Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus with the Use of Iodine-125 Seed Strand Implantation and Transarterial Chemoembolization: A Propensity-Score Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of iodine-125 (125I) seed strand implantation in combination with transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatitis B-related unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2013 to June 2016, 76 HCC patients with type II tumor thrombus were included in this single-center retrospective study. Twenty patients underwent 125I seed strand implantation combined with transarterial chemoembolization (group A; n = 20), while 56 patients underwent transarterial chemoembolization alone (group B; n = 56). The procedure-related and radiation complications were assessed. Overall survivals were compared by propensity-score analysis. RESULTS: The technique was successfully performed in all patients. The mean intended dose (r = 10 mm; z = 0; 240 days) was 62.6 ± 1.8 Gy. No grade 3 or 4 adverse events related to the procedure occurred in either group. After propensity-score-matching analysis, 19 patients were selected into each group, respectively. In the propensity-matching cohort, the median overall survival time was significantly longer in group A than in the group B (19 pairs; 28.0 ± 2.4 vs 8.7 ± 0.4 mo; P = .001). Treatment strategy, arterioportal shunt, and number of transarterial chemoembolization sessions were significant predictors of favorable overall survival time. CONCLUSIONS: 125I seed strand implantation combined with transarterial chemoembolization is a safe and effective treatment for HCC patients with portal vein invasion.

Combined iodine-125 seed strand, portal vein stent, transarterial chemoembolization, lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibodies therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and Vp4 portal vein tumor thrombus: A propensity-score analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventional therapy (iodine-125[125I] seed strand and portal vein stent [PVS] implantation plus transarterial chemoembolization [TACE]) combined with systemic therapy (lenvatinib plus anti-PD-1 antibody) as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with Vp4 portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). Patients and methods: From December 2018 to October 2021, 87 HCC patients with Vp4 PVTT were included in this single-center retrospective study. Forty-seven patients underwent interventional therapy combined with lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibody (group A), while 40 cases underwent interventional therapy combined with lenvatinib only (group B). Overall response rate (ORR), stent occlusion rates (SOR), median overall survival (OS), median progression-free survival (PFS) and median stent patency time (SPT) were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The mean intended dose (r = 10 mm; z = 0; 240 days) was 64.9 ± 1.0 Gy and 64.5 ± 1.1 Gy in group A and B, respectively (p = 0.133). ORR and SOR were significantly different between group A and B (ORR, 55.3% vs 17.5%, p < 0.001; SOR, 12.8% vs 35.0%, p = 0.014). In the propensity-score matching (PSM) cohort, the median OS, median PFS and median SPT were significantly longer in group A compared with group B (32 PSM pairs; OS, 17.7 ± 1.7 vs 12.0 ± 0.8 months, p = 0.010; PFS, 17.0 ± 4.3 vs 8.0 ± 0.7 months, p < 0.001; SPT, not-reached vs 12.5 ± 1.1 months, p = 0.028). Conclusion: This interventional therapy combined with lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibody is safe and effective for HCC patients with Vp4 PVTT.

Embolization of the Transhepatic Tract after Percutaneous Portal Vein Interventions: Single-Centre Retrospective Study Comparing n-butyl Cyanoacrylate Versus Coils.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of transhepatic puncture tract embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) versus coils after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein interventions in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It was also the aim of the study to evaluate the extent of artifacts in CT exams during FU. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study from 2017-2019 in 190 patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal vein interventions. The transhepatic puncture tracts were embolized with n-BCA in 88 patients (Group A) and with coils in 102 patients (Group B). Procedure-related complications and image noise around coils and n-BCA were compared between the groups. No significant differences were noted at baseline between both groups (platelets, coagulation, liver disease, types of procedures, liver function, liver tumors). RESULTS: All patients underwent transhepatic puncture tract embolization. Procedure-related complications were only observed in patients from Group B: subcapsular hemorrhage (n = 2; 1.96%), hepatic artery hemorrhage (n = 1; 0.98%), and pseudoaneurysms combined with hemobilia occurred (n = 1; 0.98%). In Group A, the distal part of the punctured portal vein branch was embolized with n-BCA in 1 patient (1.14%). Four major complications in Group B Vs 0 in Group A were observed, respectively (p < 0.0001). The image noise around n-BCA was significantly lower than that around coils (10.7 ± 1.7 HU vs. 54.3 ± 15.0 HU, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: n-BCA tract embolization is more effective than using coils, with fewer bleeding events, at the cost of a higher potential for unintended embolization of portal vein branches.

A Preclinical Porcine Model of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed at presenting a novel method of developing a porcine model of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis by intravenous administration of thrombin and insertion of a fibered coil. We further investigated changes of biochemical parameters, coagulation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the cirrhosis-PVT group. METHODS: Twelve male pigs were randomized into the control group (n = 3) and cirrhosis group (n = 9). In cirrhotic pigs, three were randomly selected to establish PVT by ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture of the main portal vein (MPV) followed by intravenous thrombin administration and fibered coil insertion. Thrombosis in the MPV was detected by abdominal enhanced computer tomography (CT). The changes of hepatic function, coagulation system, and inflammation cytokines were compared among normal, cirrhosis, and cirrhosis with PVT groups. RESULTS: As manifested by the presence of a filling defect in MPV on portal venous-phase CT angiography, fibrin thrombi were formed in the MPV in cirrhotic pigs within one week and persisted for four weeks. Five weeks after surgery, abnormal liver functions occurred in association with PVT formation in cirrhosis. Both coagulation and thromboelastography parameters showed that cirrhosis-PVT pigs exhibited a procoagulant state through hyperfunction of platelets and clotting factors. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a potential inflammatory marker stimulated PVT-mediated inflammation activation in cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides in vivo evidence that intravenous injection of a coil and thrombin into MPV under interventional guided devices enables a feasible method in thrombus creation. Further exploration and validation of large-sample cases are required to characterize utilities of this model.

Transradial access chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in comparation with transfemoral access.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of transradial access (TRA) with transfemoral access (TFA) chemoembolization in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: HCC patients who were late for curative treatment on initial diagnosis or HCC patients who had undergone one or several rounds of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) were enrolled. The clinical and angiographic characteristics, the procedure related details, and the follow-up data from patients who underwent TRA and TFA were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: In total, 112 patients undergoing 160 TRA-TACE and 107 patients undergoing 163 TFA-TACE were included. The technical success rate of TRA was 95.0% and that of TFA was 98.8% (P=0.102). In the TFA-TACE group, 5.5% of cases suffered access site-related complications, including 6 with minor bleeding and 3 with severe bleeding or pseudoaneurysm. In the TRA-TACE group, 1.9% of cases underwent crossover to femoral access for selective cannulation failure. The rate of radial artery occlusion (RAO) was 2.7% (3 of 112 patients), and none of the RAO patients suffered paresthesia, pain at the site of occlusion, hand function loss or distal ischemia. Comparing patients with/without access site-related complications in the TFA-TACE group, there was a statistical difference in patient age and in the percentage of patient with a PT time >15 s (72.6% vs. 57.1%, P<0.001; 44.4% vs. 11.7%, P=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: TRA is a safe and effective method for patients undergoing TACE. Compared with TFA, TRA may reduce the occurrence of access site-related bleeding and vascular complications. TRA-TACE may especially benefit older patients or those with a longer prothrombin time (PT).

The Efficacy and Safety of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization to Treat Renal Hemorrhage after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in patients with renal hemorrhage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and evaluate the risk factors that may result in severe bleeding requiring TAE. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 121 patients with post-PCNL renal hemorrhage. Thirty-two patients receiving endovascular embolization were compared with 89 patients only receiving conservative treatment. The demographic and clinical data were recorded and compared between the two groups. The values of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum creatinine (SCr) were recorded preoperatively, postoperatively, and at last follow-up and analyzed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of TAE. RESULTS: The successful hemostasis rate of conservative therapy was 73.6% (89/121) and that of TAE was 100% (32/32). SCr and eGFR were not significantly different before PCNL and after the last follow-up of TAE (SCr: 0.95 vs. 0.95 mg/dl, P=0.857; eGFR: 86.77 vs. 86.18 ml/min/1.73m2, P=0.715). The univariate analysis demonstrated that advanced age, urinary tract infection, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with severe bleeding during PCNL. Multivariate analysis further identified that diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor for severe bleeding needing TAE [odds ratio (OR): 3.778, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.276-11.190, and P=0.016]. CONCLUSION: TAE is a safe and effective procedure to treat renal hemorrhage that cannot be resisted by conservative treatment after PCNL. Diabetes mellitus was associated with high risks of severe bleeding needing TAE after PCNL.

Combined endovascular brachytherapy, sorafenib, and transarterial chemobolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus.

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined endovascular brachytherapy (EVBT), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and sorafenib to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus (MPVTT). METHODS: This single-center retrospective study involved 68 patients with unresectable HCC or those who were unfit for liver transplantation and percutaneous frequency ablation according to the BCLC classification. All patients had Child-Pugh classification grade A or B, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2, and MPVTT. The patients received either EVBT with stent placement, TACE, and sorafenib (group A, n = 37), or TACE with sorafenib (group B, n = 31). The time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by propensity score analysis. RESULTS: In the entire cohort, the 6-, 12-, and 24-mo survival rates were 88.9%, 54.3%, and 14.1% in group A, and 45.8%, 0%, and 0% in group B, respectively (P < 0.001). The median TTP and OS were significantly longer in group A than group B (TTP: 9.0 mo vs 3.4 mo, P < 0.001; OS: 12.3 mo vs 5.2 mo, P < 0.001). In the propensity score-matched cohort, the median OS was longer in group A than in group B (10.3 mo vs 6.0 mo, P < 0.001). Similarly, the median TTP was longer in group A than in group B (9.0 mo vs 3.4 mo, P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the EVBT combined with stent placement, TACE, and sorafenib strategy was an independent predictor of favorable OS (HR = 0.18, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: EVBT combined with stent placement, TACE, and sorafenib might be a safe and effective palliative treatment option for MPVTT.

Endovascular brachytherapy combined with portal vein stenting and transarterial chemoembolization improves overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus have a median survival time of only about 4 months. We therefore compared the safety and efficacy of endovascular brachytherapy (EVBT) and sequential three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3-DCRT). From a cohort of 176 patients, we treated 123 with EVBT using iodine-125 seed strands (group A) and the remaining 53 with sequential 3-DCRT (group B). Overall survival, progression free survival and stent patency characteristics were compared between the two groups. Our analysis demonstrated a median survival of 11.7 ± 1.2 months in group A versus 9.5 ± 1.8 months in group B (p = 0.002). The median progression free survival was 5.3 ± 0.7 months in groupA versus 4.4 ± 0.4 months in group B (p = 0.010). The median stent patency period was 10.3 ± 1.1 months in group A versus 8.7 ± 0.7 months in group B (p = 0.003). Therefore, as compared to sequential 3-DCRT, EVBT combined with portal vein stenting and TACE improved overall survival of HCC patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus.