Characterizing Psychological Resources and Resilience in Patients With Bladder Cancer: Associations With Frailty and Quality of Life.

PURPOSE: Resilience, the ability to maintain or restore baseline function after a stressor, remains unexplored in patients with bladder cancer. Our objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of prospectively characterizing baseline resilience, related psychological resources, and frailty in patients with bladder cancer and evaluate associations with quality-of-life and mental health outcomes over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled patients with bladder cancer (N = 67, September 2020-July 2021) into a prospective, observational, cohort study. At intake, patients completed validated assessments of frailty domains and psychological resources (resilience, psychological capital, self-compassion, and thriving, collectively PsyResources). Validated quality-of-life surveys were completed at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment selection. Correlation matrices were constructed to quantify correlations between baseline PsyResources and frailty measures (reported with Spearman correlation coefficient [ρ]). Associations between PsyResources and quality-of-life outcomes were evaluated with linear regression. RESULTS: The median age was 71 years (83.6% male), and 77.6% had muscle-invasive bladder cancer (cN+: 21%, M1: 7.6%). Baseline PsyResources were inversely correlated with the Geriatric Depression Scale (ρ = -0.50 to 0.65, P < .0001). Higher baseline PsyResources were associated with improved global symptoms and emotional function and decreased anxiety and depression over time (B: -0.17 to -2.5; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We present the first prospective characterization of baseline PsyResources in patients with bladder cancer. We observed positive correlations with improved mental health and quality-of-life outcomes over time. Ongoing work is exploring the relationship between resilience, frailty domains, and their role in functional recovery after treatment. Future work is needed to understand associations between PsyResources and treatment tolerance, recovery trajectories, and oncologic outcomes.

Factors Associated with Hospital Length of Stay and Adverse Events following Percutaneous Ablation of Lung Tumors.

PURPOSE: To explore the association between risk factors established in the surgical literature and hospital length of stay (HLOS), adverse events, and hospital readmission within 30 days after percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation of lung tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This bi-institutional retrospective cohort study included 131 consecutive adult patients (67 men [51%]; median age, 65 years) with 180 primary or metastatic lung tumors treated in 131 sessions (74 cryoablation and 57 microwave ablation) from 2006 to 2019. Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, sex, performance status, smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), primary lung cancer versus pulmonary metastases, number of tumors treated per session, maximum axial tumor diameter, ablation modality, number of pleural punctures, anesthesia type, pulmonary artery-to-aorta ratio, lung densitometry, sarcopenia, and adipopenia were evaluated. Associations between risk factors and outcomes were assessed using univariable and multivariable generalized linear models. RESULTS: In univariable analysis, HLOS was associated with current smoking (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 4.54 [1.23-16.8]; P = .02), COPD (IRR, 3.56 [1.40-9.04]; P = .01), cryoablations with ≥3 pleural punctures (IRR, 3.13 [1.07-9.14]; P = .04), general anesthesia (IRR, 10.8 [4.18-27.8]; P < .001), and sarcopenia (IRR, 2.66 [1.10-6.44]; P = .03). After multivariable adjustment, COPD (IRR, 3.56 [1.57-8.11]; P = .003) and general anesthesia (IRR, 12.1 [4.39-33.5]; P < .001) were the only risk factors associated with longer HLOS. No associations were observed between risk factors and adverse events in multivariable analysis. Tumors treated per session were associated with risk of hospital readmission (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Identified preprocedural risk factors from the surgical literature may aid in risk stratification for HLOS after percutaneous ablation of lung tumors, but were not associated with adverse events.

Utility of Noncancerous Chest CT Features for Predicting Overall Survival and Noncancer Death in Patients With Stage I Lung Cancer Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND. Noncancerous imaging markers can be readily derived from pre-treatment diagnostic and radiotherapy planning chest CT examinations. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article was to explore the ability of noncancerous features on chest CT to predict overall survival (OS) and noncancer-related death in patients with stage I lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). METHODS. This retrospective study included 282 patients (168 female, 114 male; median age, 75 years) with stage I lung cancer treated with SBRT between January 2009 and June 2017. Pretreatment chest CT was used to quantify coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, pulmonary artery (PA)-to-aorta ratio, emphysema, and body composition in terms of the cross-sectional area and attenuation of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue at the T5, T8, and T10 vertebral levels. Associations of clinical and imaging features with OS were quantified using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards (PH) model. Penalized multivariable Cox PH models to predict OS were constructed using clinical features only and using both clinical and imaging features. The models' discriminatory ability was assessed by constructing time-varying ROC curves and computing AUC at prespecified times. RESULTS. After a median OS of 60.8 months (95% CI, 55.8-68.0), 148 (52.5%) patients had died, including 83 (56.1%) with noncancer deaths. Higher CAC score (11-399: hazard ratio [HR], 1.83 [95% CI, 1.15-2.91], p = .01; ≥ 400: HR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.01-2.63], p = .04), higher PA-to-aorta ratio (HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.16-1.52], p < .001, per 0.1-unit increase), and lower thoracic skeletal muscle index (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.79-0.98], p = .02, per 10-cm2/m2 increase) were independently associated with shorter OS. Discriminatory ability for 5-year OS was greater for the model including clinical and imaging features than for the model including clinical features only (AUC, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.68-0.83] vs 0.61 [95% CI, 0.53-0.70]; p < .01). The model's most important clinical or imaging feature according to mean standardized regression coefficients was the PA-to-aorta ratio. CONCLUSION. In patients undergoing SBRT for stage I lung cancer, higher CAC score, higher PA-to-aorta ratio, and lower thoracic skeletal muscle index independently predicted worse OS. CLINICAL IMPACT. Noncancerous imaging features on chest CT performed before SBRT improve survival prediction compared with clinical features alone.

Muscle Loss Is Associated with Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Independent of Tumor Mutational Status and Weight Loss.

BACKGROUND: Survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has been associated with tumor mutational status, muscle loss, and weight loss. We sought to explore the combined effects of these variables on overall survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational cohort study, prospectively enrolling patients receiving chemotherapy for mCRC. We retrospectively assessed changes in muscle (using computed tomography) and weight, each dichotomized as >5% or ≤5% loss, at 3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis of mCRC. We used regression models to assess relationships between tumor mutational status, muscle loss, weight loss, and overall survival. Additionally, we evaluated associations between muscle loss, weight loss, and tumor mutational status. RESULTS: We included 226 patients (mean age 59 ± 13 years, 53% male). Tumor mutational status included 44% wild type, 42% RAS-mutant, and 14% BRAF-mutant. Patients with >5% muscle loss at 3 and 12 months experienced worse survival controlling for mutational status and weight (3 months hazard ratio, 2.66; p < .001; 12 months hazard ratio, 2.10; p = .031). We found an association of >5% muscle loss with BRAF-mutational status at 6 and 12 months. Weight loss was not associated with survival nor mutational status. CONCLUSION: Increased muscle loss at 3 and 12 months may identify patients with mCRC at risk for decreased overall survival, independent of tumor mutational status. Specifically, >5% muscle loss identifies patients within each category of tumor mutational status with decreased overall survival in our sample. Our findings suggest that quantifying muscle loss on serial computed tomography scans may refine survival estimates in patients with mCRC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In this study of 226 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, it was found that losing >5% skeletal muscle at 3 and 12 months after the diagnosis of metastatic disease was associated with worse overall survival, independent of tumor mutational status and weight loss. Interestingly, results did not show a significant association between weight loss and overall survival. These findings suggest that muscle quantification on serial computed tomography may refine survival estimates in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer beyond mutational status.

Associations of Skeletal Muscle With Symptom Burden and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Low muscle mass (quantity) is common in patients with advanced cancer, but little is known about muscle radiodensity (quality). We sought to describe the associations of muscle mass and radiodensity with symptom burden, healthcare use, and survival in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized patients with advanced cancer from September 2014 through May 2016. Upon admission, patients reported their physical (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System [ESAS]) and psychological (Patient Health Questionnaire-4 [PHQ-4]) symptoms. We used CT scans performed per routine care within 45 days before enrollment to evaluate muscle mass and radiodensity. We used regression models to examine associations of muscle mass and radiodensity with patients' symptom burden, healthcare use (hospital length of stay and readmissions), and survival. RESULTS: Of 1,121 patients enrolled, 677 had evaluable muscle data on CT (mean age, 62.86 ± 12.95 years; 51.1% female). Older age and female sex were associated with lower muscle mass (age: B, -0.16; P<.001; female: B, -6.89; P<.001) and radiodensity (age: B, -0.33; P<.001; female: B, -1.66; P=.014), and higher BMI was associated with higher muscle mass (B, 0.58; P<.001) and lower radiodensity (B, -0.61; P<.001). Higher muscle mass was significantly associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.97; P<.001). Notably, higher muscle radiodensity was significantly associated with lower ESAS-Physical (B, -0.17; P=.016), ESAS-Total (B, -0.29; P=.002), PHQ-4-Depression (B, -0.03; P=.006), and PHQ-4-Anxiety (B, -0.03; P=.008) symptoms, as well as decreased hospital length of stay (B, -0.07; P=.005), risk of readmission or death in 90 days (odds ratio, 0.97; P<.001), and improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.97; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although muscle mass (quantity) only correlated with survival, we found that muscle radiodensity (quality) was associated with patients' symptoms, healthcare use, and survival. These findings underscore the added importance of assessing muscle quality when seeking to address adverse muscle changes in oncology.

Significance of Acquisition Parameters for Adipose Tissue Segmentation on CT Images.

OBJECTIVE. CT-based body composition analysis quantifies skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. However, acquisition parameters and quality can vary between CT images obtained for clinical care, which may lead to unreliable measurements and systematic error. The purpose of this study was to estimate the influence of IV contrast medium, tube current-exposure time product, tube potential, and slice thickness on cross-sectional area (CSA) and mean attenuation of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and inter-muscular adipose tissue (IMAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively analyzed 244 images from 105 patients. We applied semiautomated threshold-based segmentation to CTA, dual-energy CT, and CT images acquired as part of PET examinations. An axial image at the level of the third lumbar vertebral body was extracted from each examination to generate 139 image pairs. Images from each pair were obtained with the same scanner, from the same patient, and during the same examination. Each image pair varied in only one acquisition parameter, which allowed us to estimate the effect of the parameter using one-sample t or median tests and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS. IV contrast medium application reduced CSA in each adipose tissue compartment, with percentage change ranging from -0.4% (p = .03) to -9.3% (p < .001). Higher tube potential reduced SAT CSA (median percentage change, -4.2%; p < .001) and VAT CSA (median percentage change, -2.8%; p = .001) and increased IMAT CSA (median percentage change, -5.4%; p = .001). Thinner slices increased CSA in the VAT (mean percentage change, 3.0%; p = .005) and IMAT (median percentage change, 17.3%; p < .001) compartments. Lower tube current-exposure time product had a variable effect on CSA (median percentage change, -3.2% for SAT [p < .001], -12.6% for VAT [p = .001], and 58.8% for IMAT [p < .001]). IV contrast medium and higher tube potential increased mean attenuation, with percentage change ranging from 0.8% to 1.7% (p < .05) and from 6.2% to 20.8% (p < .001), respectively. Conversely, thinner slice and lower tube current-exposure time product reduced mean attenuation, with percentage change ranging from -5.4% to -1.0% (p < .001) and from -8.7% to -1.8% (p < .001), respectively. CONCLUSION. Acquisition parameters significantly affect CSA and mean attenuation of adipose tissue. Details of acquisition parameters used for CT-based body composition analysis need to be scrutinized and reported to facilitate interpretation of research studies.

Impact of acute-on-chronic liver failure and decompensated liver cirrhosis on psychosocial burden and quality of life of patients and their close relatives.

BACKGROUND: Patients with liver cirrhosis often suffer from complications such as ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and infections, resulting in impaired quality of life. Frequently, the close relatives of patients also suffer from a lower quality of life in chronic diseases. In recent years, acute-to-chronic liver failure has been defined as a separate entity with high mortality. Often several organs are affected which makes intensive care therapy necessary. Little is known about the influence of acute-on-chronic-liver failure (ACLF) on the quality of life of patients and the psychosocial burden on close relatives. AIM: The purpose of this prospective study is to investigate the influence of decompensated liver cirrhosis and the onset of ACLF of the patient's' quality of life and the psychosocial burden of close relatives. METHOD: In this non - randomized prospective cohort study a total of 63 patients with acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis and hospital admission were enrolled in the study. To assess the quality of life of patients, the disease specific CLDQ questionnaire was assessed. In addition. Quality of life and psychosocial burden of first degree relatives was measured using the generic SF-36 questionnaire as well as the Zarit Burden Score. RESULTS: 21 of the 63 patients suffered from ACLF. Patients with ACLF showed a lower quality of life in terms of worries compared to patients with only decompensated liver cirrhosis (3,57 ± 1,17 vs. 4,48 ± 1,27; p value: 0,008) and increased systemic symptoms (3,29 ± 1,19 vs. 4,48 ± 1,58; p value: 0,004). The univariate analysis confirmed the link between the existence of an ACLF and the concerns of patients. (p value: 0,001). The organ failure score was significantly associated with overall CLDQ scores, especially with worries and systemic symptoms of patients. Interestingly the psychosocial burden and quality of life of close relative correlates with patient's quality of life and was influenced by the onset of an acute-on-chronic liver failure. CONCLUSION: Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis suffer from impaired quality of life. In particular, patients with ACLF have a significantly reduced quality of life. The extent of the psychosocial burden on close relative correlates with poor quality of life in patients with decompensated liver disease and is influenced by the existence of ACLF.

[Hepatocellular carcinoma]. / Das hepatozelluläre Karzinom.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor and is the most common cause of death in patients with underlying liver cirrhosis. The main risk factor for development of HCC is liver cirrhosis. Because of the increasing frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the incidence of HCC is also expected to considerably rise in Western countries in upcoming years. Identification and surveillance of patients at risk is crucial because curative treatment approaches can only be applied at early stages of the disease. Due to underlying liver cirrhosis, therapeutic strategies are limited and require intense interdisciplinary cooperation and multimodal approaches. However, a strong morphological and genetic heterogeneity of HCC remains a major challenge for development of new treatment modalities and demands personalized precision medicine approaches in order to improve patient outcome.

High-definition endoscopy with iScan and Lugol's solution for the detection of inflammation in patients with nonerosive reflux disease: histologic evaluation in comparison with a control group.

Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is commonly diagnosed in patients with symptoms of reflux. The aim of the present study was to determine whether high-definition endoscopy (HD) plus equipped with the iScan function or chromoendoscopy with Lugol's solution might permit the differentiation of NERD patients from those without reflux symptoms, proven by targeted biopsies of endoscopic lesions. A total of 100 patients without regular intake of proton pump inhibitors and with a normal conventional upper endoscopy were prospectively divided into NERD patients and controls. A second upper endoscopy was performed using HD+ with additional iScan function and then Lugol's solution was applied. Biopsy specimens were taken from the gastroesophageal junction in all patients. A total of 65 patients with reflux symptoms and 27 controls were included. HD(+) endoscopy with iScan revealed subtle mucosal breaks in 52 patients; the subsequent biopsies confirmed esophagitis in all cases. After Lugol's solution, 58 patients showed mucosal breaks. Sensitivity for the iScan procedure was 82.5%, whereas that for Lugol's solution was 92.06%. Excellent positive predictive values of 100% and 98.3%, respectively, were noted. The present study suggests that the majority of patients with NERD and typical symptoms of reflux disease can be identified by iScan or Lugol's chromoendoscopy as minimal erosive reflux disease (ERD) patients.

[Validation of the German version of the Oxford Elbow Score : A cross-sectional study]. / Validierung der deutschen Version des Oxford Elbow Score : Eine Querschnittsstudie.

BACKGROUND: Elbow complaints are complex problems leading to severe consequences for affected people and the healthcare system. The German version of the Oxford Elbow Score (OES) is the first German-speaking instrument that specifically measures elbow complaints from the patient's perspective and changes of their health status. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is the validation of the German version of the OES. In this context the internal consistency and the construct validity were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 59 patients with elbow complaints completed the German version of the OES, the DASH and the SF-36 in a cross-sectional study. The internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to confirm construct validity. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for pain, function and psychological subscales was 0.88, 0.81 and 0.90, respectively. The whole questionnaire presents a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.93. Convergent construct validity was confirmed with correlation coefficients containing values of -0.84, -0.77 and -0.82 compared to DASH and values ranging from 0.41 to 0.80 compared with the physical domains of the SF-36. The divergent construct validity presented values ranging from 0.07 to 0.20 with the SF-36 domains of "general health perception" and "mental health". CONCLUSION: The German OES is an internal consistent instrument with good convergent and divergent construct validity. Other aspects of the validity, the reliability and the responsiveness should be confirmed through further studies.

[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and haemorrhagic shock at the end of the holidays: pre-hospital and in-hospital management of a gastrointestinal emergency]. / Obere gastrointestinale Blutung mit hämorrhagischem Schock am Ende einer Urlaubsreise: Präklinische und innerklinische Versorgung eines gastrointestinalen Notfalls.

Upon returning from holidays, a 55-year-old patient presenting with melena and haemorrhagic shock was admitted to a University hospital after receiving first emergency medical care in a German InterCity train. In an interdisciplinary effort, haemodynamics were stabilised and the airway and respiratory function were secured. Under emergency care conditions the patient then underwent an emergency upper GI endoscopy where a spurting arterial upper gastrointestinal bleeding (Forrest 1a) was found. While the bleeding could not be controlled with endoscopic techniques, definitive haemostasis was achieved with a surgical laparotomy. While not commonly established for patients with severe GI bleeding, by spontaneous implementation of an interdisciplinary trauma room approach following established trauma algorithms the team was able to achieve stabilisation of vital functions and final control of bleeding in this highly unstable patient. Although the majority of upper gastrointestinal bleedings spontaneously cease, emergency care algorithms should be developed and implemented for patients with severe gastrointestinal bleedings in shock. Following the case vignette, we discuss a potential approach and develop an exemplary protocol for shock room management in this patient subgroup.

Mitochondrial topoisomerase I (Top1MT) prevents the onset of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in mice.

High fat (HF) diet is a major factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and steatohepatis (MASH), and mitochondria have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of HF diet-induced MASH. Because Mitochondrial topoisomerase I (Top1MT) is exclusively present in mitochondria and Top1MT knock-out mice are viable, we were able to assess the role of Top1MT in the development of MASH. We show that after 16 weeks of HF diet, mice lacking Top1MT are prone to the development of severe MASH characterized by liver steatosis, lobular inflammation and hepatocyte damage. Mice lacking Top1MT also show prominent mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, accompanied by hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In summary, our study demonstrates the importance of Top1MT in sustaining hepatocyte functions and suppressing MASH.

Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Reference Values From the Framingham Heart Study Thoracic and Abdominal CT.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) captures the quantity, density, and distribution of subcutaneous and visceral (SAT and VAT) adipose tissue compartments. These metrics may change with age and sex. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to provide age-, sex-, and vertebral level-specific reference values for SAT on chest CT and for SAT and VAT on abdomen CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This secondary analysis of an observational study describes SAT and VAT measurements in participants of the Framingham Heart Study without known cancer diagnosis who underwent at least 1 of 2 CT examinations between 2002 and 2011. We used a previously validated machine learning-assisted pipeline and rigorous quality assurance to segment SAT at the fifth, eighth, and tenth thoracic vertebra (T5, T8, T10) and SAT and VAT at the third lumbar vertebra (L3). For each metric, we measured cross-sectional area (cm2) and mean attenuation (Hounsfield units [HU]) and calculated index (area/height2) (cm2/m2) and gauge (attenuation × index) (HU × cm2/m2). We summarized body composition metrics by age and sex and modeled sex-, age-, and vertebral level-specific reference curves. RESULTS: We included 14,898 single-level measurements from up to 4 vertebral levels of 3797 scans of 3730 Framingham Heart Study participants (1889 [51%] male with a mean [standard deviation] age of 55.6 ± 10.6 years; range, 38-81 years). The mean VAT index increased with age from 65 (cm2/m2) in males and 29 (cm2/m2) in females in the <45-year-old age group to 99 (cm2/m2) in males and 60 (cm2/m2) in females in >75-year-old age group. The increase of SAT with age was less pronounced, resulting in the VAT/SAT ratio increasing with age. A free R package and online interactive visual web interface allow access to reference values. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes age-, sex-, and vertebral level-specific reference values for CT-assessed SAT at vertebral levels T5, T8, T10, and L3 and VAT at vertebral level L3.

A Multicenter Evaluation of Treatment-associated Changes in Body Composition in Men With Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis: Implications for Adverse Events and Complications.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize changes in body composition following cytotoxic chemotherapy for germ cell carcinoma of the testis (GCT) and quantify associations between body composition metrics and chemotherapy-associated adverse events (AEs) and post-retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective multi-center study included 216 men with GCT treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or RPLND (2005-2020). We measured body composition including skeletal muscle (SMI), visceral adipose (VAI,), subcutaneous adipose (SAI), and fat mass (FMI) indices on computed tomography. We quantified chemotherapy-associated changes in body composition and evaluated associations between body composition and incidence of grade 3 + AEs and post-RPLND complications on multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-two men received a median of 3 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Following chemotherapy, median change in SMI was -6% (P = <.0001), while VAI, SAI, and FMI increased by +13% (P = <.0001), +11% (P = <.0001), and +6% (P = <.0001), respectively. Seventy-nine patients (43%) experienced at least one grade 3 + AE. A decrease in SMI following chemotherapy was associated with increased risk of grade 3 + AEs (P = .047). One hundred and 3 men with a median age of 28.5 years (IQR 23-35.5) underwent RPLND of whom 22 (21.3%) experienced at least 1 grade 3 + post-RPLND complication. No baseline body composition metrics were associated with post-RPLND complications. CONCLUSION: In men with GCT of the testis, chemotherapy was associated with 6% loss of lean muscle mass and gains in adiposity. Lower skeletal muscle was associated with a higher incidence of chemotherapy-associated AEs. Body composition was not associated with the incidence of post-RPLND complications.

[Personalised hepatology - current concepts, developments and expectations in the post-genome era]. / Personalisierte Hepatologie - Gegenwärtige Konzepte, Entwicklungen und Erwartungen im Postgenomzeitalter.

Promoted by the decoding of the human genome as part of the human genome project, individualised therapy approaches have become a realistic perspective for therapies that are more effective, less prone to side effects and economically reasonable. This also applies to chronic liver disease. With the aim not only to expand the current knowledge base through basic research on the underlying disease processes and treatment options but also to identify and characterise biomarkers, the creation of genetic fingerprints for individualised diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of patients takes its place in the centre of translational hepatology. For certain liver diseases personalised therapy approaches are already existent. Examples are the determination of viral genotypes, viral kinetics and genotyping of the IL28B polymorphism to optimise the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The challenges of the next few years relate to the broadening of the knowledge base, the establishment of reliable and standardised technologies, and the development of intelligent bioinformatics strategies for data analysis and data integration. The following review not only summarises the current state of progress and possibilities of personalised medicine in hepatological diseases, but also explains the technical background of the limitations that currently hinder a consistent clinical implementation.