Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances.

BACKGROUND: A number of conditions compromise the passage of food along the digestive tract. Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding is a classic, time-proven technique, although its prolonged use can lead to complications such as lesions to the nasal wing, chronic sinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and aspiration pneumonia. Another method of infusion, percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG), is generally used when there is a need for enteral nutrition for a longer time period. There is a high demand for PEG in patients with swallowing disorders, although there is no consistent evidence about its effectiveness and safety as compared to NGT. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PEG compared with NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances. SEARCH METHODS: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS from inception to January 2014, and contacted the main authors in the subject area. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include randomised controlled trials comparing PEG versus NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances or dysphagia and indications for nutritional support, with any underlying diseases. The primary outcome was intervention failure (e.g. feeding interruption, blocking or leakage of the tube, no adherence to treatment). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. For dichotomous and continuous variables, we used risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD), respectively with the random-effects statistical model and 95% confidence interval (CI). We assumed statistical heterogeneity when I² > 50%. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 randomised controlled studies with 735 participants which produced 16 meta-analyses of outcome data. Meta-analysis indicated that the primary outcome of intervention failure, occurred in lower proportion of participants with PEG compared to NGT (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.59, eight studies, 408 participants, low quality evidence) and this difference was statistically significant. For this outcome, we also subgrouped the studies by endoscopic gastrostomy technique into pull, and push and not reported. We observed a significant difference favouring PEG in the pull subgroup (RR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.35, three studies, 90 participants). Thepush subgroup contained only one clinical trial and the result favoured PEG (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.74, one study, 33 participants) techniques. We found no statistically significant difference in cases where the technique was not reported (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.44, four studies, 285 participants).There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for meta-analyses of the secondary outcomes of mortality (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.28, 644 participants, nine studies, very low quality evidence), overall reports of any adverse event at any follow-up time point (ITT analysis, RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.34), 597 participants, 6 studies, moderate quality evidence), specific adverse events including pneumonia (aspiration) (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.06, 645 participants, seven studies, low quality evidence), or for the meta- analyses of the secondary outcome of nutritional status including weight change from baseline, and mid-arm circumference at endpoint, although there was evidence in favour of PEG for meta-analyses of mid-arm circumference change from baseline (MD 1.16, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.31, 115 participants, two studies), and levels of serum albumin were higher in the PEG group (MD 6.03, 95% CI 2.31 to 9.74, 107 participants).For meta-analyses of the secondary outcomes of time on enteral nutrition, there was no statistically significant difference (MD 14.48, 95% CI -2.74 to 31.71; 119 participants, two studies). For meta-analyses of quality of life measures (EuroQol) outcomes in two studies with 133 participants, for inconvenience (RR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.29), discomfort (RR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.29), altered body image (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.18; P = 0.001) and social activities (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.18) the intervention favoured PEG, that is, fewer participants found the intervention of PEG to be inconvenient, uncomfortable or interfered with social activities. However, there were no significant differences between the groups for pain, ease of learning to use, or the secondary outcome of length of hospital stay (two studies, 381 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: PEG was associated with a lower probability of intervention failure, suggesting the endoscopic procedure may be more effective and safe compared with NGT. There is no significant difference in mortality rates between comparison groups, or in adverse events, including pneumonia related to aspiration. Future studies should include details of participant demographics including underlying disease, age and gender, and the gastrostomy technique.

Expression profiling using a cDNA array and immunohistochemistry for the extracellular matrix genes FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in colorectal carcinoma progression and dissemination.

Colorectal cancer dissemination depends on extracellular matrix genes related to remodeling and degradation of the matrix structure. This investigation intended to evaluate the association between FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 gene and protein expression levels in tumor tissue with clinical and histopathological neoplastic parameters of cancer dissemination. The expression associations between ECM molecules and selected epithelial markers EGFR, VEGF, Bcl2, P53, and KI-67 have also been examined in 114 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent primary tumor resection. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry tissue microarray methods were performed in samples from the primary tumors. The gene expression results showed that the ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 genes were overexpressed in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis (III/IV-stage tumors compared with I/II tumors). The MMP-2 gene showed significant overexpression in mucinous type tumors, and MMP-9 was overexpressed in villous adenocarcinoma histologic type tumors. The ECM genes MMP9 and ITGA-3 have shown a significant expression correlation with EGFR epithelial marker. The overexpression of the matrix extracellular genes ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 is associated with advanced stage tumors, and the genes MMP-2 and MMP-9 are overexpressed in mucinous and villous adenocarcinoma type tumors, respectively. The epithelial marker EGFR overactivity has been shown to be associated with the ECM genes MMP-9 and ITGA-3 expression.

Stapled versus handsewn methods for colorectal anastomosis surgery.

BACKGROUND: Previous systematic reviews comparing stapled and handsewn colorectal anastomosis that are available in the medical literature have not shown either technique to be superior. An update of this systematic review was performed to find out if there are any data that properly answer this question. OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and effectiveness of stapled and handsewn colorectal anastomosis surgery. The following primary hypothesis was tested: the stapled technique is more effective because it decreases the level of complications. SEARCH METHODS: A computerized search was performed in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE according to the strategies of the Colorectal Cancer Group of The Cochrane Collaboration. There were no limits upon language, date or other criteria. A revised search strategy was performed for this updated version of the review May 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which stapled and handsewn colorectal anastomosis techniques were compared. Participants were adult patients undergoing elective colorectal anastomosis surgery. The interventions were endoluminal circular stapler and handsewn colorectal anastomosis surgery. Outcomes considered were a) mortality; b) overall anastomotic dehiscence; c) clinical anastomotic dehiscence; d) radiological anastomotic dehiscence; e) stricture; f) anastomotic haemorrhage; g) reoperation; h) wound infection; i) anastomosis duration; and j) hospital stay. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently analysed by the two review authors (CBN, SASL) and cross-checked. The methodological quality of each trial was assessed by the same two authors. After searching the literature for this update, no study was added to those in the previous version of this review. Details of randomizations (generation and concealment), blinding, whether an intention-to-treat analysis was done or not, and the number of patients lost to follow-up were recorded. The analysis of the risk of bias was updated according to the software Review Manager 5.1. The results of each RCT were summarized on an intention-to-treat basis in 2 x 2 tables for each outcome. External validity was defined by the characteristics of the participants, interventions and the outcomes. The RCTs were stratified according to the level of colorectal anastomosis. The risk difference (RD) method (random-effects model) and number needed to treat (NNT) for dichotomous outcome measures and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous outcomes measures, with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), were presented in this review. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using a funnel plot and the Chi(2) test. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 1233 patients enrolled in nine identified trials, 622 were treated with staples and 611 with manual suture. The following main results were obtained. a) Mortality, result based on 901 patients: RD -0.6%, 95% CI -2.8% to +1.6%. b) Overall dehiscence, result based on 1233 patients: RD 0.2%, 95% CI -5.0% to +5.3%. c) Clinical anastomotic dehiscence, result based on 1233 patients: RD -1.4%, 95% CI -5.2 to +2.3%. d) Radiological anastomotic dehiscence, result based on 825 patients: RD 1.2%, 95% CI -4.8% to +7.3%. e) Stricture, result based on 1042 patients: RD 4.6%, 95% CI 1.2% to 8.1%; NNT 17, 95% CI 12 to 31. f) Anastomotic haemorrhage, result based on 662 patients: RD 2.7%, 95% CI -0.1% to +5.5%. g) Reoperation, result based on 544 patients: RD 3.9%, 95% CI 0.3% to 7.4%. h) Wound infection, result based on 567 patients: RD 1.0%, 95% CI -2.2% to +4.3%. i) Anastomosis duration, result based on one study (159 patients): WMD -7.6 minutes, 95% CI -12.9 to -2.2 minutes. j) Hospital stay, result based on one study (159 patients): WMD 2.0 days, 95% CI -3.27 to +7.2 days. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence found was insufficient to demonstrate any superiority of stapled over handsewn techniques in colorectal anastomosis surgery, regardless of the level of anastomosis. There were no randomised clinical trials comparing these two types of anastomosis in elective conditions in the last decade. The relevance of this research question has possibly lost its strength where elective surgery is concerned. However, in risk situations, such as emergency surgery, trauma and inflammatory bowel disease, new clinical trials are needed.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances.

BACKGROUND: A number of conditions compromise the passage of food along the digestive tract. Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding is a classic, time-proven technique, although its prolonged use can lead to complications such as lesions to the nasal wing, chronic sinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and aspiration pneumonia. Another method of infusion, percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG), is generally used when there is a need for enteral nutrition for a longer time period. There is a high demand for PEG in patients with swallowing disorders, although there is no consistent evidence about its effectiveness and safety as compared to NGT. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PEG as compared to NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances, by updating our previous Cochrane review. SEARCH METHODS: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS from inception to September 2011, as well as contacting main authors in the subject area. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include randomised controlled trials comparing PEG versus NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances or dysphagia and indications for nutritional support, with any underlying diseases. The primary outcome was intervention failure (e.g. feeding interruption, blocking or leakage of the tube, no adherence to treatment). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review authors performed selection, data extraction and evaluation of methodological quality of studies. For dichotomous and continuous variables, we used risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD), respectively with the random-effects statistical model and 95% confidence interval (CI). We assumed statistical heterogeneity when I² > 50%. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine randomised controlled studies. We did not identify new eligible studies published after our previous review literature search date (August 2009). Intervention failure occurred in 19/156 patients in the PEG group and 63/158 patients in the NGT group (RR 0.24, 95%CI 0.08 to 0.76, P = 0.01) in favour of PEG. There was no statistically significant difference between comparison groups in complications (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.91 to 1.11, P = 0.93). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: PEG was associated with a lower probability of intervention failure, suggesting the endoscopic procedure is more effective and safe as compared to NGT. There is no significant difference of mortality rates between comparison groups, and pneumonia irrespective of underlying disease (medical diagnosis). Future studies should include previously planned and executed follow-up periods, the gastrostomy technique, and the experience of the professionals to allow more detailed subgroup analysis.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances.

BACKGROUND: A number of conditions compromise the passage of food along the digestive tract. Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding is a classic, time-proven technique, although its prolonged use can lead to complications such as lesions to the nasal wing, chronic sinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and aspiration pneumonia. Another method of infusion, percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG), is generally used when there is a need for enteral nutrition for a longer time period. There is a high demand for PEG in patients with swallowing disorders, although there is no consistent evidence about its effectiveness and safety as compared to NGT. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PEG as compared to NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS from inception to August 2009, as well as contacting main authors in the subject area. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include randomised controlled trials comparing PEG versus NGT for adults with swallowing disturbances or dysphagia and indications for nutritional support, with any underlying diseases. The primary outcome was intervention failures (feeding interruption, blocking or leakage of the tube, no adherence to treatment). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review authors performed selection, data extraction and evaluation of methodological quality of studies. For dichotomous and continuous variables, we used risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD), respectively with the random-effects statistical model and 95% confidence interval (CI). We assumed statistical heterogeneity when I(2) > 50%. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine randomised controlled studies. Intervention failure occurred in 19/156 patients in the PEG group and 63/158 patients in the NGT group (RR 0.24 (95%CI 0.08 to 0.76, P = 0.01)) in favour of PEG. There was no statistically significant difference between comparison groups in complications (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.91 to 1.11, P = 0.93). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: PEG was associated to a lower probability of intervention failure, suggesting the endoscopic procedure is more effective and safe as compared to NGT. There is no significant difference of mortality rates between comparison groups, and pneumonia irrespective of underlying disease (medical diagnosis). Future studies should include previously planned and executed follow-up periods, the gastrostomy technique, and the experience of the professionals to allow more detailed subgroup analysis.

Ileostomy or colostomy for temporary decompression of colorectal anastomosis. Systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The controversy regarding whether loop ileostomy or loop transverse colostomy is a better method for temporary decompression of colorectal anastomosis motivated this review. METHODS: Five randomized trials were included, with 334 patients: 168 in the loop ileostomy group and 166 in the loop transverse colostomy group. The outcomes analyzed were: 1. Mortality; 2. Wound infection; 3. Time of stoma formation; 4. Time of stoma closure; 5. Time interval between stoma formation and closure; 6. Stoma prolapse; 7. Stoma retraction; 8. Parastomal hernia; 9. Parastomal fistula; 10. Stenosis; 11. Necrosis; 12. Skin irritation; 13. Ileus; 14. Bowel leakage; 15. Reoperation; 16. Patient adaptation; 17. Length of hospital stay; 18. Colorectal anastomotic dehiscence; 19. Incisional hernia; 20. Postoperative bowel obstruction. RESULTS: Stoma prolapse was statistically significant (p = 0.00001), but with statistical heterogeneity; the sensitive analysis was applied, excluding the trials that included emergency surgery, and this showed: p = 0.02, with I2 = 0% for the heterogeneity test. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes reported were not statistically or clinically significant except for stoma prolapse. Better evidence for making the choice between loop ileostomy or loop colostomy requires large-scale randomized controlled trials.

HNF4A expression as a potential diagnostic tool to discriminate primary gastric cancer from breast cancer metastasis in a Brazilian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Among the many challenges in cancer diagnosis is the early distinction between metastatic cancer and a secondary tumor. This difficulty stems from the lack of markers that offer high sensitivity and specificity and can be easily applied in routine laboratory work. An example of this challenge is distinguishing gastric metastases originating from breast cancer from a gastric primary tumor. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) has been suggested as a potential marker in these cases. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of HNF4A, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) in a Brazilian cohort. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemistry analysis of HNF4A, ER, PR and GCDFP-15 in 126 patients divided into three cohorts: primary breast cancer, primary gastric cancer and both types of tumors. RESULTS: Our data confirmed the sensitivity and specificity of the HNF4A marker compared to other currently used clinical markers. CONCLUSION: HNF4A alone could be a gold standard marker for distinguishing primary gastric cancer from breast metastasis, thus validating its potential clinical use, especially in populations with high genetic diversity.

Analysis of the correlation between p53 and bcl-2 expression with staging and prognosis of the colorectal adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation between p53 and bcl-2 expression and colorectal adenocarcinoma staging and prognosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective series of 125 colorectal adenocarcinoma patients (67 women and 58 men; ages 30-87 years) who underwent surgery with curative intent. The mean follow-up was 28.5 months (range: 2-96 months). TNM staging, tumor recurrence, survival and cancer-related mortality were analyzed. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using DO7 (Dako) for p53 and K492 (Dako) for bcl-2. Tumors with accumulation of staining for cytoplasmic bcl-2 or nuclear p53 in more than 10% of cells were considered positive. Statistical analysis utilized Pearson chi-squared, log-rank and Wilcoxon tests, and Kaplan-Meier survival estimation (significance level: p<0.05). RESULTS: p53+ was found in 11.8% (14/118), bcl-2+ in 50% (58/116) and associated p53+/bcl-2+ in 6.4% (7/109) of the tumors. There was no significant correlation between expression of these biomarkers and TNM I, II, III and IV staging (p=0.385 for p53; p=0.461 for bcl-2). For tumor recurrence, p53+ was found in 9.5% (2/21), bcl-2+ in 50% (11/22), and associated p53+/bcl-2+ in 5.2% (1/19) of the tumors (p=0.714, p=1.000 and p=0.960, respectively). For survival analysis, p53+: 57 months (45.0-68.0), bcl-2+: 78 (37.0-89.0), and p53+/bcl-2+: 62 (56.0-68.0) (p=0.319). For cancer-related mortality, p53+: 8.3% (3/36), bcl-2+: 47.2% (17/36), and p53+/bcl-2+: 5.9% (2/36) of the patients (p=0.432, p=0.688 and p=0.907, respectively). CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between tumor expression of p53 and bcl-2 and the TNM staging, recurrence, survival and cancer-related mortality in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Stapled versus handsewn methods for colorectal anastomosis surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

CONTEXT: The interest in the results from comparisons between handsewing and stapling in colorectal anastomoses has been reflected in the progressive increase in the number of clinical trials. These studies, however, do not permit conclusions to be drawn, given the lack of statistical power of the samples analyzed. OBJECTIVE: To compare stapling and handsewing in colorectal anastomosis, testing the hypothesis that in colorectal anastomosis the technique of stapling is superior to that of handsewing. DESIGN: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. SURVEY STRATEGY: Systematic revision of the literature and meta-analysis were used, without restrictions on language, dates or other considerations. The sources of information used were Embase, Lilacs, Medline, Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Database, and letters to authors and industrial producers of staples and thread. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included in accordance with randomization criteria. The external validity of the studies was investigated via the characteristics of the participants, the interventions and the variables analyzed. An independent selection of clinical studies focusing on analysis of adult patients attended to on an elective basis was made by two reviewers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by the same reviewers. In addition to the randomization criteria, the masking, treatment intention, losses and exclusions were also analyzed. The meta-analysis was performed using risk difference and weighted average difference, with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The variables studied were mortality, clinical and radiological anastomotic dehiscence, anastomotic stricture, hemorrhage, reoperation, wound infection, time taken to perform the anastomosis and hospital stay. RESULTS: Nine clinical trials were selected. After verifying that it was possible to perform one of the two techniques being compared, 1,233 patients were included, of whom 622 underwent stapling and 611 the handsewing technique. No statistical difference was found between the variables, except for stenosis, which was more frequent in stapling (p < 0.05), and the time taken to perform the anastomosis, which was greater in handsewing (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The evidence found was insufficient to demonstrate superiority of the stapling method over handsewing, independent of the level of colorectal anastomosis.

Analysis of differentially expressed genes in colorectal adenocarcinoma with versus without metastasis by three-dimensional oligonucleotide microarray.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to examine how the gene expression profile of tumor tissue correlates with lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRAC). METHODS: We studied 36 patients (20 men and 16 women, 22-90 years of age) treated for CRAC (classifications of T2, T3, or T4; histological grade of G1 or G2). Amplified tumor mRNA samples were exposed to 20,000 human sequence probes and digitized images of the hybridized samples were analyzed. RESULTS: On average, 2389 probes were detected above the background, with an average correlation R value of 0.19 between data from different patient groups (with or without lymph node invasion, colon or rectal, with or without angio-lymphatic invasion, with or without recurrence). Lymph node metastasis had a statistically significant signature according to Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and parametric t-tests, with a false discovery rate (FDR)=0.1% and p=0.001, respectively. Cross-correlation of these two tests identified 102 transcripts as being potentially related to node metastases, with fold changes in the range of 2.182-12.960. CONCLUSION: We identified 102 differentially expressed genes related to the presence of lymph node metastases in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Accuracy of preoperative biopsies compared with surgical specimens in the diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Since the first data from a patient with colorectal adenocarcinoma are obtained by biopsy, this study evaluated the accuracy of diagnosis by biopsy as compared with the diagnostic potential of the surgical specimen, considering the histological type, grade of differentiation, and immunohistochemical expression of p53. METHODS: The specimens were obtained from 80 patients assisted at Hospital São Paulo. The biopsy and surgical specimen sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry and compared by 3 pathologists blinded to the evaluations. RESULTS: The accuracy for the histological types was 88%. The grade of differentiation presented an accuracy of 70% with Kappa = .48. The expression of protein p53 exhibited an accuracy of 68% with Kappa = .22. CONCLUSION: The preoperative biopsy of colorectal adenocarcinoma presented good accuracy compared with histopathological examination of the surgical specimen, but with weak to moderate effective degree of agreement between the results.

Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: total or partial fundoplication? systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Although the high incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the population, there is much controversy in this topic, especially in the surgical treatment. The decision to use of a total or partial fundoplication in the treatment of GERD is still a challenge to many surgeons because the few evidence found in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To bring more clear evidence in the comparison between total and partial fundoplication. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review of the literature and metaanalysis with randomized controlled trials accessed from MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Controlled Trials Database was done. The outcomes remarked were: dysphagia, inability to belch, bloating, recurrence of acid reflux, heartburn and esophagitis. For data analysis the odds ratio was used with corresponding 95% confidence interval. Statistical heterogeneity in the results of the metaanalysis was assessed by calculating a test of heterogeneity. The software Review Manager 5 (Cochrane Collaboration) was utilized for the data gathered and the statistical analysis. Sensitive analysis was applied using only trials that included follow-up over 2 years. RESULTS: Ten trials were included with 1003 patients: 502 to total fundoplication group and 501 to partial fundoplication group. The outcomes dysphagia and inability to belch had statistical significant difference (P = 0.00001) in favor of partial fundoplication. There was not statistical difference in outcomes related with treatment failure. There were no heterogeneity in the outcomes dysphagia and recurrence of the acid reflux. CONCLUSION: The partial fundoplication has lower incidence of obstructive side effects.

Surgical treatment of hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in complex cases using robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery: a prospective study/consistent experience in a single institution.

The aim of this study was to report our experience in robotic-assisted surgery of hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large series of complex cases. From March 2009 until July 2010, 21 patients were operated due to hiatus hernia or reflux disease using robotic-assisted surgery at Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. All patients were selected for the robotic approach because of the complexity of the cases (associated co-morbidity) such as: previous major upper abdominal surgery in 6 patients, hiatus hernia with paraesophageal involvement in 8 patients, obesity with a body mass index of over 29 kg/m(2) in 8 patients, and previous hiatus hernioplasty in 3 patients. Optimal trocar positioning, operating and setup times, conversion rate, intraoperative complications, and perioperative morbidity and mortality rate were analyzed. The mean operating time was reduced from 316 to 195 min after five procedures and the setup time from 20 to 10 min after five procedures. There were no conversions in this group of patients and also no complication or need of blood transfusion. Robotic-assisted fundoplication is feasible, safe and effective for treating hiatus hernias and gastroesophageal reflux disease, especially in complex cases because improved dissection in the esophageal hiatus region compensates for long operating times. Disadvantages are the high costs, the time to master the setup/system, and the necessity of exact trocar positioning.

Treatment of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, neuroendocrine and periampullary pancreatic tumors using robotic surgery: a safe and feasible technique.

In the last few years, robotic surgery has started to take its place in pancreatic surgery. Robotic surgery provides advantages such as enhanced visualisation and freedom of dissection within a confined space and also allows economical surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and short-term outcome of the robotic approach using the da Vinci robotic system in pancreatic/peripancreatic tumors other than pancreatic carcinomas. Fifteen patients with eight intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, four pancreatic neuroendocrine and three periampulary tumors were included in this initial series. Seven left pancreatectomies, five pancreatoduodenectomies and two total pancreatectomies were performed at Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. The mean operating room time for all the procedures was 503 min (315-775 min). Blood transfusion was necessary in one patient (3 units). The mean length of stay for all patients was 16 days (5-52 days). Large series of robotic pancreatic surgery should be described and the decision as to its routine use will come from cumulative experience. This surgical system allows difficult procedures to be performed more easily, effectively and precisely.

Impact of extended lymphadenectomy on morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival after gastrectomy for cancer. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

PURPOSE: To compare morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival between D1 and D2 or D3 for treatment of gastric cancer. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Metaview in RevMan 4.2.8 for analysis; statistical heterogeneity by Cochran's Q test (P<0.1) and I(2) test (P>50%). Estimates of effect were calculated using random effects model. RESULTS: D2 or D3 was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, with RR = 2.13, p=0.0004, 95% CI, 1.40 to 3.25, I(2)=0%, P=0.63; overall morbidity showed higher incidence in D2 or D3, RR = 1.98, p<0.00001, 95% CI, 1.64 to 2.38, I(2) = 33.9%, P=0.20; operating time showed longer duration in D2 or D3, weighted mean difference of 1.05, p<0.00001, 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.38, I(2) = 78.7%, P=0.03, with significant statistical heterogeneity; reoperation showed higher rate in D2 or D3, with RR = 2.33, p<0.0001, 95% CI, 1.58 to 3.44, I(2) = 0%, P=0.99; hospital stay showed longer duration in the D2 or D3, with weighted mean difference of 4.72, p<0.00001, 95% CI, 3.80 to 5.65, I(2) = 89.9%, P<0.00001; recurrence was analyzed showed lower rate in D2 or D3, with RR = 0.89, p=0.02, 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.98, I(2) = 71.0%, P = 0.03, with significant statistical heterogeneity; mortality with recurrent disease showed higher incidence in D1, with RR = 0.88, p=0.04, 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.99, I(2) =51.8%, P=0.10; 5-year survival showed no significant difference, with RR = 1.05, p=0.40, 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.19, I(2) = 49.1% and P=0.12. CONCLUSIONS: D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy procedure is followed by higher overall morbidity and higher in-hospital mortality; D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy shows lower incidence of recurrence and lower mortality with recurrent disease, when analysed altogether with statistical heterogeneity; D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy has no significant impact on 5-year survival.

A utilização do prontuário eletrônico do paciente por médicos do Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful: um estudo de caso / The use of electronic health record by doctors at the Dr. Munir Rafful Municipal Hospital: a case study / El uso de la historia clínica electrónica de los médicos en el Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful: estudio de caso

Objetivos: Caracterizar a utilização do Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente (PEP) no Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful, na cidade de Volta Redonda. Método: Pesquisa aplicada. Foram aplicados por amostragem aleatória 60 questionários aos médicos do Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful, os quais foram respondidos e posteriormente analisados. Resultados: A maior parte dos entrevistados utiliza o Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente (70%), sendo a maioria em hospitais ou consultórios particulares. A facilidade de leitura foi a principal vantagem apontada pelos médicos (67%) e as falhas no sistema a principal desvantagem (78%). Embora os médicos tenham apontado desvantagens em relação ao sistema, a maioria deles (95%) faria a opção pelo PEP. Conclusão: O funcionamento do Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente e suas potencialidades, ainda são fonte de dúvidas para a maior parte dos médicos do hospital em questão. O presente estudo demonstra a necessidade da disseminação e discussão de informações a respeito do Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente junto aos profissionais.

Objectives: To characterize the use of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) at Dr. Munir Rafful Municipal Hospital in the city of Volta Redonda. Method: Applied Research. By random sampling 60 questionnaires were applied to doctors at Dr. Munir Rafful Municipal Hospital, which were answered and subsequently analyzed. Results: The majority of subjects use the Electronic Health Record (70%), mostly in hospitals or private clinics. The ease of reading was the main advantage pointed out by physicians (67%) and the main disadvantage are the errors in the system (78%). Although doctors have pointed out disadvantages with the system, most of them (95%) would make the option for EHR. Conclusion: The operation of the Electronic Health Record and its capabilities are still a source of doubt for most of the doctors in this particular hospital. The present study demonstrates the need for dissemination and discussion of information about the Electronic Health Record with the professionals.

Objetivos: Caracterizar el uso de la Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) en el Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful en la ciudad de Volta Redonda. Método: Investigación Aplicada. Por muestreo aleatorio se aplicaron 60 cuestionarios a los médicos del Hospital Municipal Dr. Munir Rafful, que que luego fueron devueltos y posteriormente analizados. Resultados: La mayoría de los encuestados utiliza el Registro Electrónico de Pacientes (70%), en su mayoría en hospitales o consultorios privados. La facilidad de lectura fue la principal ventaja señalada por los médicos (67%) y los errores en el sistema la desventaja principal con relación a este método (78%). Aunque los médicos han señalado inconvenientes con el sistema, la mayoría de ellos (95%) optarían por el PEP. Conclusión: El funcionamiento del Registro Electrónico de Pacientes y sus capacidades son todavía una fuente de duda para la mayoría de los médicos del hospital en cuestión. El presente estudio demuestra la necesidad de difusión y discusión de información sobre el Registro Electrónico de Pacientes junto a los profesionales.

Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: total or partial fundoplication? Systematic review and meta-analysis / Tratamento cirúrgico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico: fundoplicatura total ou parcial? Revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise

CONTEXT: Although the high incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the population, there is much controversy in this topic, especially in the surgical treatment. The decision to use of a total or partial fundoplication in the treatment of GERD is still a challenge to many surgeons because the few evidence found in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To bring more clear evidence in the comparison between total and partial fundoplication. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review of the literature and metaanalysis with randomized controlled trials accessed from MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Controlled Trials Database was done. The outcomes remarked were: dysphagia, inability to belch, bloating, recurrence of acid reflux, heartburn and esophagitis. For data analysis the odds ratio was used with corresponding 95 percent confidence interval. Statistical heterogeneity in the results of the metaanalysis was assessed by calculating a test of heterogeneity. The software Review Manager 5 (Cochrane Collaboration) was utilized for the data gathered and the statistical analysis. Sensitive analysis was applied using only trials that included follow-up over 2 years. RESULTS: Ten trials were included with 1003 patients: 502 to total fundoplication group and 501 to partial fundoplication group. The outcomes dysphagia and inability to belch had statistical significant difference (P = 0.00001) in favor of partial fundoplication. There was not statistical difference in outcomes related with treatment failure. There were no heterogeneity in the outcomes dysphagia and recurrence of the acid reflux. CONCLUSION: The partial fundoplication has lower incidence of obstructive side effects.

CONTEXTO: Apesar da alta incidência da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) na população em geral, ainda existe muita controvérsia sobre este assunto, especialmente quanto ao tratamento cirúrgico. A decisão de usar fundoplicatura total ou parcial no tratamento da DRGE ainda é um desafio para muitos cirurgiões devido à pouca evidência disponível na literatura. OBJETIVO: Comparar a fundoplicatura total e as fundoplicaturas parciais no tratamento da DRGE, avaliando a eficácia das duas técnicas operatórias. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas a revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise de estudos prospectivos e randomizados. Fontes de informação utilizadas: LILACS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Database. A metanálise foi realizada utilizando-se o programa de informática da Colaboração Cochrane (Review Manager 5.0.1) e o cálculo dos desfechos foi feito pela razão de chances, com respectivo intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. Os desfechos estudados foram: disfagia, dificuldade em eructar, plenitude gástrica, recurrência do refluxo ácido, pirose e esofagite. Análise de subgrupo: estudos com seguimento maior que 2 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 10 ensaios clínicos, onde 1003 doentes foram estudados, sendo 502 alocados para o grupo fundoplicatura total e 501 locados para o grupo fundoplicatura parcial. Os desfechos contínuos não puderam ser calculados em razão da falta de dados. Somente os desfechos disfagia e dificuldade em eructar tiveram resultados estatisticamente significantes (P<0.0001) a favor da fundoplicatura parcial. CONCLUSÃO: A fundoplicatura parcial está relacionada com a menor incidência de eventos obstrutivos pós-operatórios.

Evidência em Cirurgia / Evidence in Surgery

Muitas são as incertezas,e várias condutas são empregadas baseadas no conhecimento acumulado a partir da experiência clínica isolada.Análise de decisão é uma ferramenta metodológica que auxilia na tomada de decisão e se baseia na abordagem sistemática de uma questão a fim de prover avaliação crítica do que efetivamente pode ser benéfico.A avaliação criteriosa das informações advindas de diferentes modelos de estudo é a maneira adequada de aproximar a evidência poduzida pela pesquisa prática clínica.Uma boa carga de evidência científica de primeiro nível foi acumulada,particulamente na cirurgia colorretal.Como cirurgiões,devemos desconsiderar nossas tendências herdadas de autonomia clínica absoluta e a prática cirúrgica pela opinião,aceitando o desafio de produzir evidência confiável para sustentar nossas decisões clínicas.

Impact of extended lymphadenectomy on morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival after gastrectomy for cancer: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials / Impacto da linfadenectomia ampliada na morbidade, mortalidade, recidiva e cinco anos de sobrevida após gastrectomia por câncer: metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados

PURPOSE: To compare morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival between D1 and D2 or D3 for treatment of gastric cancer. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Metaview in RevMan 4.2.8 for analysis; statistical heterogeneity by Cochran's Q test (P<0.1) and I² test (P>50 percent). Estimates of effect were calculated using random effects model. RESULTS: D2 or D3 was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, with RR = 2.13, p=0.0004, 95 percent CI, 1.40 to 3.25, I²=0 percent, P=0.63; overall morbidity showed higher incidence in D2 or D3, RR = 1.98, p<0.00001, 95 percent CI, 1.64 to 2.38, I² = 33.9 percent, P=0.20; operating time showed longer duration in D2 or D3, weighted mean difference of 1.05, p<0.00001, 95 percent CI, 0.71 to 1.38, I² = 78.7 percent, P=0.03, with significant statistical heterogeneity; reoperation showed higher rate in D2 or D3, with RR = 2.33, p<0.0001, 95 percent CI, 1.58 to 3.44, I² = 0 percent, P=0.99; hospital stay showed longer duration in the D2 or D3, with weighted mean difference of 4.72, p<0.00001, 95 percent CI, 3.80 to 5.65, I² = 89.9 percent, P<0.00001; recurrence was analyzed showed lower rate in D2 or D3, with RR = 0.89, p=0.02, 95 percent CI, 0.80 to 0.98, I² = 71.0 percent, P = 0.03, with significant statistical heterogeneity; mortality with recurrent disease showed higher incidence in D1, with RR = 0.88, p=0.04, 95 percent CI, 0.78 to 0.99, I² =51.8 percent, P=0.10; 5-year survival showed no significant difference, with RR = 1.05, p=0.40, 95 percent CI, 0.93 to 1.19, I² = 49.1 percent and P=0.12. CONCLUSIONS: D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy procedure is followed by higher overall morbidity and higher in-hospital mortality; D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy shows lower incidence of recurrence and lower mortality with recurrent disease, when analysed altogether with statistical heterogeneity; D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy has no significant impact on 5-year survival.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a morbidade, mortalidade, recidiva e sobrevida de cinco anos entre linfadenectomia D1 e D2 ou D3 no tratamento do câncer gástrico. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados, programa Metaview, Revman 4.2.8. Heterogeneidade estatística pelo teste Q de Cochrane (P<0,1) e teste I² (P>50 por cento). Estimativas dos efeitos pelo modelo randômico. RESULTADOS: Maior mortalidade hospitalar em D2 ou D3, RR = 2.13, p=0.0004, 95 por cento IC, 1.40 a 3.25, I²=0 por cento, P=0.63; maior morbidade geral em D2 ou D3, RR = 1.98, p<0.00001, 95 por cento IC, 1.64 a 2.38, I² = 33.9 por cento, P=0.20; maior tempo operatório em D2 e D3, diferença de média ponderal de 1.05, p<0.00001, 95 por cento IC, 0.71 a 1.38, I² = 78.7 por cento, P=0.03; número de reoperações maior em D2 e D3, RR = 2.33, p<0.0001, 95 por cento IC, 1.58 a 3.44, I² = 0 por cento, P=0.99; maior tempo de permanência hospitalar em D2 e D3, diferença de média ponderal de 4.72, p<0.00001, 95 por cento IC, 3.80 a 5.65, I² = 89.9 por cento, P<0.00001; recidiva maior nos grupos D2 e D3, RR = 0.89, p=0.02, 95 por cento IC, 0.80 a 0.98, I² = 71.0 por cento, P = 0.03; mortalidade com doença recidivada maior em D1, RR = 0.88, p=0.04, 95 por cento IC, 0.78 a 0.99, I² =51.8 por cento, P=0.10; 5 anos de sobrevida mostrou diferença estatística não significante, RR = 1.05, p=0.40, 95 por cento IC, 0.93 a 1.19, I² = 49.1 por cento e P=0.12. CONCLUSÕES: Linfadenectomia D2 ou D3 está associada a maior morbidade e maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar; D2 ou D3 apresenta menor incidência de recidiva e menor mortalidade com recidiva, analisadas em conjunto, com heterogeneidade estatística; D2 ou D3 não tem impacto na sobrevida de 5 anos.