Liraglutide attenuates obese-associated breast cancer cell proliferation via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

This study aims to explore the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration activities of liraglutide (LGT) in MCF-7 breast cancer (BC) cells in subjects with obesity, particularly its effects on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/AMPK pathway. The role of AMPK/SIRT-1, an essential regulator of adipokine production, in the effect of LGT on the production of adipose-derived adipokine was also assessed. MCF-7 cells were incubated in conditioned medium (CM) generated from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of obese subjects. MCF-7 cells were then treated with LGT for 72 h. Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration activities were investigated using alamarBlue, annexin V stain, and scratch assay, respectively. Protein levels of phosphorylated PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-AMPK were investigated using immunoblotting. Levels of adipokines in ADSCs were determined using RT-PCR before and after transfection of ADSCs using the specific small interference RNA sequences for AMPK and SIRT-1. LGT evoked anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and potential anti-migratory properties on MCF-7 cells incubated in CM from obese ADSCs and significantly mitigated the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival pathway-but not AMPK-in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative effects afforded by LGT were similar to those mediated by LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor). Our results reveal that transfection of AMPK/SIRT-1 genes did not affect the beneficial role of LGT in the expression of adipokines in ADSCs. In conclusion, LGT elicits anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-migratory effects on BC cells in obese conditions by suppressing the activity of survival pathways; however, this effect is independent of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in ADSCs or AMPK in BC cells.

The antibacterial efficiency of Chitosan photodynamically activated Phycocyanin, and Morinda Oleifera against S.mutans and the bonding strength between composite resin and caries-affected dentin.

Objective: Evaluation of contemporary disinfection techniques, Moringa Oleifera (M.Oleifera), Phycocyanin activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT), and Chitosan, on S.mutans survival rate and bond integrity of composite to carious-affected dentin (CAD). Methods: The in vitro study was conducted at King Saud University and concluded within three months. Sixty mandibular teeth with cavities extending to the middle third of the dentin were sterilized. S.mutans was inoculated onto the CAD surface of twenty samples. The samples were randomly divided into four groups (n: 15) based on various disinfection regimes. Group-1 received 2% CHX, Group-2 Phycocyanin activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT), Group-3 Chitosan, and Group-4 M.oleifera. S.mutans survival rate was calculated. Ten CAD samples from each group were restored using composite. The bond integrity of samples was assessed using a Universal testing machine (UTM) and failure mode using a stereomicroscope. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Post Hoc test were used to calculate statistical significance (p=0.05). Results: Group-2 samples subjected to Phycocyanin activated using PDT, displayed minimal survival rate (0.24 ± 0.05 CFU/ml) of S.mutans.Group-1 samples treated with CHX exhibited the highest count of S.mutans (0.69 ± 0.12 CFU/ml). The most robust bond was observed in Group-3 (Chitosan) samples (19.33 ± 0.47 MPa). In contrast, SBS values were lowest in Group-1 (CHX) treated study samples (13.17 ± 1.88 MPa). Conclusion: Chitosan, Phycocyanin activated by PDT, and Moringa Oleifera extract exhibit potential as viable substitutes for chlorhexidine (CHX) in clinical settings, presenting the possibility of better eradication of S.mutans and greater adhesive strength to CAD.

Comparison of the Protective Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol against LPS-Induced Injury in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.

Here, we, for the first time, compared the cardioprotective effects of third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker nebivolol (Neb) and conventional beta-blocker metoprolol (Met) on LPS-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Our findings denoted that Neb and Met pretreatment diminish LPS-mediated cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Concomitantly, LPS-triggered inflammatory cytokines activation was significantly suppressed by Neb but not by Met. Pretreatment with either Neb or Met alleviated LPS-mediated mitochondrial impairment by enhancing the expression of genes related to its biogenesis such as PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM. On the contrary, Neb but not Met-upregulated mitochondrial fusion-related genes such as OPA, and MFN2. In summary, our findings suggest that Neb and Met treatment significantly ameliorated the LPS-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Additionally, these findings suggest that Neb but not Met significantly down-regulates LPS-induced proinflammatory factors, probably by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion.

Transient downregulation of NR4A1 leads to impaired osteoblast differentiation through the TGF-ß pathway, and Elesclomol (STA-4783) rescues this phenotype.

Bone formation is regulated by numerous factors, such as transcription factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix molecules. Human hormone nuclear receptors (hHNR) are a family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that are activated by steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, and various lipid-soluble signals, including retinoic acid, oxysterols, and thyroid hormone. We found that an hHNR called NR4A1 was the most highly expressed after human MSC differentiation into osteoblasts by whole-genome microarray. NR4A1 knockout decreased the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs in terms of ALPL expression and key marker gene expression. Whole-genome microarray analysis further confirmed the decrease in key pathways when we knocked down NR4A1. Further studies with small molecule activators identified a novel molecule called Elesclomol (STA-4783), which could activate and enhance osteoblast differentiation. Elesclomol activation of hMSCs also induced the gene expression of NR4A1 and rescued the phenotype of NR4A1 KD. In addition, Elesclomol activated the TGF-ß pathway by regulating key marker genes. In conclusion, we first identified the role of NR4A1 in osteoblast differentiation and that Elesclomol is a positive regulator of NR4A1 through activation of the TGF-ß signalling pathway.

In Vivo Analysis of Porous Bioactive Silicon Carbide Scaffold for Craniofacial Bone Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Bone augmentation is a vital area of research because of its high clinical demand and the reported complications associated with the available biomaterials. Purpose: The study assess the role of decellurized skeletal muscle (DSM) when combined with synthesized porous bioactive silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic and evaluated its ability to augment bone calvaria in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen rats were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (n=9), SiC discs (10 × 0.2 mm) pre-treated with 20% NaOH were placed as an onlay grafts on calvarial bone. Meanwhile, in group 2 (n=9), SiC discs pre-treated with 20% NaOH (10 × 0.2 mm) were covered with DSM. After 12 weeks, the grafted tissues were harvested and examined using cone-beam computed tomography, mechanical testing, and histologic analysis. RESULTS: Cone-beam computed tomography for group 2 showed more radio-opacity for the remnant of SiC compared with native bone. The surface area and volume of radio-opacity were 2.48 mm2 ± 1.6 and 14.9 ± 7.8 mm3, respectively. The estimated quantitative average surface area of the radio-opacity for group 1 and volume were 2.55 mm2 ± (Sd=3.7) and 11.25 ± (Sd=8.9), respectively. Mechanically, comparable values of the flexural strength and statistically significant higher modulus of elasticity of calvaria in group 1 compared with group 2 and control (P<0.001). Histologically, group 2 region of woven bone was seen close to the lamellar bone (native bone), and there was immature bone present near the implanted SiC. CONCLUSION: The tested construct made of SiC/DSM has potential to osteointegrate into native bone, making it a suitable material for bone augmentation.

Assessment of novel surgical procedures using decellularised muscle and bioactive ceramic: a histological analysis.

Tissue regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone loss is a challenge in maxillofacial surgery. The hypothesis of the present study is that the addition of resorbable bioactive ceramic Silica Calcium Phosphate Cement (SCPC) to Declluraized Muscle Scaffold (DSM) can expedite bone formation and maturation. Two surgical defect models were created in 18 nude transgenic mice. Group 1(n = 6), with a 2-mm decortication calvarial defect, was treated with a DSM/SCPC sheet over the corticated bone as an onlay then seeded with human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells hMSC in situ. In Group 2 (n = 6), a critical size (4 mm) calvarial defect was made and grafted with DSM/SCPC/in situ human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). The control groups included Group 3 (n = 3) animals, with a 2-mm decortication defect treated with an onlay DSM sheet, and Group 4 (n = 3) animals, treated with critical size defect grafted with plain DSM. After 8 weeks, bone regeneration in various groups was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. New bone formation and maturation was superior in groups treated with DSM/SCPC/hMSC. The DMS/SCPC scaffold has the ability to augment and induce bone regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone resorption and critical size defects.

Long term outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib: Report from a developing country.

The outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia has been greatly improved by the use of Imatinib (IM), a selective BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor. The aim of present study was to report long term follow-up & outcome of IM-treated CML patients along with their clinicopathological features, risk group stratification, adverse events and to compare it with CML patients reported from western countries. The mean follow-up of 123 CML patients was 5.5 years in present study, who were treated with frontline IM 400mg daily in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Risk stratification scores, response to treatment (ELN guidelines) and survival outcomes estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Mean age: 35 years (9-67 years) and M: F: 1.5:1, mean follow up time: 5.5 years (1-15 years). Overall survival (OS): at 5.5, 8, 10 and 12 years were 93%, 88%, 81% and 73%, respectively. Progressions free survival (PFS) was 95%, 83%, 83% and 78% at 5.5, 8, 10 and 12 years, respectively. OS estimate by Sokal score was significant (P-value: 0.0019). Additional chromosomal aberrations: 1.6%. Eighteen (14.6%) patients progressed to AP/BC. Adverse events were moderate and tolerable. We present findings from a long term follow up of CML patients treated with IM in a developing country. CML mean age at onset was considerably lower than the western populations. Furthermore, 5.5 years OS are comparable to western CML population. IM in our patients as frontline choice proved to be very effective. IM was found to be well tolerated, safe with manageable moderate side effects.

Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel FANCD2 gene splice site mutation associated with disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia: Implication in targeted therapy of advanced phase CML.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) have significantly improved the clinical outcome of BCR-ABL+ Chronic Phase-Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CP-CML). Nonetheless, approximately one-third of the CP-CML patient's progress to advanced phases of CML (accelerated and blast phase). Impaired DNA repair including mutations in Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway genes are responsible for progression of many cancers. Nevertheless, FA-pathways genes have never been reported in myeloid cancers. Hence, this study was aimed to discover DNA repair genes associated with CML progression. AP-CML patients were subjected to whole exome sequencing along with appropriate controls. A novel splice site FANCD2 mutation was detected. FANCD2 is a well-known FA-pathway gene with established role in DNA repair. This is first report of FA-pathway DNA repair genes in myeloid cancers that can serve as a novel marker of CML progression to clinically intervene CML progression. Further studies are needed to establish the functional role of FANCD2 in CML progression that can provide novel insights into CML pathogenesis. This study also indicates that a combination TKIs and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors like Olaparib (FDA approved anti-cancer drug for FA-pathway gene mutations) could improve the clinical outcome CML patients in accelerated and blast-crisis phases of the disease.

Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on the in vitro maturation of camel (Camelus dromedarius) cumulus-oocyte complexes.

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is a metabolite of vitamin A and has pleiotropic actions on many different biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, and is involved in different aspects of fertility and developmental biology. In the current study, we investigated the effects of RA on camel (Camelus dromedarius) cumulus-oocyte complex in vitro maturation (IVM). IVM medium was supplemented with 0, 10, 20, and 40 µM RA. Application of 20 µM RA significantly reduced the proportion of degenerated oocytes and significantly improved oocyte meiosis and first polar body extrusion compared to the control and other experimental groups. Retinoic acid significantly reduced the mRNA transcript levels of apoptosis-related genes, including BAX and P53, and reduced the BAX/BCL2 ratio. In addition, RA significantly reduced the expression of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGFß) pathway-related transcripts associated with the actin cytoskeleton, ACTA2 and TAGLN; however, RA increased TGFß expression in cumulus cells. The small molecule SB-431542 inhibits the TGFß pathway by inhibiting the activity of activin receptor-like kinases (ALK-4, ALK-5, and ALK-7); however, combined supplementation with RA during IVM compensated for the inhibitory effect of SB-431542 on cumulus expansion, oocyte meiosis I, and first polar body extrusion in activated oocytes. The current study shows the beneficial effects of RA on camel oocyte IVM and provides a model to study the multifunctional mechanisms involved in cumulus expansion and oocyte meiosis, particularly those involved in the TGFß pathway.

NR2F1 mediated down-regulation of osteoblast differentiation was rescued by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in human MSC.

Endochondral ossification is the process by which long bones are formed; the process of long bone formation is regulated by numerous factors such as transcription factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix molecules. Human hormone Nuclear receptors (hHNR) are a family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that are activated by steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, and various lipid-soluble signals, including retinoic acid, oxysterols, and thyroid hormone. Whole genome microarray data from our previous study revealed that most hHNR's are up-regulated during osteoblast differentiation in hMSCS. NR2F1 was among the highest expressed hHNR during osteogenesis, NR2F1 belongs to the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily. NR2F1 is designated as an orphan nuclear receptor because its ligands are unknown. NR2F1 plays a wide range of roles, including cell differentiation, cancer progression, and central and peripheral neurogenesis. Identifying signaling networks involved in osteoblast differentiation is important in orchestrating new therapeutic and clinical applications in bone biology. This study aimed to identify alterations in signaling networks mediated by NR2F1 in osteoblast differentiation. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of NR2F1 leads to impairment in the differentiation of hBMSC-TERT to osteoblast; gene-expression results confirmed the down-regulation of osteoblast markers such as RUNX2, ALPL, OSC, and BSP. Global whole gene expression analysis revealed that most down-regulated genes were associated with osteoblast differentiation (DDIT3, BMP2). Pathway analysis revealed prominent signaling pathways that were down-regulated, including the TGFß pathway and MAPK pathway. Functional studies on NR2F1 transfected cells, during osteoblast differentiation in combination with TGFß1 and BMP-2, showed that TGFß1 does not recover osteoblast differentiation, whereas BMP-2 rescues osteoblast differentiation in NR2F1 siRNA transfected cells. Thus, our results showed that BMP-2 could intervene in NR2F1 down-regulated signaling pathways to recover osteoblast differentiation.

Differences between the tolerance of camel oocytes and cumulus cells to acute and chronic hyperthermia.

The dromedary camel (Camel dromedarius) is physiologically well adapted to life in hot, dry and barren land. In the present study, we report the tolerance of camel oocytes and cumulus cells to acute and chronic heat shock. Camel oocytes and cumulus cells were exposed to acute (45 °C for 2 h) and chronic (45 °C for 20 h) heat shock. Our results demonstrated that acute and chronic heat shock altered malondialdehyde concentration, which is a marker for oxidative stress. Furthermore, the heat shock reduced glutathione levels during in vitro oocyte maturation. The expression of two well-known heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 were increased similarly in oocytes and cumulus cells after acute heat shock. Oocytes were less tolerant to the short acute heat shock, and showed decreased maturation, which leads to reduction in ooplasmic diameter and an increase in chromosomal count abnormalities. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic genes P53 and BAX had increased expression levels, whereas for the anti-apoptotic gene such as BCL2 expression levels was decreased. On the other hand, the cumulus cells tolerated acute and chronic heat shock, as evident by the increase in HSP70 and HSP90 expression and steady expression levels of P53, BAX, and BCL2 after acute hyperthermia. Cumulus cells regained their vitality and ability to proliferate after chronic hyperthermia and showed wound healing capabilities after 9 days of chronic hyperthermia. Collectively, these results indicate the adaptive tolerance of camel somatic cells to acute and chronic heat shock, which is lethal to cells in many other mammals.

Novel derivative of aminobenzenesulfonamide (3c) induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells through ROS generation and inhibits cell migration.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common type of cancer worldwide. New anti-cancer agents are needed for treating late stage colorectal cancer as most of the deaths occur due to cancer metastasis. A recently developed compound, 3c has shown to have potent antitumor effect; however the mechanism underlying the antitumor effect remains unknown. METHODS: 3c-induced inhibition of proliferation was measured in the absence and presence NAC using MTT in HT-29 and SW620 cells and xCELLigence RTCA DP instrument. 3c-induced apoptotic studies were performed using flow cytometry. 3c-induced redox alterations were measured by ROS production using fluorescence plate reader and flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry; NADPH and GSH levels were determined by colorimetric assays. Bcl2 family protein expression and cytochrome c release and PARP activation was done by western blotting. Caspase activation was measured by ELISA. Cell migration assay was done using the real time xCELLigence RTCA DP system in SW620 cells and wound healing assay in HT-29. RESULTS: Many anticancer therapeutics exert their effects by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we demonstrate that 3c-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is reversed by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that 3c acts via increased production of ROS in HT-29 cells. This was confirmed by the direct measurement of ROS in 3c-treated colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, treatment with 3c resulted in decreased NADPH and glutathione levels in HT-29 cells. Further, investigation of the apoptotic pathway showed increased release of cytochrome c resulting in the activation of caspase-9, which in turn activated caspase-3 and -6. 3c also (i) increased p53 and Bax expression, (ii) decreased Bcl2 and BclxL expression and (iii) induced PARP cleavage in human colorectal cancer cells. Confirming our observations, NAC significantly inhibited induction of apoptosis, ROS production, cytochrome c release and PARP cleavage. The results further demonstrate that 3c inhibits cell migration by modulating EMT markers and inhibiting TGFß-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Samd3. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings thus demonstrate that 3c disrupts redox balance in colorectal cancer cells and support the notion that this agent may be effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

MicroRNA-26a-5p regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase via activation of NF-κB pathway in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to investigate whether interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-mediated induction of iNOS can be regulated by microRNA-26a-5p (hsa-miR-26a-5p) in OA. Bioinformatics approaches show that 3'UTR of iNOS mRNA contained the 'seed-matched-sequence' for hsa-miR-26a-5p. IL-1ß-induced expression of iNOS correlated with the down-regulation of miR-26a-5p in human OA chondrocytes. hsa-miR-26a-5p directly suppressed the luciferase activity of 3'UTR-iNOS reporter clone. Transfection with pre-miR-26a-5p induced marked silencing of iNOS expression. Activation of NF-κB pathway down-regulated the expression of hsa-miR-26a-5p and induced iNOS expression. In short, this is the first report that shows hsa-miR-26a-5p is a direct regulator of iNOS expression in human chondrocytes. hsa-miR-26a-5p may be an important regulator of human cartilage homeostasis and a new target for OA therapy.

Cytotoxicity of QMix™ endodontic irrigating solution on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Debridement and disinfection of the root canal system is a crucial step in endodontic procedures. The effectiveness of irrigation relies on both the mechanical flushing action and the ability of irrigants to dissolve tissue and kill bacteria. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of QMix™ root canal irrigating solution on immortalized human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSC-C1) and to compare it with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). METHODS: Immortalized human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSCs) were exposed to QMix™ and NaOCl. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and alamarBlue assays. The cell morphology was studied after two hours of exposure to QMix™ and NaOCl. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed after 2- and 4-hour incubation periods. Finally, ethidium bromide/acridine orange (EB/AO) fluorescent stain was applied to the cells in the 8-chamber slides after they were incubated with the testing agents for 2 hours to detect live and dead cells. The observations were tabulated and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: QMix™ exposure resulted in a significantly higher percentage of cell viability than NaOCl in the MTT and alamarBlue assays at three time points compared to the control. The SEM analysis demonstrated minimal morphological changes associated with cells that were exposed to the QMix™ solution, with little shrinkage and fragmentation of the cell wall. The live/dead analysis showed that the number of live cells after exposure to QMix™ was similar to that of the untreated control. No cell structure could be observed with the NaOCl group, indicating cell lysis. CONCLUSION: Both the QMix™ and NaOCl solutions were toxic to human bone marrow MSCs. Each solution might have induced cell death in a different way as evidenced in the cell viability, SEM and fluorescent studies. The slower cell death induced by QMix™ might therefore be less aggressive and more acceptable to living tissues.

Zinc improves the immune function and the proliferation of lymphocytes in Cadmium-treated rats.

The effects of Cadmium (Cd) exposure and the treatment with Zinc (Zn) on immune functions of splenocytes and cultured lymphocytes of rats were studied. The exposure of rats to Cd was at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg CdCl2, injected subcutaneously four times weekly for 2 months. Rats were supplemented with Zn (2.2 mg/kg ZnCl2, injected subcutaneously four times weekly for 2 months) one hour prior to Cd exposure. Spleens were removed and splenocytes were isolated and cultured. The proliferation capacity of lymphocytes and their homing to the spleen were studied. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from stimulated lymphocytes in order to analyse gene expressions using RT-PCR. Accordingly, proliferation of lymphocytes was found to be suppressed in Cd-treated rats, both in vivo and in vitro. Zinc served to activate the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes in Cd-treated rats both in vivo and in vitro. Antigen-activated lymphocytes showed that Cd impaired the mRNA expression of CD68, Ccl22 and CXCL10. Zinc was not found to restore mRNA expression of these genes to the normal levels. Zinc was found to decrease the MDA level with replenishment of activity of key antioxidant enzymes and proteins in Cd-pre-treated animals significantly. Moreover, the histopathological examination of spleen samples also agreed with the molecular, immunological and redox findings. Hence, Zn is able to restore the normal structure, redox status and immunity in Cd-induced damage in the rat model system.

The effect of ascorbic acid and cranberry on the bond strength, surface roughness, and surface hardness of bleached enamel with hydrogen peroxide and zinc phthalocyanine activated by photodynamic therapy.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of different bleaching methods 40% (hydrogen peroxide) HP and Zinc Phthalocyanine (ZP) activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the utilization of diverse procedures of reversal (10% ascorbic acid and 6% cranberry solution) on bond values, surface microhardness and surface roughness of bleached enamel surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An aggregate of 60 extracted human mandibular molars was gathered and the buccal surface of each specimen was exposed to 2 mm of enamel surface for bleaching with chemical and photoactivated agents with the use of reversal solutions. Specimens were divided into six groups (n = 10) at random- Group 1: samples bleached with 40% HP with 10% ascorbic acid (reversal agent), group 2: ZP activated by PDT with 10% ascorbic acid (reversal agent), group 3: 40% HP with 6% cranberry solution as a reversal agent, group 4: ZP activated by PDT with 6% cranberry solution, group 5: 40% HP and group 6: ZP activated by PDT with no reversal agents. Resin cement restoration was performed via etch and rinse technique and SBS was estimated by using the universal testing machine, SMH by using Vickers hardness tester, and Ra by stylus profilometer. Statistical analysis was executed using the ANOVA test and the Tukey multiple tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Enamel surface bleached with 40% HP reversed with 10% ascorbic acid displayed the highest SBS while 40% HP with no reversal agent use showed the least SBS. For SMH, ZP activated by PDT when applied on the enamel surface and reversed with 10% ascorbic acid showed the highest SMH while when bleached with 40% HP and reversed with 6% cranberry solution showed the least SMH value. For Ra, Group 3: samples bleached with 40% HP with 6% cranberry solution as reversal agent showed the highest Ra value while bleaching of enamel surface with ZP activated by PDT with 6% cranberry displayed the least Ra value. CONCLUSION: Bleached enamel surface with Zinc Phthalocyanine activated by PDT with the application of 10% ascorbic acid as reversal solution has demonstrated the highest SBS and SMH with acceptable surface roughness for bonding adhesive resin to the enamel surface.

Profiling of G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Adipose Tissue and Differentiating Adipocytes Offers a Translational Resource for Obesity/Metabolic Research.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed essentially on all cells, facilitating cellular responses to external stimuli, and are involved in nearly every biological process. Several members of this family play significant roles in the regulation of adipogenesis and adipose metabolism. However, the expression and functional significance of a vast number of GPCRs in adipose tissue are unknown. We used a high-throughput RT-PCR panel to determine the expression of the entire repertoire of non-sensory GPCRs in mouse white, and brown adipose tissue and assess changes in their expression during adipogenic differentiation of murine adipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1. In addition, the expression of GPCRs in subcutaneous adipose tissues from lean, obese, and diabetic human subjects and in adipocytes isolated from regular chow and high-fat fed mice were evaluated by re-analyzing RNA-sequencing data. We detected a total of 292 and 271 GPCRs in mouse white and brown adipose tissue, respectively. There is a significant overlap in the expression of GPCRs between the two adipose tissue depots, but several GPCRs are specifically expressed in one of the two tissue types. Adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells had a profound impact on the expression of several GPCRs. RNA sequencing of subcutaneous adipose from healthy human subjects detected 255 GPCRs and obesity significantly changed the expression of several GPCRs in adipose tissue. High-fat diet had a significant impact on adipocyte GPCR expression that was similar to human obesity. Finally, we report several highly expressed GPCRs with no known role in adipose biology whose expression was significantly altered during adipogenic differentiation, and/or in the diseased human subjects. These GPCRs could play an important role in adipose metabolism and serve as a valuable translational resource for obesity and metabolic research.

The platinum coordination complex inhibits cell invasion-migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by altering the TGF-ß-SMAD pathway in colorectal cancer.

Introduction: There is a steady increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidences worldwide; at diagnosis, about 20 percent of cases show metastases. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) signaling pathway is one of the critical pathways that influence the expression of cadherins allowing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is involved in the progression of the normal colorectal epithelium to adenoma and metastatic carcinoma. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of a novel coordination complex of platinum (salicylaldiminato) PT(II) complex with dimethyl propylene linkage (PT-complex) on TGF-ß and EMT markers involved in the invasion and migration of the human HT-29 and SW620 CRC cell lines. Methods: Functional study and wound healing assay showed PT-complex significantly reduced cell motility and the migration and invasion of CRC cell lines compared to the untreated control. Western blot performed in the presence and absence of TGF-ß demonstrated that PT-complex significantly regulated the TGF-ß-mediated altered expressions of EMT markers. Results and Discussion: PT-complex attenuated the migration and invasion by upregulating the protein expression of EMT-suppressing factor E-cadherin and suppressing EMT-inducing factors such as N-Cadherin and Vimentin. Moreover, PT-complex significantly suppressed the activation of SMAD3 in both CRC cell lines. Further, the microarray data analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to invasion and migration. In conclusion, besides displaying antiproliferative activity, the PT complex can decrease the metastasis of CRC cell lines by modulating TGF-ß-regulated EMT markers. These findings provide new insight into TGF-ß/SMAD signaling as the molecular mechanism involved in the antitumoral properties of novel PT-complex.

Vitamin C stimulates RNA expression of human gingival fibroblasts proliferation and adhesion in cigarette smokers: An in vitro study.

Background: Smoking and the severity of periodontal disease have long been associated. In Saudi Arabia, tobacco smoking is rising, contributing to the increased demand for products that counter its detrimental effects. The antioxidant properties of vitamin C (vit C) make it a powerful countermeasure to tobacco toxicity. Observation of these effects on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) would suggest use of vitamin C in future dental applications. Aim: To examine the proliferation, adhesion, and expression of extracellular RNA in human gingival fibroblasts extracted from cigarette smokers when compared to never-smokers, in association with vitamin C. Materials and Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were extracted from Periodontal free sites of healthy adult male participants. Group 1; consisted of Heavy cigarette smokers (n = 1) while group 2 was never-smokers (n = 1). Collected cells were cultured and subcultured in supplemented growth medium. Vitamin C was then induced in the medium at the experimental sixth passage. RNA expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix expression. Results: Expression of the adhesion gene (CD44) in the smoker group was significantly downregulated than never-smoker group (p-value = 0.024). After the induction of vitamin C, the smoker samples showed a significant improvement in their gene expression levels. The extracellular genes involved in this study (COL1A1, LAMA3, and TGFB3) were significantly affected by the smoking status. In addition, the proliferation of MK167 and CCNB1 genes in smokers and never-smokers was increased. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking affects the overall properties of human gingival fibroblasts' adhesion, proliferation, and extra-cellular matrix formation. Furthermore, the addition of vitamin C affects these cellular properties in a positive manner.

The additive effect of iloprost on the biological properties of Mineral trioxide aggregate on mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Iloprost has been proposed as a potential biomaterial owing to angiogenic and odontogenic properties. However, the liquid form can limit its use during clinical applications. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been used for various dental applications in which cell-material interaction is essential. This study aimed to investigate additive effects of iloprost on the biological properties of MTA on the viability, attachment, migration and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized human dentin disks were prepared. MTA was prepared by mixing distilled water or iloprost solution, and the lumen of the disks was filled with MTA or MTA-iloprost. hMSCs on disk alone and hMSCs on culture plates were used as controls. Cell viability and attachment were measured after 1, 7 and 14 days using AlamarBlue assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell migration in MTA or MTA-iloprost extracts was determined using a wound-healing model.Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OSP) gene expressions after 7 and 14 days of osteogenic induction. RESULTS: Cells on MTA-iloprost surface showed similar viability with MTA at 1 and 14 days but enhanced cellular viability and cell spreading compared to MTA at 7 days (p < 0.05). Cell migration was similar by MTA-iloprost and MTA extracts (p > 0.05). MTAiloprost significantly upregulated BSP, OCN and OSP expressions compared to MTA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The addition of iloprost to MTA improved the initial cell viability and osteogenic potential of hMSCs.