Attapulgite-enhanced ε-poly-l-lysine for heightened antibacterial efficiency against Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato.

ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is an effective antimicrobial peptide for controlling fungal plant diseases, exhibiting significant antifungal activity and safety. Despite its known efficacy, the potential of ε-PL in combating plant bacterial diseases remains underexplored. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ε-PL and its nanomaterial derivative in managing tomato bacterial spot disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Results indicated that ε-PL substantially inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Additionally, when ε-PL was loaded onto attapulgite (encoded as ATT@PL), its antibacterial effect was significantly enhanced. Notably, the antibacterial efficiency of ATT@PL containing 18.80 µg/mL ε-PL was even close to that of 100 µg/mL pure ε-PL. Further molecular study results showed that, ATT@PL stimulated the antioxidant system and the salicylic acid signaling pathway in tomatoes, bolstering the plants disease resistance. Importantly, the nanocomposite demonstrated no negative effects on both seed germination and plant growth, indicating its safety and aligning with sustainable agricultural practices. This study not only confirmed the effectiveness of ε-PL in controlling tomato bacterial spot disease, but also introduced an innovative high antibacterial efficiency ε-PL composite with good bio-safety. This strategy we believe can also be used in improving other bio-pesticides, and has high applicability in agriculture practice.

Carbon monoxide separation: past, present and future.

Large amounts of carbon monoxide are produced by industrial processes such as biomass gasification and steel manufacturing. The CO present in vent streams is often burnt, this produces a large amount of CO2, e.g., oxidation of CO from metallurgic flue gasses is solely responsible for 2.7% of manmade CO2 emissions. The separation of N2 from CO due to their very similar physical properties is very challenging, meaning that numerous energy-intensive steps are required for CO separation, making the CO separation from many process streams uneconomical in spite of CO being a valuable building block in the production of major chemicals through C1 chemistry and the production of linear hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The development of suitable processes for the separation of carbon monoxide has both industrial and environmental significance. Especially since CO is a main product of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, an emerging sustainable technology to enable carbon neutrality. This technology also requires an energy-efficient separation process. Therefore, there is a great need to develop energy efficient CO separation processes adequate for these different process streams. As such the urgency of separating carbon monoxide is gaining greater recognition, with research in the field becoming more and more crucial. This review details the principles on which CO separation is based and provides an overview of currently commercialised CO separation processes and their limitations. Adsorption is identified as a technology with the potential for CO separation with high selectivity and energy efficiency. We review the research efforts, mainly seen in the last decades, in developing new materials for CO separation via ad/bsorption and membrane technology. We have geared our review to both traditional CO sources and emerging CO sources, including CO production from CO2 conversion. To that end, a variety of emerging processes as potential CO2-to-CO technologies are discussed and, specifically, the need for CO capture after electrochemical CO2 reduction is highlighted, which is still underexposed in the available literature. Altogether, we aim to highlight the knowledge gaps that could guide future research to improve CO separation performance for industrial implementation.

Tobacco mosaic virus hijacks its coat protein-interacting protein IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, a calmodulin-like protein, to enhance its infection.

Calcium is an important plant immune signal that is essential for activating host resistance, but how RNA viruses manipulate calcium signals to promote their infections remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP)-interacting protein L (IP-L) associates with calmodulin-like protein 30 (NbCML30) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can suppress its expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. NbCML30, which lacks the EF-hand conserved domain and cannot bind to Ca2+ , was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was downregulated by TMV infection. NbCML30 silencing promoted TMV infection, while its overexpression inhibited TMV infection by activating Ca2+ -dependent oxidative stress in plants. NbCML30-mediated resistance to TMV mainly depends on IP-L regulation as the facilitation of TMV infection by silencing NbCML30 was canceled by co-silencing NbCML30 and IP-L. Overall, these findings indicate that in the absence of any reported silencing suppressor activity, TMV CP manipulates IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, influencing its Ca2+ -dependent role in the oxidative stress response. These results lay a theoretical foundation that will enable us to engineer tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) with improved TMV resistance in the future.

A chitosan-coated lentinan-loaded calcium alginate hydrogel induces broad-spectrum resistance to plant viruses by activating Nicotiana benthamiana calmodulin-like (CML) protein 3.

Control of plant virus diseases largely depends on the induced plant defence achieved by the external application of synthetic chemical inducers with the ability to modify defence-signalling pathways. However, most of the molecular mechanisms underlying these chemical inducers remain unknown. Here, we developed a chitosan-coated lentinan-loaded hydrogel and discovered how it protects plants from different virus infections. The hydrogel was synthesized by coating chitosan on the surface of the calcium alginate-lentinan (LNT) hydrogel (SL-gel) to form a CSL-gel. CSL-gels exhibit the capacity to prolong the stable release of lentinan and promote Ca2+ release. Application of CSL-gels on the root of plants induces broad-spectrum resistance against plant viruses (TMV, TRV, PVX and TuMV). RNA-seq analysis identified that Nicotiana benthamiana calmodulin-like protein gene 3 (NbCML3) is upregulated by the sustained release of Ca2+ from the CSL-gel, and silencing and overexpression of NbCML alter the susceptibility and resistance of tobacco to TMV. Our findings provide evidence that this novel and synthetic CSL-gel strongly inhibits the infection of plant viruses by the sustainable release of LNT and Ca2+ . This study uncovers a novel mode of action by which CSL-gels trigger NbCML3 expression through the stable and sustained release of Ca2+ .

Antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnO nanoparticles to phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae: Damage of cell envelope, suppression of metabolism, biofilm and motility, and stimulation of stomatal immunity on host plant.

Nanoparticles have recently been employed as a new strategy to act as bactericides in agricultural applications. However, the effects and mechanisms of foliar deposition of nanoparticles on bacterial pathogens, plant physiology and particularly plant immunity have not been sufficiently understood. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of ZnO NPs in controlling of tobacco wildfire caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, through the comprehensive analysis of biological changes of both bacteria and plants. The global gene expression changes of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci supported that the functions of "protein secretion", "membrane part", "signal transducer activity", "locomotion", "chemotaxis" and "taxis" in bacteria, as well as the metabolic pathways of "bacterial chemotaxis", "two-component system", "biofilm formation", "ABC transporters" and "valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation" were significantly down-regulated by ZnO NPs. Correspondingly, we reconfirmed that the cell envelope structure, biofilm and motility of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci were directly disrupted or suppressed by ZnO NPs. Different from completely killing Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, ZnO NPs (0.5 mg/mL) potentially improved plant growth and immunity through enzymatic activity and global molecular response analysis. Furthermore, the changes of gene expression in ABA signaling pathway, ABA concentration and stomatal aperture all supported that ZnO NPs can specifically stimulate stomatal immunity, which is important to defend bacterial infection. Taken together, we proposed that both the inhibition or damage of motility, biofilm, metabolisms, virulence and cell envelope on P. syringae pv. tabaci, and the activation of the stomatal immunity formed two-layered antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs on phytopathogenic bacteria.

Fabrication of an alginate-based ZhiNengCong gel showed an enhanced antiviral and plant growth promoting functions.

Tobacco mosaic disease is a worldwide viral disease that can cause huge economic losses. Plant immune inducers have become the main force in the prevention and treatment of viral disease own to their high efficiency and rapid effect. However, since tobacco mosaic disease can occur at any point in the plant growth cycle, a single application period cannot guarantee the completely management. In this study, an extract from Paecilomyces variotii named ZhiNengCong (ZNC), which can fight against tobacco mosaic disease with 65% control effect, and improve the promotion of tobacco stem girth, was selected from five commercial antiviral medicines, and a sustained release sodium alginate (Alg)-based ZNC (ZNC@Alg) was prepared by physical absorption. ZNC@Alg, who contains only 5 mg/mL ZNC, can release ZNC for 7 consecutive days, and displayed an enhanced effect in inducing the PAL-mediated salicylic acid signaling pathway activation to participate in the inhibition of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-GFP) infection, even after 7 days of the application. Notably, field experiments showed that the control effect of ZNC@Alg was up to 88%, which was significantly better than that of ZNC with the same concentration (10 µg per plant). In addition, ZNC@Alg exhibited a stronger growth-promoting effect than ZNC, which significantly increased the wet weight of tobacco. Taken together, we screened out a plant immune inducer ZNC that can effectively inhibit tobacco virus disease, and created ZNC@Alg with higher control effect and growth promotion effect, laying a foundation for effective field management of tobacco mosaic disease.

High-throughput microarray reveals the epitranscriptome-wide landscape of m6A-modified circRNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Emerging transcriptome-wide high-throughput screenings reveal the landscape and functions of RNAs, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), in human cancer. In addition, the post-transcriptional RNA internal modifications, especially N6-methyladenosine (m6A), greatly enrich the variety of RNAs metabolism. However, the m6A modification on circRNAs has yet to be addressed. RESULTS: Here, we report an epitranscriptome-wide mapping of m6A-modified circRNAs (m6A-circRNA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Utilizing the data of m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and m6A-circRNAs microarray, we found that m6A-circRNAs exhibited particular modification styles in OSCC, which was independent of m6A-mRNA. Besides, m6A modification on circRNAs frequently occurred on the long exons in the front part of the coding sequence (CDS), which was distinct from m6A-mRNA that in 3'-UTR or stop codon. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our work preliminarily demonstrates the traits of m6A-circRNAs, which may bring enlighten for the roles of m6A-circRNAs in OSCC.

Polymorphic Microsatellite Development, Genetic Diversity, Population Differentiation and Sexual State of Phytophthora capsici on Commercial Peppers in Three Provinces of Southwest China.

Pepper blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici), is one of the most destructive soilborne diseases worldwide. Between 2019 and 2020, 235 single spore isolates of P. capsici were collected from 36 commercial pepper planting areas in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou provinces in China. A novel full set of 323 high-quality polymorphic microsatellites was obtained by resequencing 10 isolates. In total, 163 isolates with two alleles per microsatellite locus were used for population analysis and resulted in 156 genotypes on 10 microsatellite loci. The genetic diversity, population differentiation, principal component, genetic structure, and genetic relationships analyses showed an extensive variety of the P. capsici in Sichuan and Guizhou with clonal lineages, two shared genotypes, and no geographic differentiation. The population from Chongqing was differentiated from that of Sichuan and Guizhou and had the highest genetic diversity. There was no significant distinction between the populations of the two sampling years, but there was a small differentiation between the populations from bell peppers and hot peppers. The isolates from Southwest China were largely distant from the two reference isolates from the USA. The analysis of molecular variance showed that the major variance of the populations was within populations. The linkage equilibrium test, mating type composition, and oospore detection indicated that only P. capsici from the Jiulongpo district of Chongqing had appeared in sexual recombination. Overall, this study revealed that the high and complex genetic diversity population of P. capsici in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou with uneven geographic variation and limited sexual reproductive behavior in Chongqing, potentially driven by differences in the geographical environment, reproductive patterns, different cultivars, and artificial long-distance transfers. IMPORTANCE Phytophthora capsici, a notorious soilborne and rapidly evolving pathogen with a wide range of hosts, is a huge threat to pepper production worldwide. However, the detailed genetic structure and dynamics of P. capsici in most Chinese provinces are still unclear, even though China is the world's largest producer and consumer of peppers. Here, a novel full set of high-quality polymorphic microsatellites, obtained by genome resequencing data of 10 isolates from Southwest China, was provided for future population analyses. In this study, we further investigated and established the genetic structure, sexual recombination, geographic subdivisions, interannual stability, differentiation in different types of host peppers, and member relationships of P. capsici from three provinces in Southwest China. These results reveal the genetic structure and dynamics of P. capsici in three provinces of Southwest China and help us to execute more effective management strategies in the future.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of zinc ion-mediated plant resistance to TMV in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Zinc ions (Zn2+) are used to promote plant growth and treat multiple diseases. However, it is still unclear which pathways in plants respond to Zn2+. In this study, we found that supplying (CH3COO)2Zn can effectively delay tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication and movement in Nicotiana benthamiana. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of antiviral activity mediated by Zn2+, we examined the transcriptomic changes of leaves treated with Zn2+. Three days after treatment, 7575 differential expression genes (DEGs) were enriched in the Zn2+ treatment group compared with the control group. Through GO and KEGG analysis, the pathway of phosphatidylinositol signaling system and inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly enriched after treated with Zn2+, and a large number of ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) involved in inositol phosphate metabolism were found to be enriched. We identified ERF5 performed a positive effect on plant immunity. Our findings demonstrated that Zn2+-mediated resistance in N. benthamiana activated signal transduction and regulated the expression of resistance-related genes. The results of the study uncover a global view of mRNA changes in Zn2+-mediated cellular processes involved in the competition between plants and viruses.

Erythropoietin Plays a Protective Role in Submandibular Gland Hypofunction Induced by Irradiation.

PURPOSE: This study aims to explore the radioprotective effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on rats' submandibular gland hypofunction induced by irradiation (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) control group, 2) IR group, and 3) IR + rhEPO group. The IR group and IR + rhEPO group received a single dose of 15 Grays (Gy) (0.98 Gy/min), plus, the IR + rhEPO group also received subcutaneous administration of rhEPO at a dose of 3,000 IU/kg body weight 3 days before irradiation and then repeated every 24 hours for the first 2 weeks after irradiation. Immunohistochemistry analysis to erythropoietin receptor was performed to detect the levels of erythropoietin receptor in submandibular glands with or without radiation. Ninety days after irradiation, the salivary flow rates were assessed, and the submandibular gland of every rat was subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining with antiaquaporin 5 and anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibodies. Apoptosis was examined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUDP nick end-labeling assay. In addition, to examine the protective role of rhEPO on human submandibular gland cells, the apoptotic and proliferation rate of cells under a radiation dose of 8 Gy was detected. One-way analysis of variance was carried out to analyze the results of each group, and the P value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Erythropoietin receptor was expressed in the submandibular glands at a low level under normal conditions but upregulated after irradiation. rhEPO administration remarkably alleviated gland atrophy, increased salivary flow rates with upregulation of aquaporin-5 compared with the IR group. In addition, fewer apoptotic cells and more proliferative cells were observed in the IR + rhEPO group compared with the IR group, both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: rhEPO administration may be a useful countermeasure to mitigate submandibular gland hypofunction after therapeutic radiation exposure.

Circular RNA circMDM2 accelerates the glycolysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting miR-532-3p/HK2.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as an essential regulator in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the potential roles and mechanism of circRNAs in OSCC are still elusive. Here, this research investigates the roles and molecular mechanism of novel circRNA (circMDM2) in OSCC progression. Clinically, circMDM2 was overexpressed in OSCC tissue and cells, and the overexpression served as a poor prognostic factor for OSCC patients. Functionally, cellular experiments confirmed that circMDM2 accelerated OSCC cell proliferation and glycolysis in vitro and circMDM2 knockdown repressed the tumour growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circMDM2 sponged miR-532-3p to promote the hexokinase 2 (HK2), forming the circMDM2/miR-532-3p/HK2 axis. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that circMDM2/miR-532-3p/HK2 axis promotes the proliferation and glycolysis of OSCC, rendering a potential diagnostic biomarker and prospective therapeutic target for OSCC.

Probing Relaxation Dynamics in Five-Coordinate Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets.

A new family of five-coordinate lanthanide single-molecule magnets (Ln SMMs) [Dy(Mes*O)2 (THF)2 X] (Mes*=2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl; X=Cl, 1; Br, 2; I, 3) is reported with energy barriers to magnetic reversal >1200 K. The five-coordinate DyIII ions have distorted square pyramidal geometries, with halide anions on the apex, and two Mes*O ligands mutually trans- to each other, and the two THF molecules forming the second trans- pair. These geometrical features lead to a large magnetic anisotropy in these complexes along the trans-Mes*O direction. QTM and Raman relaxation times are enhanced by varying the apex halide from Cl to Br to I, or by dilution in a diamagnetic yttrium analogue.

SNHG20: A vital lncRNA in multiple human cancers.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as an initial factor and promoter in different tumors as a kind of ncRNAs. The length of them is >200 nucleotides opposite small ncRNAs. Increasing researches have proved that dysregulation lncRNA has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 20 (SNHG20), a member of lncRNAs, expresses frequently in cancer types, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, and bladder cancer, contributing to cancer development and progression by transcriptional or posttranscriptional modifications. Not only does this review show the recent published literature concerning the biological functions but also demonstrates molecular mechanisms of SNHG20 among above multiple malignancies and others.

Using Redox-Active π Bridging Ligand as a Control Switch of Intramolecular Magnetic Interactions.

Intramolecular magnetic interactions in the dinuclear complexes [(tpy)Ni(tphz)Ni(tpy)] n+ ( n = 4, 3, and 2; tpy, terpyridine; tphz, tetrapyridophenazine) were tailored by changing the oxidation state of the pyrazine-based bridging ligand. While its neutral form mediates a weak antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling between the two S = 1 Ni(II), its reduced form, tphz•-, promotes a remarkably large ferromagnetic exchange of +214(5) K with Ni(II) spins. Reducing twice the bridging ligand affords weak Ni-Ni interactions, in marked contrast to the Co(II) analogue. Those experimental results, supported by a careful examination of the involved orbitals, provide a clear understanding of the factors which govern strength and sign of the magnetic exchange through an aromatic bridging ligand, a prerequisite for the rational design of strongly coupled molecular systems and high TC molecule-based magnets.

Fabrication of pH-Sensitive Tetramycin Releasing Gel and Its Antibacterial Bioactivity against Ralstonia solanacearum.

Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum)-induced bacterial wilt of the nightshade family causes a great loss in agricultural production annually. Although there has been some efficient pesticides against R. solanacearum, inaccurate pesticide releasing according to the onset time of bacterial wilt during the use of pesticides still hinders the disease management efficiency. Herein, on the basis of the soil pH change during R. solanacearum growth, and pH sensitivity of the Schiff base structure, a pH-sensitive oxidized alginate-based double-crosslinked gel was fabricated as a pesticide carrier. The gel was prepared by crosslinking oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) via adipic dihydrazide (ADH) and Ca2+. After loading tetramycin into the gel, it showed a pH-dependent pesticide releasing behavior and anti-bacterial activity against R. solanacearum. Further study also showed that the inhibition rate of the tetramycin-loaded gel was higher than that of industrial pesticide difenoconazole. This work aimed to reduce the difficulty of pesticide administration in the high incidence period of bacterial wilt and we believe it has a great application potential in nightshade production.

Cellulose Nanocrystal Surface Cationization: A New Fungicide with High Activity against Phycomycetes capsici.

At present, the management of Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici) mainly relies on chemical pesticides. However, along with the resistance generated by P. capsici to these chemical pesticides, the toxicity and non-degradability of this chemical molecule may also cause serious environmental problems. Herein, a new bio-based nano-antifungal material (CNC@CTAB) was made with coating hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on the surface of a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). This material was then applied to the prevention of P. capcisi. This particle was facilely fabricated by mixing CTAB and sulfuric group modified CNC in an aqueous solvent. Compared to pure CTAB, the enrichment of CTAB on the CNC surface showed a better anti-oomycete activity both in vitro and in vivo. When CNC@CTAB was applied on P. capsici in vitro, the inhibition rate reached as high as 100%, while on the pepper leaf, the particle could also efficiently prevent the infection of P. capsici, and achieve a disease index as low as zero Thus, considering the high safety of CNC@CTAB in agricultural applications, and its high anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici, we believe that this CNC@CTAB has great application potential as a new green nano-fungicide in P. capsici management during the production of peppers or other vegetables.

A Redox-Active Bridging Ligand to Promote Spin Delocalization, High-Spin Complexes, and Magnetic Multi-Switchability.

A dinuclear CoII complex, [Co2 (tphz)(tpy)2 ]n+ (n=4, 3 or 2; tphz: tetrapyridophenazine; tpy: terpyridine), has been assembled using the redox-active and strongly complexing tphz bridging ligand. The magnetic properties of this complex can be tuned from spin-crossover with T1/2 ≈470 K for the pristine compound (n=4) to single-molecule magnet with an ST =5/2 spin ground state when once reduced (n=3) to finally a diamagnetic species when twice reduced (n=2). The two successive and reversible reductions are concomitant with an increase of the spin delocalization within the complex, promoting remarkably large magnetic exchange couplings and high-spin species even at room temperature.

Switching a 2D Co(II) layer to a 3D Co7-cluster-based metal-organic framework: syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties.

Two 2D layered coordination networks with formulas of {[Co(TPA)Cl](H2O)2.5}n (1) and {[Co(TPA)(µ2-OH)](H2O)2}n (2) (HTPA = 4-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenylacetic acid) were solvothermally synthesized and fully characterized. Interesting 1D Co(2+)-Cl or Co(2+)-µ2-OH chain structures were observed. By carefully adjusting the reaction conditions, a new 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) with a formula of {[Co7(TPA)6(µ3-OH)4(µ2-OH)2(H2O)4](TPA)2(DMF)3(H2O)3}n (3) was obtained. MOF 3 is built from Co7 clusters and fully deprotonated TPA ligands, which display a cubic pcu topology. Factors that influence the structures of the three TPA-based complexes, as well as their magnetic properties, were investigated in detail. The heptanuclear-Co(II)-cluster-based MOF 3 shows interesting magnetization dynamics at low temperature.

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome reveal that SlSYTA modulates ROS responses driving resistance defense in Solanum lycopersicum.

Synaptotagmin A (SYTA), renowned for its indispensable role in mammalian vesicle trafficking, has recently captured attention in plant biology owing to its potential regulatory functions. This study meticulously delves into the involvement of Solanum lycopersicum SlSYTA in plant immunity, focusing on its response to an array of pathogens affecting tomatoes. Our comprehensive inquiry uncovers that SlSYTA overexpression heightens susceptibility to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Phytophthora capsici, Botrytis cinerea, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) plants show a robust and encompassing resistance to these pathogens. Remarkably, our findings shed light on SlSYTA's negative regulation of pivotal aspects of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) defense, notably hindering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, impeding stomatal closure, and curtailing callose deposition. Through meticulous scrutiny via transcriptome and metabolome analyses, our studies reveal SlSYTA's profound impact on diverse plant defense pathways, specifically influencing phenylpropanoid metabolism, hormone signaling, and oxidative phosphorylation, primarily via NADPH synthesis modulation in the pentose phosphate pathway, and ultimately interplay within ROS signaling. Collectively, our research presents groundbreaking insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing plant immunity, emphasizing the significant role of SlSYTA in orchestrating plant responses to biotic stress.

A high rain-erosion resistant bio-based nanogel with continuous immunity induction for plant virus inhibition.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most widely spread and harmful virus in the world, causing serious economic losses annually. However, the low anti-erosion ability of the pesticides for TMV management make it easy to be washed by the rain, which makes the effective duration of the pesticides shorter. In this paper, a new bio-based nanogel with superior antiviral activity was reported, and its slow-release behavior, rain erosion resistance and the antiviral mechanism was systematically studied. The results determined that the nanogels (Zn2+@ALGNP and Zn2+@ALGNP@PL) exhibited sustained releasing of Zn2+ with a 7 days duration, and the ε-PL coating could enhance the releasing rate of Zn2+. Moreover, Zn2+@ALGNP@PL displayed a lower contact angle, indicating greater adhesion to the leaf surface, and in consequence imposed better resistance to simulate rain erosion than pure Zn2+. Strikingly, Zn2+@ALGNP@PL could inhibit plant virus infection by aggregating the virions and reducing its coat protein stability, as well as inducing the efficient expression of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and resistance genes to enhance plant resistance and promote plant growth. Overall, this study had successfully developed a high rain-erosion resistant bio-based nanogel capable of continue to induce resistant plants and promote plant growth.