Kidney transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus: Outcomes and prognosis. / Resultados y pronóstico del trasplante renal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico.

INTRODUCTION: The outcome and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in long-term kidney transplantation (KT) is variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the survival of the graft and the patient, comparing rates with a control group (primary glomerulonephritis [PGN]). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients receiving a KT with diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) and 367 patients with PGN were compared between January 1980 and December 2014. The survival causes of loss and death of the graft and the patient were analysed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the variables analysed. The graft survival at five years (80% SLE vs. 70% PGN) and 10 years (63% SLE vs. 55% PGN) and the patient at 5 years (90% SLE vs. 90% PGN) and 10 years (76% LES vs. 79% PGN) were similar. Not recurrence of LN was observed in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SLE are similar candidates to KT than that with other immunological kidney diseases. There was no recurrence of the disease in any patient.

Ceftazidima-avibactam en el tratamiento de infecciones urinarias por Klebsiella productora de carbapenemasa en trasplante renal / Ceftazidime-avibactam in urinary tract infections due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella in kidney transplantation

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Resultados y pronóstico del trasplante renal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Kidney transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus: Outcomes and prognosis

Introducción: Los resultados del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) en el trasplante renal (TR) a largo plazo son variables. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente comparándola con la relativa a las glomerulonefritis primarias (GNP). Materiales y métodos: Se compararon 43 pacientes a los que se les había realizado TR con diagnóstico de nefritis lúpica (NL) y 367 con GNP entre enero de 1980 y diciembre de 2014. Se analizó la supervivencia y las causas de pérdida y muerte del injerto y del paciente. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas entre las variables analizadas en ambos grupos. La supervivencia del injerto a los 5 años (80% LES vs. 70% GNP) y 10 años (63% LES vs. 55% GNP) y del paciente a los 5 años (90% LES vs. 90% GN) y 10 años (76% LES vs. 79% GN) fueron similares. Ningún injerto se perdió por recidiva de la NL. Conclusiones: Los enfermos con LES son unos candidatos a trasplante similares a los de otras enfermedades renales de etiología inmunológica. No se observó recidiva de la enfermedad en ningún paciente

Introduction: The outcome and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in long-term kidney transplantation (KT) is variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the survival of the graft and the patient, comparing rates with a control group (primary glomerulonephritis [PGN]). Materials and methods: Forty-three patients receiving a KT with diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) and 367 patients with PGN were compared between January 1980 and December 2014. The survival causes of loss and death of the graft and the patient were analysed. Results: There were no significant differences between the variables analysed. The graft survival at five years (80% SLE vs. 70% PGN) and 10 years (63% SLE vs. 55% PGN) and the patient at 5 years (90% SLE vs. 90% PGN) and 10 years (76% LES vs. 79% PGN) were similar. Not recurrence of LN was observed in any patient. Conclusions: Patients with SLE are similar candidates to KT than that with other immunological kidney diseases. There was no recurrence of the disease in any patient

[Clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant]. / Presentación clínica del carcinoma de células renales en el trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical presentation and therapeutic response of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the renal graft. METHODS: Analysis of the cases described in our centre and review of current literature. RESULTS: RCC has a higher incidence in transplant patients, affecting the graft in less than 10% of the cases. Detection is usually a casual event during follow-up due to the absence of innervation, although its presentation may be as an acute abdomen in case of breakage of the graft. Conventional treatment consists of transplant nephrectomy, but partial nephrectomy has been performed in recent years with good results. The modification of immunosuppression is a routine measure after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC after renal transplants in our series is 0.7%, of which 22% are originated in the graft. The clinical presentation of the primitive RCC of the graft is variable. Partial nephrectomy is technically feasible and oncologically safe in the treatment of RCC of the renal graft.

[Usefulness of cytokines as surgical aggression markers in the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome and post transplant renal function in an experimental model of laparoscopic vs. open renal autotransplantation]. / Utilidad de las citocinas como marcadores de agresión quirúrgica, en el síndrome de isquemia-reperfusión y en la función postrasplante renal, en un modelo experimental de autotraplante renal laparoscópico versus abierto.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the modifications induced by laparoscopic and open nephrectomies in living donor transplantation on cytokines, to evaluate operative trauma of different surgical techniques and the influence on ischemia/reperfusion syndrome and renal function. METHODS: Thirty pigs underwent left nephrectomy, 15 by laparoscopy and 15 by open approach in an experimental autotransplantation model. RESULTS: Serum level of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were lower during laparoscopic than open nephrectomy: 6.8 +/- 0.6 vs 13.9 +/- 1.1 pg/ml for IL-2, 46.2 +/- 2.3 vs 84.4 +/- 2.5 pg/ml for IL-6, 26.1 +/- 2.4 vs 92.8 +/- 12.6 pg/ml for IL-10, and 17.6 +/- 2.1 vs 38.5 +/- 4.8 pg/ml for TNF. There was no association between renal blood flow (RBF) and cytokines levels during nephrectomy: IL-2 (p = 0.498), IL-6 (p = 0.117), IL-10 (p = 0.081) y TNF (p = 0.644). However, there was correlation between IL-10 and the decrease of RBF after transplantation: (R2 0.48; p = 0.02). Initial serum creatinine levels were correlated with RBF and IL-2 levels during nephrectomy (R = 0.831, R2 = 0.691, p = 0.025), and postransplantation RBF (R = 0.784, R2 = 0.614, p < 0.0001). Seventh day creatinine levels were correlated with postransplantation RBF (R = 0.537, R2 = 0.289, p = 0.002) and IL-2 levels during nephrectomy (R = 0.685, R2 = 0.469, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Cytokine levels were higher during the open approach than laparoscopic procedure. High levels of RBF during nephrectomy and transplantation improve early graft function while low levels of RBF and high levels ol IL-2 during nephrectomy induce delayed graft function.

Importancia del donante añoso como fuente de órganos válidos para el trasplante renal: ¿dónde está el límite? / Importance of elderly donors as a source of valid organs for renal transplantation: where is the limit?

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[Renal autotransplantation: a valid option in the resolution of complex cases]. / Autotrasplante renal: una alternativa valida en la resolucion de casos complejos.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the current indications for renal autotransplantation, as well as the technical features, complications and long-term follow-up of the technique. METHODS: From 1990 to 2005 we have performed autotransplantation in 10 patients, 7 adults and 3 children. The indication was established due to vascular pedicle pathology in 8 cases and ureteral lesion in 2. The cause of vascular pathology was: atherosclerotic stenosis (4), dysplastic stenosis (2), Takayasu's disease stenosis (1), and renal artery aneurysm (1). The patients with ureteral lesion had ureteral stenosis secondary to Crohn's disease in one case, initially solved by ureteral stent and subsequently obstructed by lithiasic encrustation, and ureteral avulsion in the other case. The vascular grafts employed in the 8 cases with vascular reconstruction were: hypogastric artery 7 cases, and sophena vein in one case. Ureteral reimplantation was necessary in 5 cases after bench surgery; in other five cases vascular reconstruction was performed without ureteral division. All grafts were perfused with 4 degrees C lactate ringer or Wisconsin solution and protected with surface cold ischemia. Ischemia times ranged from 42 to 89 minutes. RESULTS: Nine kidneys (90%) functioned after autotransplantation, 8 of them had immediate function, and one had delayed graft function after a six-day period of acute tubular necrosis. The kidney with arterial stenosis secondary to Takayasu's disease never functioned. The cause of graft loss was renal vein thrombosis. Postoperative mortality was zero. After a mean follow-up of 72+/- 13 months mean serum creatinine is 1.6+- 0.4 mg/dl (1.1-2.4) and 70% (7/10) of the patients have normal blood pressure without antihypertensive medication. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, renal autotransplantation, with or without extracorporeal vascular reconstruction, is a complex technique with exceptional indications, but it allows recovering renal units with vascular pathology not amenable to angioplasty or in situ revascularization. It is also a valid alternative to ileal ureteral substitution in cases of extensive ureteral lesion.

[The usefulness of ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasound in renal transplantation]. / Utilidad de la ecografía y el eco-Doppler en el trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to analyze the usefulness of ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of transplant donors and recipients, for renal transplant follow-up and for the resolution of surgical complications after renal transplant. METHODS: Abdominal ultrasound was performed in donors and recipients of renal grafts. In the recipients with vascular risk factors a Doppler ultrasound of the iliac and lower limb arteries was systematically done. Doppler ultrasound was performed in the first and seventh day after renal transplant, as well as for graft dysfunction at any moment. RESULTS: Recipient ultrasound informs about the existence of acquired renal cystic disease and Doppler ultrasound allows evaluating the vascular state of high risk recipients. In the immediate post-transplant period ultrasound studies are useful for detection of vascular complications, graft obstruction and to control the evolution of acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis. Finally, ultrasound is the technique of choice in the endourological management of surgical complications after renal transplant. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound under urologic control is essential in the evaluation of the kidney transplant recipient, post-transplant follow-up and in the resolution of surgical complications.

[Immunosuppression and surgical complications after renal transplantation]. / Inmunosupresión y complicaciones quirúrgicas post-trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVES: The new immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation have diminished the rate of acute rejection and improved graft survival. However, the use of new agents results in the development of surgical complications. The authors analyze the incidence of such complications accordingly to the type of drug. METHODS: This study included 350 kidney transplantations performed between January 1997 and December 2004. The average age was 54 years. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 8.5% and the rate of obese recipients (BMI >30 kg/m2) was 15.4%. The average follow-up rate was 44 +/- 5.6 months (5-96). A surgical complication was defined as any complication directly related to the surgical transplant that occurs along the first year after transplantation. RESULTS: The incidence of surgical complications was 34.8% (122/350). The rates of perigraft collections and bleeding posttransplant were significantly higher in the CsA group than in the Tacro one: 12% vs. 3.8% (p = 0.005) and 11.5% vs. 3% (p = 0.002). The Sirolimus and Everolimus-based immunosuppresive regimens led to a higher incidence of lymphocele (16% vs. 3.7%) (p = 0.012). There were no significant difference in the incidence of surgical complications in recipients immunosuppressed with and without MMF, and in diabetic vs. no diabetic patients. Surgical complications were higher in obese patients (66.5% vs. 33.5%) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Recipients receiving Sirolimus/Everolimus demonstrated a significantly higher lymphocele rate. The CsA regimens were associated with bleeding and post transplant pararenal fluid collections. The introduction of MMF did not result in a significant increase in posttransplant surgical complications. The obesity was a risk factor associated with those complications.

Presentación clínica del carcinoma de células renales en el trasplante renal / Clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant

OBJETIVO: Analizar la presentación clínica y la actitud terapéutica ante la afectación del injerto por un Carcinoma de células renales (CCR).MÉTODOS: Análisis de los casos descritos en nuestro Centro y revisión de la literatura actual.RESULTADOS: El CCR presenta una incidencia superior en los pacientes trasplantados, afectando en menos del 10% al injerto. La ausencia de inervación hace que habitualmente sea un hallazgo casual durante el seguimiento, aunque su presentación puede llegar a ser como un abdomen agudo en caso de rotura del injerto. El tratamiento convencional es la trasplantectomía, realizándose en los últimos años la nefrectomía parcial con buenos resultados. La modificación de la inmunosupresión es una medida habitual tras el tratamiento.CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de CCR post-TR en nuestra serie es del 0,7%, originándose el 22% de los mismos en el injerto. La presentación clínica del CCR primitivo del injerto es variable. La nefrectomía parcial es técnicamente posible y oncológicamente segura en el tratamiento del CCR del injerto renal(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical pre-sentation and therapeutic response of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the renal graft.METHODS: Analysis of the cases described in our cen-tre and review of current literature.RESULTS: RCC has a higher incidence in transplant patients, affecting the graft in less than 10% of the cases. Detection is usually a casual event during follow-up due to the absence of innervation, although its presentation may be as an acute abdomen in case of breakage of the graft. Conventional treatment consists of transplant nephrectomy, but partial nephrectomy has been performed in recent years with good results. The modification of immunosuppression is a routine measure after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC after renal transplants in our series is 0.7%, of which 22% are origi-nated in the graft. The clinical presentation of the primitivaveRCC of the graft is variable. Partial nephrectomy is technically feasible and oncologically safe in the treatment of RCC of the renal graft(AU)

Autotrasplante renal: Una alternativa válida en la resolución de casos complejos / Renal autotransplantation: a valid option in the resolution of complex cases

OBJETIVO: Analizar las indicaciones actuales del auto-trasplante renal (ATR), así como los aspectostécnicos, complicaciones y seguimiento a largo plazo de esta técnica. MÉTODOS: Desde 1990 a 2005 se han llevado a cabo un ATR en 10 pacientes, 7 adultos y 3 niños. La indicación fue por patología del pedículo vascular en 8 casos y por lesión ureteral en 2. En los 8 casos con patología vascular, ésta se distribuyó en: estenosis por ateromatosis (4), estenosis por displasia (2), estenosispor enfermedad de Takayasu (1) y aneurisma de arteria renal (1). Los dos pacientes con lesión ureteral correspondieron a una estenosis ureteral secundaria a Enfermedad de Crohn inicialmente resuelta mediante stent ureteral, que posteriormente se obstruyó por incrustación litiásica; y una por avulsión ureteral yatrógena post-ureteroscopia. En los 8 casos en que fue necesaria la reconstrucción vascular los injertos vasculares utilizados fueron: en 7 pacientes arteria hipogástrica y en 1 vena sáfena. En 5 casos fue necesario llevar a cabo una reimplantación ureteral tras la cirugía de banco, mientras que en otros 5 la reconstrucción vascular se realizó sin desinsercción ureteral. En todos los casos los injertos fueron perfundidos con Ringer Lactato o Wisconsina 4ºC y protegidos con isquemia fría de superficie. Los tiempos de isquemia oscilaron entre 42 y 89 min. RESULTADOS: Nueve (90%) riñones fueron funcionantes tras el ATR teniendo 8 de ellos función inmediata tras la intervención y uno de ellos función retardada tras un período de necrosis tubular de 6 días de duración. El riñón nunca funcionante correspondió al de la estenosis arterial secundaria a enfermedad de Takayasu. La causa de la pérdida del injerto fue la trombosis de la vena renal. La mortalidad postoperatoria de la serie fue nula (0%). Con un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 72+-13 meses la creatinina media es de 1,6+-0,4 mg/dl (1,1-2,4) y el 70% (7/10) de los pacientes están normotensos sin necesidad de medicación hipotensora. CONCLUSIONES: El ATR, con o sin reconstrucción vascular extracorpórea, es una técnica compleja que tiene indicaciones excepcionales en la actualidad, pero que permite rescatar unidades renales afectas de patología vascular no subsidiarias de angioplastia o revascularización in situ. Así mismo, es una alternativa válida a la interposición de ileon en casos de lesión ureteral extensa (AU)

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the current indications for renal autotransplantation, as well as the technical features, complications and long-term follow-up of the technique. METHODS: From 1990 to 2005 we have performed autotransplantation in 10 patients, 7 adults and 3 children. The indication was established due to vascular pedicle pathology in 8 cases and ureteral lesion in 2. The cause of vascular pathology was: atherosclerotic stenosis (4), dysplastic stenosis (2), Takayasu’s disease stenosis (1), and renal artery aneurysm (1). The patients with ureteral lesion had ureteral stenosis secondary to Crohn’s disease in one case, initially solved by ureteral stent and subsequently obstructed by lithiasic encrustation, and ureteral avulsion in the other case. The vascular grafts employed in the 8 cases with vascular reconstruction were: hypogastric artery 7 cases, and saphena vein in one case. Ureteral reimplantation was necessary in 5 cases after bench surgery; in other five cases vascular reconstruction was performed without ureteral division. All grafts were perfused with 4ºC lactate ringer or Wisconsin solution and protected with surface cold ischemia. Ischemia times ranged from 42 to 89 minutes. RESULTS: Nine kidneys (90%) functioned after autotransplantation, 8 of them had immediate function, and one had delayed graft function after a six-day period of acute tubular necrosis. The kidney with arterial stenosis secondary to Takayasu’s disease never functioned. The cause of graft loss was renal vein thrombosis. Postoperative mortality was zero. After a mean follow-up of 72+/- 13 months mean serum creatinine is 1.6+- 0.4 mg/dl (1.1-2.4) and 70% (7/10) of the patients have normal blood pressure without antihypertensive medication. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, renal autotransplantation, with or without extracorporeal vascular reconstruction, is a complex technique with exceptional indications, but it allows recovering renal units with vascular pathology not amenable to angioplasty or in situ revascularization. It is also a valid alternative to ileal ureteral substitution in cases of extensive ureteral lesion

Utilidad de la ecografía y el Eco-Doppler en el trasplante renal / The usefulness of ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasound in renal transplantation

OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad de la ecografia y el eco-doppler en la evaluación del donante, del receptor, en el seguimiento del trasplante y como técnica de apoyo en la resolución endourológica de las complicaciones del trasplante. MÉTODOS: Una ecografia abdominal fue efectuada en todos los donantes y en todos los receptores potenciales de un injerto renal. Un eco-doppler de las arterias iliacas y de los miembros inferiores se realizó en los receptores con factores de riesgo vascular. Un eco-doppler se practicó en el primer y séptimo días posteriores al trasplante, así como en cualquier momento de disfunción del injerto. RESULTADOS: La ecografia en el receptor permite detectar la existencia de enfermedad quística adquirida de la diálisis, así como evaluar la situación vascular en pacientes con factores de riesgo. En el post-trasplante inmediato es útil en la detección de las complicaciones vasculares, en el diagnóstico de obstrucción y en monitorización de la evolución del rechazo agudo y la necrosis tubular. Finalmente es la técnica de imagen de elección en la instrumentación percutánea endourológica asociada al trasplante renal. CONCLUSIÓN: La ecografía en manos del urólogo es una técnica esencial en la evaluación del receptor, en el seguimiento post-trasplante y en la resolución de las complicaciones

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to analyze the usefulness of ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of transplant donors and recipients, for renal transplant follow-up and for the resolution of surgical complications after renal transplant. METHODS: Abdominal ultrasound was performed in donors and recipients of renal grafts. In the recipients with vascular risk factors a doppler ultrasound of the iliac and lower limb arteries was systematically done. Doppler ultrasound was performed in the first and seventh day after renal transplant, as well as for graft dysfunction at any moment. RESULTS: Recipient ultrasound informs about the existence of acquired renal cystic disease and Doppler ultrasound allows evaluating the vascular state of high risk recipients. In the immediate post-transplant period ultrasound studies are useful for detection of vascular complications, graft obstruction and to control the evolution of acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis. Finally, ultrasound is the technique of choice in the endourological management of surgical complications after renal transplant. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound under urologic control is essential in the evaluation of the kidney transplant recipient, post-transplant follow-up and in the resolution of surgical complications

Inmunosupresión y complicaciones quirúrgicas post-trasplante renal / Immunosuppression and surgical complications after renal transplantation

OBJETIVO: Los nuevos inmunosupresores disminuyen las tasas de rechazo agudo en el transplante renal y mejoran la supervivencia del injerto, aunque modifican la incidencia y tipo de complicaciones quirúrgicas. En este estudio se analiza la incidencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas postransplante renal según el tipo de inmunosupresión recibida. MÉTODOS: Desde enero de 1997 a diciembre de 2004 se han realizado 350 transplantes renales, con edad media de los pacientes de 54.6+/- 6.2 años y tiempo medio de seguimiento de 44+/-5.6 meses. Son diabéticos 30 pacientes (8.5%) y obesos 54 (15.4%) con Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) media de 32.2+/- 6.5 kg/m2. Definimos complicación quirúrgica a cualquier complicación directamente relacionada con el acto quirúrgico durante el primer año tras la intervención. RESULTADOS: Se objetivan un 34.8% de complicaciones generales (122/350). Las complicaciones más frecuentes son las fístulas (7%), estenosis (6.5%), colección (6%), hemorragia (5.7%), complicaciones vasculares (5.1%) y de herida quirúrgica (4.6%). La incidencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas fue semejante para las pautas con y sin MMF. Los tratados con CsA presentan 45.4% de complicaciones frente a los tratados con Tacro que tienen un 30%, con significación estadística para hematoma (3.6% vs. 0.4%, p<0.05), linfocele (8.2% vs. 2.1%, p<0.05), y hemorragia (11.8% vs. 2.9%, p<0.05). La tasa de complicaciones en los tratados con inhibidores mTOR en comparación con los no tratados es del 44% vs. 34.1%, con significación estadística para linfocele (16% vs. 5.2%, p<0.05). El 66.5% de los pacientes obesos presentan complicaciones (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El uso de CsA se asocia a mayor tasa de colecciones (hematoma/linfocele) y hemorragia; los inhibidores de mTOR aumentan el riesgo de linfoceles postransplante; el MMF no aumenta de forma significativa el porcentaje de complicaciones quirúrgicas. La obesidad es un factor de riesgo para las complicaciones quirúrgicas en los pacientes transplantados

OBJECTIVES: The new immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation have diminished the rate of acute rejection and improved graft survival. However, the use of new agents results in the development of surgical complications. The authors analyze the incidence of such complications accordingly to the type of drug. METHODS: This study included 350 kidney transplantations performed between January 1997 and December 2004. The average age was 54 years. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 8.5% and the rate of obese recipients (BMI> 30 kg/m2) was 15.4%. The average follow-up rate was 44+/- 5.6 months (5-96). A surgical complication was defined as any complication directly related to the surgical transplant that occurs along the first year after transplantation. RESULTS: The incidence of surgical complications was 34.8% (122/350). The rates of perigraft collections and bleeding posttransplant were significantly higher in the CsA group than in the Tacro one: 12% vs. 3.8% (p=0.005) and 11.5% vs. 3% (p=0.002). The Sirolimus and Everolimus-based immunosuppresive regimens led to a higher incidence of lymphocele (16% vs. 3.7%) (p= 0.012). There were no significant difference in the incidence of surgical complications in recipients immunosuppressed with and without MMF, and in diabetic vs. no diabetic patients. Surgical complications were higher in obese patients (66.5% vs. 33.5%) (p= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Recipients receiving Sirolimus/Everolimus demonstrated a significantly higher lymphocele rate. The CsA regimens were associated with bleeding and post transplant pararenal fluid collections. The introduction of MMF did not result in a significant increase in posttransplant surgical complications. The obesity was a risk factor associated with those complications