Gracilimonas amylolytica sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated LA399T, was isolated from deep-sea sediment collected from the Pacific Ocean. Cells of strain LA399T grew in the medium containing 0-10.0 % of NaCl (w/v; optimum 3.0-5.0 %), pH 6.5-8.0 (optimum 7.0) and 20-40 °C (optimum 37 °C). Aesculin, gelatin, starch and Tween 80 were hydrolysed. Strain LA399T was closely related to Gracilimonas halophila WDS2C40T (97.0 % sequence similarity), Gracilimonas mengyeensis YIM J14T (96.4 %), Gracilimonas rosea CL-KR2T (96.4 %) and Gracilimonas tropica DSM 19535T (96.0 %), and exhibited equal or less than 96.0 % sequence similarity to other type strains of species with validly published names. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain LA399T clustered with the clade comprising the Gracilimonas species and formed an independent lineage. Strain LA399T contained menaquinone 7 as the sole isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c/10-methyl C16 : 0) as the predominant cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 45.3 mol%. According to the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, it represents a novel species of the genus Gracilimonas, for which the name Gracilimonas amylolytica is proposed. The type strain is LA399T (=CGMCC 1.16248T=KCTC 52885T).

Serotonin6 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus regulate depressive-like behaviors in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned Parkinson's rats.

Preclinical studies indicate both activation and blockade of serotonin6 (5-HT6) receptors may produce antidepressant-like effects. Depression is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its pathophysiology is unclear. Here we examined whether 5-HT6 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) involve in the regulation of PD-associated depression. Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in rats induced depressive-like responses as measured by the sucrose preference and forced swim tests when compared to sham-operated rats. In sham-operated rats, intra-DH injection of 5HT6 receptor agonist WAY208466 or antagonist SB258585 increased sucrose consumption and decreased immobility time, indicating the induction of antidepressant effects. In the lesioned rats, WAY208466 also produced antidepressant effects, whereas SB258585 decreased sucrose consumption and increased immobility time, indicating the induction of depressive-like behaviors. Neurochemical results showed that WAY208466 did not change dopamine (DA) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), DH and habenula, and noradrenaline (NA) levels in the DH and habenula in sham-operated rats, and SB258585 increased DA and NA levels in these structures. Further, WAY208466 increased DA levels in the mPFC, DH and habenula, and NA level in the habenula in the lesioned rats, and SB258585 decreased DA levels in the mPFC and habenula. Additionally, the lesion did not change the density of neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1/5-HT6 receptor co-expressing neurons in the DH. Compared to sham-operated rats, these findings suggest that the effects of 5-HT6 receptors in PD-associated depression may be mediated through different neurochemical mechanisms, and the DH is an important site involved in these effects.