-to-severe BCP at 3-6 months after completion of all adjuvant treatments. These patients participated in a 12-week comprehensive health improvement program (CHIP). Intensity was adjusted to reach 65%-85% of the patient's maximal heart rate. Before the CHIP and at 1 and 6 months after completion of the CHIP, QOL and pain were measured using questionnaires [European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life core and breast cancer modules (QLQ-C30, -BR23) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form] completed by the patients. Results were compared with those from case-matched control subjects from another study at McGill University. RESULTS: After the CHIP, patients reported significant and clinically important improvements in QOL and symptoms. At 1 and 6 months post-CHIP, patients in the study felt, on average, better in overall QOL than did historical control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that patients who experience chronic bcp may benefit from an exercise program. A randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Health-related quality of life in postpartum depressed women.

The objectives of this study were a) to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among women with postpartum depression, b) examine the association between severity of depressive symptoms and level of impairment in physical and mental HRQoL and c) to identify contributors to physical and mental HRQoL. Seventy-eight women scoring > or =10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale completed the questionnaires measuring: HRQoL (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form SF-36), sleep quality, life stress, and social support. All women underwent a cardiovascular stress test to determine aerobic capacity. Compared to Canadian normative data, women experiencing postpartum depressed mood scored significantly lower on all SF-36 domains, as well as on the SF-36 physical and mental component summary score. Severity of depressed mood was not associated to worse physical health status, while poorer aerobic capacity emerged as a significant independent contributor of physical health status. Severity of depressed mood contributed to worse mental health status. After controlling for severity of depressed mood, the occurrence of pregnancy complications, cesarean delivery, poorer sleep quality, life stress, and less social support predicted poorer mental health status.

A randomized clinical trial of an individualized home-based exercise programme for women with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a 12-week individualized home-based exercise programme on physical functioning, pain severity and psychological distress for women with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Seventy-nine women with a primary diagnosis of FM were randomized to a 12-week individualized home-based moderate-intensity exercise programme or to a usual care control group. Outcomes were functional capacity (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), pain severity and psychological distress. Outcomes were measured at study entry, at the end of the 12-week intervention, and at 3 and 9 months following completion of the intervention. RESULTS: On the basis of intention-to-treat analyses, a significant improvement in functional capacity at 3 and 9 months following treatment for participants in the exercise group who were more functionally disabled at study entry was observed. At both 3 and 9 months post-treatment, the mean estimated benefit of the intervention was more than 10 points [-12.3 (95% CI, -21.9 to -2.8); -10.8 (95% CI, -21.5 to -0.2)]. Compared with the control group, statistically significant improvements in upper body pain were evident in the exercise group at post-treatment. These between-group differences in upper body pain were maintained at 3 and 9 months post-treatment. No statistically significant group differences on lower body pain and psychological distress were found. CONCLUSIONS: Home-based exercise, a relatively low-cost treatment modality, has the potential to improve important health outcomes in FM.

Who needs an exercise stress test? Evaluating the new American College of Sports Medicine risk stratification guidelines.

PURPOSE: The American College of Sports Medicine recently published new guidelines to classify individuals at increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) before starting a vigorous (> 60% maximum oxygen consumption) exercise program. We compared the prognostic value of the new guidelines to the earlier guidelines. METHODS: Subjects included men and women over 30 years of age, free from known CHD according to the Lipid Research Clinic Follow-up Cohort. Endpoints included an abnormal exercise test result (+/- 1 mm ST, anginal chest pain, or exercise hypotension) and future death of CHD ascertained during an average 12.2 years of follow-up. Data analysis included 2 x 2 contingency tables to compare the test characteristics of the old and new guidelines. RESULTS: Among 4,074 subjects, 219 (5.4%) had abnormal exercise test results and 65 (1.6%) eventually died of CHD. The new guidelines classified 75.7% of individuals as high risk versus 58.7% using the old guidelines. Comparing the new guidelines with the old, test sensitivity was significantly (P = 0.007) higher for patients with an abnormal exercise test result (87% versus 77%) than for patients who died of CHD (100% versus 99%). Test specificity of the new guidelines was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the old guidelines for individuals with abnormal exercise test results (25% versus 42%) and those who died of CHD (25% versus 42%). The new guidelines also showed significantly lower overall diagnostic accuracy and positive likelihood ratios compared with the old guidelines for both patients with abnormal exercise test results and those who died of CHD. The positive predictive value for the new and old guidelines for both patients with abnormal exercise test results and those who died of CHD were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Although the new guidelines are more sensitive in the abnormal exercise test result endpoint, they are less specific and overall less accurate than the old guidelines given the low prevalence of CHD in this asymptomatic population. The current guidelines should be modified to better target high-risk adults.

The cost-effectiveness of exercise training for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Although exercise training improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, few studies have evaluated its potential long-term cost-effectiveness. METHODS: Using the Cardiovascular Disease Life Expectancy Model, a validated disease simulation model, we calculated the life expectancy of average 35- to 74-year-old Canadians found in the 1992 Canadian Heart Health Survey. The impacts of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors were estimated as a 4% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a 5% increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and a 6 mm Hg decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Exercise adherence was estimated at 50% for the first year and 30% for all additional years. Costs for a supervised exercise program determined from Canadian sources and converted to US dollars were estimated at $605 for the first year (medical evaluation, stress test, exercise prescription, and program costs) and $367 for all additional years (program costs). For an unsupervised program, the costs were estimated at $311 for the first year and $73 for all additional years. RESULTS: The cost-effectiveness (CE) of an unsupervised exercise program (1996 U.S. dollars) was less than $12,000 per year of life saved (YOLS) for all individuals. The CE of a supervised exercise program was less than $15,000/YOLS for men with CVD, and between $12,000 and $43,000 for women with CVD and men without CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Given the relatively few risks, substantial long-term benefits, and modest costs, an unsupervised exercise training program represents good value for all. A more expensive supervised exercise program is also cost-effective for most individuals with CVD.

Increased muscle strength in paralyzed patients after spinal cord injury: effect of beta-2 adrenergic agonist.

The administration of beta-2 adrenergic agonists in experimental animals result in an increased strength of skeletal muscle. In this study, we evaluated whether a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, metaproterenol, had an effect on muscle size and strength in a group of patients with muscular atrophy following spinal cord injury. Ten male subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups and agreed to participate in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover study. Metaproterenol (80 mg/day), or placebo, was administered orally for a period of 4 weeks. Muscle strength was measured by a force transducer interfaced with a microcomputer. Muscle size was calculated and expressed as a cross-sectional area of upper arm and forearm using a formula. Metaproterenol induced a significant increase of muscle strength in both groups of subjects, compared with placebo (p < .001). Similarly, there was an increase in a muscle size in the forearm following the administration of metaproterenol. Our data indicate that beta-2 adrenergic agonists may improve both muscle strength and size in patients with muscular atrophy following spinal cord paralysis.

Can computerized risk profiles help patients improve their coronary risk? The results of the Coronary Health Assessment Study (CHAS).

BACKGROUND: The Coronary Health Assessment Study (CHAS) was developed to determine the feasibility of using patient-specific, multifactorial computerized coronary risk profiles as a clinical decision aid to support primary prevention of CHD. METHODS: Study participants included 253 community based physicians, randomized into profile and control groups, and 958 of their patients. The profile group physicians received coronary risk profiles for their patients within 10 working days after the baseline patient assessment providing early feedback. The control group received their profiles only if the patient was clinically reevaluated during a 3-month follow-up visit. Patients' coronary risk factors were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up. RESULTS: The profile group had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ratio of high-risk/low-risk patients who returned for a follow-up visit compared to the control group (1.23 vs 0.77). The patients in the profile group also had significantly (P < 0.05) greater mean reductions in total cholesterol (-0.5 vs -0.1 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (-0.4 vs 0.0 mmol/L), the total cholesterol/ HDL ratio (-0.6 vs -0.2), and the predicted 8-year coronary risk (-1.8 vs -0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Computer-generated coronary risk profiles can be effective in assisting physicians to identify high-risk patients. Their use is also associated with significantly greater improvements in the serum lipid profiles and the overall coronary risk of these patients.