ADM1-based mechanistic model for the role of trace elements in anaerobic digestion processes.

An original mechanistic model able to describe the fate of trace elements (TE) in anaerobic digestion systems has been synthetized from mass balance equations. The model takes into account the main biochemical and physico-chemical processes affecting TE bioavailability and it is aimed at evaluating the effect that the combination of such processes exerts on the system performance. Five main modules have been introduced: biochemistry, physico-chemistry, sorption, complexation and precipitation. The model is based on mass conservation principles and is formulated as a set of ordinary differential equations for the soluble and particulate components constituting the system. Model applications of two illustrative cases are provided. The first case is based on experimental results and examines the effect of TE depletion in an AD process of food waste (FW). The second case shows the effects of different metal supplements on methane production and biogas composition. The simulation results confirm that the model can fairly be used to predict the effect of TE dynamics and bioavailability, by considering biological, chemical and physicochemical processes in AD environments.

Description of the novel HLA-DPB1*137:01 allele found in an Italian subject.

In this report, we describe the identification and sequencing of a novel HLA-DPB1 allele, found in an Italian haematological patient. This allele is identical to DPB1*17:01 except for a single nucleotide substitution (GAC→GAG) at position 57, which changes the encoded amino acid from Asp to Glu.

Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their HLA-ligands in Italian paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) patients.

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a haematopoietic disorder characterized by expansion of phosphatidylinositol glycan-A-defective progenitor(s). Immune-dependent mechanisms, likely involving a deranged T cell-dependent autoimmune response, have been consistently associated with the selection/dominance of PNH precursors. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes might participate in PNH pathogenesis, but their role is still controversial. NK activity is dependent on the balance between activating and inhibiting signals. Key component in such regulatory network is represented by killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIR are also involved in the regulation of adaptive cytotoxic T cell response and associated with autoimmunity. This study investigated on the frequency of KIR genes and their known human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in 53 PNH Italian patients. We observed increased frequency of genotypes characterized by ≤2 activating KIR as well as by the presence of an inhibitory/activating gene ratio ≥3.5. In addition, an increased matching between KIR-3DL1 and its ligand HLA-Bw4 was found. These genotypes might be associated with lower NK-dependent recognition of stress-related self molecules; this is conceivable with the hypothesis that an increased availability of specific T cell targets, not cleared by NK cells, could be involved in PNH pathogenesis. These data may provide new insights into autoimmune PNH pathogenesis.

A combined system for asbestos-cement waste degradation by dark fermentation and resulting supernatant valorization in anaerobic digestion.

The use of biological processes for the treatment of asbestos cement waste (ACW) has gained interest in recent years. Nevertheless, this methodology is not yet consolidated because of the incomplete ACW conversion during the biological treatment and the consequent need for further treatments that generally require a high amount of energy and chemicals. In this study, the efficiency of both mesophilic and thermophilic dark fermentation (DF) fed with glucose in fed-batch conditions was assessed for ACW biological treatment. Both thermophilic and mesophilic DF of glucose resulted in a partial conversion of glucose into organic acids that successfully degraded all the asbestos fibers contained in an ACW sample. A hydrogen-rich biogas was produced as well: at the end of the mesophilic DF treatment 0.14 LH2 gglucose-1 were obtained. In addition, the anaerobic digestion (AD) of the DF supernatants led to the production of 0.38 LCH4 gCOD-1.

Sequence of a novel HLA-B*51 allele in a volunteer haematopoietic stem cell donor.

We describe a novel HLA-B*51 allele detected by DNA direct sequencing. The sequence of this allele has been officially named B*51:78 as a confirmatory sequence. This new allele nucleotide sequence differs from HLA-B*51:01:01 for two point mutations in exon 2 where codons 79-80 change from CGG-ATC to CGC-ACC (p.Ile80Thr).

A discrepancy between serological and molecular typing results led to identification of a novel HLA-B*57 allele: HLA-B*5728N.

Summary Here, we describe the characterisation of a new allelic variant of HLA-B*57. The novel allele, HLA-B*5728N, was identified with sequence-based typing in a Caucasoid family. HLA-B*5728N, differs from HLA-B*5701 because of a nucleotide substitution at position 420 (C->G) resulting in a coding change from Tyrosine to a stop codon.

HLA-DRB1*1501 and response to copolymer-1 therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Copolymer 1 (Cop-1) is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer, effective in the treatment of the relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS). In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the mechanism of Cop-1 involves its binding to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules as an initial step. OBJECTIVE: To assess a possible relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and response to Cop-1 therapy. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with RRMS, 44 treated with Cop-1 and 39 with interferon beta-1a (IFNbeta-1a) for 2 years, were typed by molecular methods for HLA class II genes and subgrouped according to clinical outcome. RESULTS: Data have shown a possible positive correlation between presence of DRB1*1501 and response to Cop-1 therapy (p = 0.008). No relationship between HLA alleles and therapy has been found in IFNbeta-1a treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that DRB1*1501 might be relevant for the clinical outcome in Cop-1 treated patients and, if confirmed in larger studies, it could be helpful in the selection of RRMS patients for different therapeutic options.

Crohn disease: susceptibility and disease heterogeneity revealed by HLA genotyping.

Predisposition to Crohn disease (CD) seems to be genetically determined but, though several reports on the matter, the association between HLA antigens and the disease is still controversial. PCR-SSP high resolution typing in 107 CD patients, and in subgroups selected according to clinical features, showed a positive association with the rare haplotype DRB1*07, DQB1*0303 both in the overall patients (p = 0.002; pc = ns) and in the subgroup of nonfistulized patients (p = 0.0008; pc = 0.032). Moreover, the protective role of the haplotype DRB1*03, DQB1*0201 (p = 0.029) was confirmed also in Italian patients, whereas no strong association with HLA class I alleles has been found. In addition, variability of the HLA alleles frequency in CD subgroups was observed, supporting the hypothesis of a genetic heterogeneity of the disease and suggesting that HLA alleles distribution in selected groups may allow to identify patients with probably different prognosis or associated complications.

Giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: long survival after combination chemotherapy.

A 41-year-old white woman had undifferentiated giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid, unsuccessfully treated with local cobalt therapy. She was given a five-drug combination of chemotherapy, responding rapidly with marked improvement, abatement of symptoms, resolution of the tumor, and eight-year survival to date.

In vitro tannin acantholysis.

BACKGROUND: Exogenous factors, such as certain drugs, may be involved in the induction of pemphigus. Other offenders sharing a similar chemical composition to these drugs may also play a role. Tannins with their considerable biologic activity were suggested as possible factors. To substantiate the role of tannins in the pathomechanism of pemphigus, the present study examined the acantholytic potential of tannins in vitro. METHODS: Normal human breast skin from patients without any bullous disease was cultured for 3 days in the presence of tannic acid at concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM. The effect of the tannic acid was microscopically examined in a blind fashion by three independent investigators. RESULTS: In addition to the cytotoxic effect, tannic acid caused marked acantholytic changes, with a clear suprabasal cleavage and intraepidermal acantholytic cells. The acantholytic changes were the most constant and specific effects. They were constantly observed at 1.0 and 2.0 mM, whereas lower concentrations showed changes only in some of the explants. The concentrations needed to exert this effect were notably low. There was a remarkable variability among the subjects who had provided the explants. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a possible role of tannin in the disease process of pemphigus. The tannin acantholytic potential was much greater than the potential of known acantholytic drugs, such as penicillamine and captopril. The interindividual variability in susceptibility to acantholysis may explain the variability in the individual potential for developing pemphigus.

HLA allele frequency and clinical outcome in Italian patients with cutaneous melanoma.

The current study focuses the analysis on the possible relationship between HLA allele frequency and clinical outcome of melanoma in a population of 382 Italian patients, as compared with 203 ethnically matched controls. In a 3-year follow-up study, results showed significant differences between groups of patients selected according to clinical stage, histology, and progression of the disease. A*01 seems to be correlated with a less aggressive variant of the disease, whereas DRB1*01-DQB1*0501 seems to be associated with metastatic progression of melanoma. Moreover, a negative association with B*13, B*44, as well as with DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 was found. A multivariate logistic regression model showed HLA-DRB1*04 to behave as an independent favorable prognostic marker of melanoma in our population (OR = 2.34, CI = 1.15-4.74).

Myelin basic protein gene is associated with MS in DR4- and DR5-positive Italians and Russians.

BACKGROUND: The myelin basic protein (MBP) gene may confer genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). The association of MS with alleles of the (TGGA)n variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) 5' to the MBP gene is the subject of conflicting reports. OBJECTIVE: To study possible MS association with VNTR alleles of MBP gene in ethnic Italians and ethnic Russians. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-nine unrelated patients with definite MS and 385 unrelated healthy control subjects from Italy and Russia were genotyped for the MBP VNTR region and for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DRB1 gene. The phenotype, allele, and genotype frequencies for two groups of MBP alleles were determined. Patients and control subjects were stratified according to HLA-DRB1 phenotypes. RESULTS: The distribution of MBP alleles and genotypes in the two ethnic groups, including both MS patients and control subjects, was very similar. When MS patients and healthy control subjects were stratified according to HLA-DRB1 phenotypes, a significant association of MS with MBP alleles was found only in the DR4- and DR5-positive subgroups. A significant association with MBP alleles was also observed in the nonstratified groups, owing mainly to the contribution of the DR4- and DR5-positive individuals. CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of the MBP or another gene in its vicinity appears to contribute to the etiology of MS for the subgroups of DR4- and DR5-positive Italians and Russians.