Intracerebroventricular administration of cigarette smoke condensate induced generalized seizures reduced by muscarinic receptor antagonist in rats.

Tobacco smoking is considered the greatest risk factor for early death caused by noncommunicable diseases. Currently, there are more than one billion tobacco smokers in the world predisposed to many diseases including heart attack, stroke, cancer, and premature birth or birth defects related to the consumption of cigarettes. However, studies on the association between tobacco smoking and seizures or epilepsy are insufficient and not well documented. In the present study, the authors examined the convulsive effects of the intracerebroventricular administration of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC, 2µl/Rat) in rats and compared it with the intensity of seizures in the kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure model of epilepsy. The role of the cholinergic system was also investigated by testing the effect of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) antagonist atropine (2ml/kg) on CSC-induced seizures. The results indicate that a central injection of CSC produces an epileptic behavior similar to that induced by KA, the similarities include the following parameters: time latency of seizures, latency and duration of tonic-clonic seizures, duration of seizures, survival, and tonic-clonic rate. However, a pretreatment with atropine reduced seizures and all their parameters.

Buthus lienhardi venom and pathophysiological effects at the histological, hematological, biochemical and motor skills levels.

The present study investigated the toxic effects of B. lienhardi venom, at the histological, hematological, biochemical and motor skill levels following a subcutaneous injection of different doses of venom. The LD50 of B. lienhardi scorpion venom was found to be 0.27 mg/Kg by subcutaneous injection route. The results clearly indicate that B. lienhardi venom induces massive tissue damages in the organs, such as lungs, heart, kidneys and liver together with hematological impairments manifested by decreased levels of both red and white series. We further demonstrated that scorpion venom is able to alter motor system by inducing motor incoordination and reducing muscle strength. The overall results confirm that the venom from B. lienhardi primarily is a highly toxic agent and has cardiotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic activity.

Effect of Artemisia herba-alba consumption during pregnancy on fertility, morphological and behaviors of mice offspring.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pregnant women prefer herbal medicines more than pharmaceutical drugs due to the cultural belief that herbs are more suffer during pregnancy for an accurate foetus development. Artemisia herba-alba (Asteraceae) is one of the most used plants in the Mediterranean region to treat various diseases including diabetes, hypertension, spasmodic dysphonia and some bacterial infection. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Artemisia herba-alba consumption during pregnancy on fertility, physical and behavior developments of mice offspring from birth-to-weaning days. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female pregnant mice were divided into three groups and orally administrated with 80 and 150 mg/kg/day of the methanol extract of Artemisia h.a respectively, during the entire period of gestation. At birth, total fertility rate was counted. Body development; neuromotor reflex and behavior were also examined in mice offspring RESULTS: Artemisia h.a (Aha) exposure significantly decreased the fertility ratio in both Aha-treated groups and increased the weight and length of mice offspring in 80 mg/kg/day Aha-exposed group. Moreover, Aha administration prolonged the time of completing the reflex response of surface righting, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance and jumping test of mice offspring in Aha-exposed groups. CONCLUSION: The present study provides strong evidence that discourage the use of Artemisia h.a during gestation period.

Paraphenylene diamine exacerbates platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in response to a low dose of collagen.

Paraphenylene daimine (PPD) is an aromatic amine that is widely used in several industrial products; however, its toxicity has been reported in several cases of cardiac arrests. As platelets play a key role in cardiovascular diseases, we aimed to determine the impact of PPD in vitro and in vivo on platelet function. Our findings demonstrated that platelet activation and aggregation were strongly enhanced by PPD. Treatment with PPD primed human platelets that became more reactive in response to low doses of collagen. Furthermore, PPD exacerbated thrombus formation in rats in comparison with those untreated. Our results suggest that PPD is an important platelet primer predisposing platelets to promote thrombus formation in response to vascular injury. This should prompt the authorities to consider controlling the marketing of this product.