RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can be multifactorial and may underly limitations in swallowing rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors related to dysphagia in patients with COVID-19 immediately after orotracheal extubation and the factors that influence swallowing rehabilitation. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study. METHODS: The presence of dysphagia was evaluated using the American Speech-Language Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System (ASHA NOMS) scale and variables that influenced swallowing rehabilitation in 140 adult patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for >48 h. RESULTS: In total, 46.43% of the patients scored 1 or 2 on the ASHA NOMS (severe dysphagia) and 39.29% scored 4 (single consistency delivered orally) or 5 (exclusive oral diet with adaptations). Both the length of mechanical ventilation and the presence of neurological disorders were associated with lower ASHA NOMS scores (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.87 P < 0.05; and OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.61-0.29; P < 0.05, respectively). Age and the presence of tracheostomy were negatively associated with speech rehabilitation (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87--0.96; OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.80--0.75), and acute post-COVID-19 kidney injury requiring dialysis and lower scores on the ASHA NOMS were associated with longer time for speech therapy outcomes (ß: 1.62, 95% CI, 0.70-3.17, P < 0.001; ß: -1.24, 95% CI: -1.55--0.92; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Prolonged orotracheal intubation and post-COVID-19 neurological alterations increase the probability of dysphagia immediately after extubation. Increased age and tracheostomy limited rehabilitation.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Trastornos de Deglución , Intubación Intratraqueal , Respiración Artificial , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/complicaciones , Trastornos de Deglución/etiología , Trastornos de Deglución/rehabilitación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Extubación Traqueal/efectos adversos , Adulto , Pandemias , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/rehabilitación , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/rehabilitación , Betacoronavirus , Factores de Riesgo , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can be multifactorial and may underly limitations in swallowing rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors related to dysphagia in patients with COVID-19 immediately after orotracheal extubation and the factors that influence swallowing rehabilitation. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study. METHODS: The presence of dysphagia was evaluated using the American Speech-Language Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System (ASHA NOMS) scale and variables that influenced swallowing rehabilitation in 140 adult patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for >48 h. RESULTS: In total, 46.43% of the patients scored 1 or 2 on the ASHA NOMS (severe dysphagia) and 39.29% scored 4 (single consistency delivered orally) or 5 (exclusive oral diet with adaptations). Both the length of mechanical ventilation and the presence of neurological disorders were associated with lower ASHA NOMS scores (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.87 P < 0.05; and OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.61-0.29; P < 0.05, respectively). Age and the presence of tracheostomy were negatively associated with speech rehabilitation (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87-−0.96; OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.80-−0.75), and acute post-COVID-19 kidney injury requiring dialysis and lower scores on the ASHA NOMS were associated with longer time for speech therapy outcomes (β: 1.62, 95% CI, 0.70-3.17, P < 0.001; β: −1.24, 95% CI: −1.55-−0.92; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Prolonged orotracheal intubation and post-COVID-19 neurological alterations increase the probability of dysphagia immediately after extubation. Increased age and tracheostomy limited rehabilitation.
RESUMEN
Acidentes escorpiônicos podem evoluir com edema pulmonar de origem cardiogênica e não cardiogênica. O clearance de edema pulmonar está relacionado principalmente ao transporte ativo de sódio do espaço alveolar para o interstício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do veneno de Tityus serrulatus e da dexametasona sobre a expressão dos transportadores de sódio e água e do TLR4 em pulmão de ratos. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: controle (salina); grupo Vn, que recebeu o veneno de T. serrulatus (3.8 mg/kg) por via intraperitoneal (ip), e o grupo Dx+Vn, que recebeu dexametasona (2.0 mg/kg) por via ip, uma hora antes da injeção do veneno. Os experimentos foram realizados uma hora após a injeção do veneno. Foram realizadas análise bioquímica e dosagens de citocinas no plasma. Nos pulmões foram estudados a expressão de -ENaC, Na+-K+- ATPase, NKCC1, AQP-5 e TRL4 através de western blotting, e a expressão do NF-kB e infiltração de células CD68+ (monócitos/macrófagos) e neutrófilos, através de imunoistoquímica. O veneno de T. serrulatus diminuiu a expressão pulmonar de -ENaC e AQP-5, enquanto aumentou a expressão do NKCC1. A dexametasona preveniu os efeitos do veneno sobre a expressão da -ENaC e NKCC1, mas não da AQP5. Não foi observada alteração da expressão da 1- Na+-K+-ATPase . A expressão do TLR4 foi maior nos animais envenenados que nos grupos Cont e Dx+Vn. O níveis plasmáticos de IL-6, IL-10 e TNF- estavam aumentados nos grupo Vn e Dx+Vn em relação ao controle. O infiltrado de células CD68+ foi maior no grupo Vn. A expressão de NF-kB e o infiltrado ne neutrófilos no tecido pulmonar foi semelhantes nos três grupos avaliados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o veneno de T. serrulatus tem efeito sobre as proteínas transportadoras de sódio em células do epitélio alveolar e também sobre a expressão do TLR4 em pulmão; a dexametasona pode regular essas ações...
Scorpion envenomation can cause cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema clearance is largely related to active Na+ transport out of the alveoli, rather than to reversal of Starling forces. Our objective was determine the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom and dexamethasone on the pulmonary expression of sodium and water transporters, and Toll-like receptor 4. Wistar rats were divided into groups and injected intraperitoneally: control (saline only); venom (T. serrulatus venom3.8 mg/kg body weight); and dexamethasone+venom (dexamethasone2.0 mg/kg body weight60 min before venom inoculation). At 60 min after venom inoculation, interleukin-6 and -10, together with tumor necrosis factor alpha, were analyzed in plasma. In lungs, we determined expression of the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit; Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit; Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, NKCC1; aquaporin 5; Toll-like receptor 4 (by Western blotting); and nuclear factor-kappa B. We determined CD68 and neutrophil counts by immunohistochemistry. In venom group lungs, the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit and aquaporin 5 were markedly downregulated, whereas NKCC1 was elevated, although the Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was unaffected. Dexamethasone protected the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit, NKCC1, and Toll-like receptor 4 but not aquaporin 5. Serum interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were elevated in both groups, as was CD68 expression. Neutrophil counts and nuclear factor-kappa B expression were comparable across groups. Our data show that T. serrulatus venom alters sodium transport in alveolar epithelial cells and increases Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Dexamethasone appears to partially protect against those effects...
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Ratas , Citocinas , Alveolos Pulmonares , Edema Pulmonar , Venenos de EscorpiónRESUMEN
Culturas primarias de queratinocitos humanos foram incubadas com veneno de aranha Loxosceles gaucho, que possui atividades esfingomielinase D, responsavel por lesao dermo-necrotica nos acidentes humanos. As celulas das culturas primarias foram agredidas com o veneno em doses crescentes de 10 ng/mL a 2 ug/mL. No sobrenadante das culturas...
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Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Venenos de Araña/análisis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/análisis , Citocinas/análisis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Microscopía Electrónica/métodos , Venenos de Araña/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A retrospective study analysed 359 proven or presume cases of loxoscelism seen at the Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto Butantan, Säo Paulo, Brazil, between 1985 and 1996. The spider was identified in 14 percent. The bites occurred predominantly in the urban areas (73 percent) between September and February. Patients > 14 years were commonest inflicted (92 percent) and 41 percent were bitten while getting dressed. Only 11 percent sought medical care within the first 12 hours post bite. Cutaneous loxoscelism was the commonest form presenting (96 percent); commonest manifestations were: pain (76 percent), erythema (72 percent), edema with enduration (66 percent), ecchymosis (39 percent). Skin necrosis occurred in 53 percent of patients, most frequently seen on trunk, tigh and upper arm, and when patients seek medical care more than 72 hours after bite. Local infection was detected in 12 patients (3 percent). Hemolysis was confirmed in 4 cases (1.1 percent). Generalised cutaneous rash, fever and headache were also observed in 48 percent of the total of patients. None of them had acute renal failure or died. Treatment usually involved antivenom administration (66 percent), being associated with corticosteroids (47 percent) or dapsone (30 percent). Presumptive diagnosis of loxoscelism may be established based on clinical and epidemiological findings. Further investigations are required to prove the value of antivenom and other treatment schedules
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Picaduras de Arañas , Brasil , Antivenenos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Geographical distribution of snakebites and snakes of medical importance has a strong correlation with changes in the vegetation cover as a consequence of the expansion of agricultural frontiers. In São Paulo (SP) and Paraná (PR) the process of land occupation has led to a radical transformation in the natural landscape. The objective of this study was to analyze a historical series of snakebites and the geographical distribution of the main species of snakes, taking into account environmental changes of the landscape. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted. A historical series (1988-1997) of snakebites was obtained from the notification records sent to the Health Secretaries of São Paulo (SP) and Paraná (PR) States. Registries of the herpetological collections were obtained from the Butantan Institute (SP), the Natural History Museum (PR) and from the Production and Research Center in Immunebiologics (PR). Data regarding vegetation cover and percentage of land occupation with the main agricultural practices were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The sites of snakebites occurrence and capture of snakes were identified at the municipality level. Maps were obtained using a geographical information system using the software ArqView v.3.0. RESULTS: From the Bothrops species, B. jararaca showed a wide distribution in open fields, forests, and even in regions under anthropic influence, while B. moojeni and B. neuwiedi were found predominantly in open fields. Crotalus occupied areas originally constituted by semidecidual estacional forest and "cerrado". The annual incidence of snakebites varied from 4.31 to 10.57 cases per 100,000 population, decreasing through the period for both Bothrops (88%) and Crotalus (11%). Micrurus accidents were rare (1%) in São Paulo and absent in Paraná. The areas of greater risk for snakebites were coincident with the snakes distribution areas: the administrative regions of Registro and Sorocaba, in São Paulo, and União da Vitória, in Paraná, for Bothrops accidents, and Bauru and Presidente Prudente in Sao Paulo, Cascavel and Ivaiporã in Paraná, for Crotalus accidents. No correlation between snake distribution and vegetation cover was observed, except for B. jararacussu in the remaining forest at the Vale do Ribeira. No correlation was observed between land occupation and Bothrops snakebites. A small negative correlation was observed between Crotalus accidents and areas with sugar cane. CONCLUSIONS: A decreasing tendency was observed in the number of snakebites and snakes of medical importance. Maps of the distribution of poisonous snakes and snakebites allowed a better definition of risk areas. The anthropic pressure probably had influence on the result of no correlation between areas of distribution of snakes with the vegetation cover, while some agricultural practices may had resulted in changes in the risk areas for snakebites.
DELINEAMENTO DO PROBLEMA: A distribuição geográfica dos acidentes ofídicos e das serpentes de interesse médico guarda estreita correlação com as mudanças na cobertura vegetal, decorrentes da expansão de fronteiras agrícolas, notadamente em São Paulo (SP) e Paraná (PR), onde o processo de ocupação da terra levou a uma transformação radical da paisagem natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar levantamento de série histórica sobre a ocorrência de acidentes e a distribuição das espécies de serpentes, levando em conta as alterações ocorridas na cobertura vegetal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento de série história (1988-1997) dos acidentes ofídicos, a partir das fichas de notificação encaminhadas às Secretarias de Estado da Saúde do Paraná e São Paulo e registro das coleções herpetológicas do Instituto Butantan (SP), Museu de História Natural (PR) e Centro de Produção e Pesquisa em Imunobiológicos (PR). Dados sobre cobertura vegetal e percentual de ocupação do solo das principais práticas agrícolas foram correlacionados, utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. As localidades de ocorrência dos acidentes e de coleta das serpentes foram identificadas por município. Foram obtidos mapas, por meio de um sistema de informação geográfica, no programa ArqView versão 3.0. RESULTADOS: Das espécies de Bothrops, a B. jararaca mostrou ampla distribuição em formações abertas, florestas e até regiões sob influência antrópica, enquanto que B. moojeni e B. neuwiedi foram encontradas em formações abertas. As Crotalus ocuparam áreas originalmente formadas por floresta estacional semidecidual e cerrado. A incidência anual dos acidentes ofídicos variou de 4,31 a 10,57 casos por cem mil habitantes, com queda ao longo do período, tanto dos acidentes botrópicos (88%) como dos crotálicos (11%). Os acidentes elapídicos foram raros (1%) em São Paulo e ausentes no Paraná. As áreas de maior risco para os acidentes foram coincidentes com as áreas de distribuição das serpentes, destacando-se, para os acidentes botrópicos, as regiões administrativas de Registro e Sorocaba em São Paulo e União da Vitória no sul do Paraná e, para os acidentes crotálicos, Bauru e Presidente Prudente em São Paulo, Cascavel e Ivaiporã no Paraná. Não houve relação entre áreas de ocorrência de serpentes e cobertura vegetal atual, com exceção da sobreposição de B. jararacussu nos remanescentes de mata no Vale do Ribeira. Não se observou correlação entre ocupação do solo e acidentes botrópicos, havendo, nos acidentes crotálicos, pequena correlação negativa com a ocupação por cana-de-açúcar. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se tendência de queda no número de acidentes ofídicos e de serpentes de importância médica. Mapas de distribuição de serpentes peçonhentas e de acidentes ofídicos permitiram melhor definição das áreas de risco. A influência antrópica provavelmente influenciou a não-correlação com a cobertura vegetal atual, enquanto que práticas agrícolas podem ter determinado deslocamento nas áreas de maior risco de acidentes.