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Advancements in nanotechnology were vastly applied in medicine and pharmacy, especially in the field of nano-delivery systems. It took a long time for these systems to ensure precise delivery of very delicate molecules, such as RNA, to cells at concentrations that yield remarkable efficiency, with success rates reaching 95.0% and 94.5%. These days, there are several advantages of using nanotechnological solutions in the prevention and treatment of cancer and viral infections. Its interventions improve treatment outcomes both due to increased effectiveness of the drug at target location and by reducing adverse reactions, thereby increasing patient adherence to the therapy. Based on the current knowledge an updated review was made, and perspective, opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine were discussed. The methods employed include comprehensive examination of existing literature and studies on nanoparticles and nano-delivery systems including both in vitro tests performed on cell cultures and in vivo assessments carried out on appropriate animal models, with a specific emphasis on their applications in oncology and virology. This brings together various aspects including both structure and formation as well as its association with characteristic behaviour in organisms, providing a novel perspective. Furthermore, the practical application of these systems in medicine and pharmacy with a focus on viral diseases and malignancies was explored. This review can serve as a valuable guide for fellow researchers, helping them navigate the abundance of findings in this field. The results indicate that applications of nanotechnological solutions for the delivery of medicinal products improving therapeutic outcomes will continue to expand.
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Background: Coronary artery disease as a consequence of atherosclerosis is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients. Homocysteine (HCY), as one of the risk factors, and uric acid (UA) as the most common antioxidant in serum have their roles in the processes of inflammation and atherogenesis, which underlie the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The effect of HCY in cardiovascular disease is thought to be manifested primarily through oxidative damage, implying a potential correlation between the HCY level and antioxidant status. Since the data related to the diagnostic significance of both HCY and UA in diabetic patients with AMI are conflicting, and so far not reported in Bosnian patients, this research aimed to examine the association of HCY and UA levels with glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and explore the pathophysiological significance of these data in Bosnian diabetic patients with AMI. Methods: This prospective research included 52 DM type 2 patients diagnosed with AMI. Blood samples were taken on admission and used for biochemical analysis. Results of the biochemical analyses were statistically analysed. Results: Elevated HCY and UA levels were observed in diabetic patients. Females have higher HCY compared to males. A positive correlation was revealed between HCY and UA and was confirmed with different HCY levels in subgroups with different UA level. A negative correlation was observed between UA and HbA1c, as well as between both HCY and UA with eGFR. Conclusions: These results contribute to the clarification of the biochemical mechanisms characteristic in AMI patients with DM. According to these results, we believe that joint measurement of HCY and UA could enable a better assessment of the prognosis for this group of patients. This kind of assessment, as well as regression analysis, can identify high-risk patients at an earlier stage when appropriate interventions can influence a better outcome in such patients.
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Aim To determine the relationship of homocysteine (HCY), uric acid (UA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) prior to application of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and their level of correlation in serum of patients with normal and elevated CRP (predictor of worse cardiovascular outcomes). Methods The study involved 85 patients with diagnosed AMI. Before the PCI, venous blood samples were taken into the vacuum test tubes. The analysis of HCY, UA, inflammatory markers CRP and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as well as lipoprotein status were performed on a different type of analysers and according to accepted protocols of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Results Elevated level of both HCY and UA in AMI patients as well as a positive correlation between HCY and UA level was observed. Classification of patients on the basis of mean UA concentration showed significant difference at the level of HCY concentration (p=0.022). Conclusion Since HCY and UA participate in the atherosclerotic process and their metabolism, as well as the effects on the cardiovascular system show significant overlaps, their serum level should be analysed synchronously with the level of CRP and NLR (indicators of significant inflammatory process in vessels). Considering a potential link between all parameters observed, further research involving a greater number of patients and including the post treatment effects should be conducted.