Physician impact on hospital admission and on mortality rates in the Medicare population.

OBJECTIVE: We assess the effect of variations in the supply and specialty distribution of physicians on admission rates for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACS) and for all causes, and on mortality rates among Medicare beneficiaries of various health care service areas (HCSA). DATA SOURCES: For the Medicare beneficiaries, sources were the Health Care Financing Administration's 1992 enrollment and impatient (Part A) files for a 5 percent sample of that population; for the overall populations and for the medical resources of the HCSAs, the Area Resource File. STUDY DESIGN: This observational, cross-sectional study employed multiple linear regression to assess the influence of population characteristics and of the supply of physicians on hospital admissions, and Poisson regression in the analysis of the factors that affect mortality. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Physician supply levels vary nearly fourfold or more when comparing the top and bottom deciles of the HCSAs, Medicare admissions for ACS conditions vary about threefold, and admission rates for all causes and mortality rates vary about 1.5-fold. Physician supply levels and distributions have very little influence on ACS admission rates, and even less on the admissions for all causes and on mortality, except in HCSAs with very low physician supply levels (one-fourth the national average or less). However, these HCSAs account for only about 1 percent of the U.S. population. CONCLUSIONS: Physician supply levels and the proportions of specialists and generalists have negligible effects on health status as measured by mortality rates and by rates of admission for all causes and for conditions presumed to be sensitive to the adequacy of ambulatory care. Reductions in admissions for such conditions are not likely to be achieved through broadening of insurance to levels that exist under Medicare, nor through increases in the supply of physicians, nor, conversely, through a reduction in any presumed oversupply of physicians.

A proposal to provide care to the uninsured through a network of community health centers.

While a national health insurance plan is needed, this alone will not provide access for approximately 30 million persons who face geographic, cultural, language, or health care system barriers, or who live in areas with provider shortages. These barriers often coexist with lack of insurance coverage, but they also affect millions who have public, or even private, coverage. Moreover, large segments of this population suffer from health problems not adequately addressed by the traditional medical model: teenage pregnancy, AIDS, injury, substance abuse, and the like. To provide appropriate care for these underserved persons, we propose to expand the existing network of community health centers over the next 10 years to a total of approximately 3,000. Such an expansion would provide a cost-effective approach to improving provider distribution, increasing consumer input, combining personal health services with health promotion, and removing both financial and nonfinancial barriers to care. This model can be implemented either independent of or in conjunction with other health care system reform efforts.