RESUMEN
Development of a universal influenza vaccine is a research priority for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health. To facilitate this goal, we convened a workshop in Rockville, Maryland to identify knowledge gaps in influenza research and develop strategies to fill them.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Gripe Humana/inmunología , Animales , Hurones , Humanos , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Gripe Humana/virología , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.) , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/prevención & control , Vacunas contra el SIDA/inmunología , Vacunas contra el SIDA/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/virología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Salud Global , HumanosAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Aprobación de Drogas , Urgencias Médicas , Salud Pública , Humanos , Brotes de Enfermedades/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Urgencias Médicas/epidemiología , Aprobación de Drogas/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Presidential administrations face any number of unexpected crises during their tenure, and global pandemics are among the most challenging. As of January 2017, one of the authors had served under 5 presidents as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. During each administration, the government faced unexpected pandemics, ranging from the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which began during the Reagan administration, to the recent Zika outbreak in the Americas, which started during the Obama administration. These experiences underscored the need to optimize preparation for and response to these threats whenever and wherever they emerge. This article recounts selected outbreaks occurring during this period and highlights lessons that were learned that can be applied to the infectious disease threats that will inevitably be faced in the current presidential administration and beyond.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/historia , Pandemias/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , PolíticaAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Vacuna Antisarampión , Sarampión/epidemiología , Adulto , Movimiento Anti-Vacunación , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Salud Global , Humanos , Sarampión/complicaciones , Sarampión/prevención & control , Sarampión/transmisión , Embarazo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/terapia , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/terapia , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Animales , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Ebolavirus/inmunología , Humanos , RatonesAsunto(s)
Enfermedad de Lyme , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas , Animales , Humanos , Ixodes/microbiología , Enfermedad de Lyme/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Lyme/prevención & control , Enfermedad de Lyme/transmisión , Vacunas contra Enfermedad de Lyme , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/epidemiología , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/prevención & control , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/transmisión , Garrapatas/microbiología , Garrapatas/virología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Vacunas ViralesRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: The development of antibiotics is considered among the most important advances of modern science. Antibiotics have saved millions of lives. However, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens this progress and presents significant risks to human health. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with AMR, the current epidemiology of important resistant organisms, and possible solutions to the AMR problem. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, AND DATA SYNTHESIS: PubMed (2000-2016), NIH REPORTER, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for articles and entries related to AMR, focusing on epidemiology, clinical effects of AMR, discovery of novel agents to treat AMR bacterial infections, and nonpharmacological strategies to eliminate or modify AMR bacteria. In addition to articles and entries found in these databases, selected health policy reports and public health guidance documents were reviewed. Of 217 articles, databases, and reports identified, 103 were selected for review. RESULTS: The increase in AMR has been driven by a diverse set of factors, including inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and sales, use of antibiotics outside of the health care sector, and genetic factors intrinsic to bacteria. The problem has been exacerbated by inadequate economic incentives for pharmaceutical development of new antimicrobial agents. A range of specific AMR concerns, including carbapenem- and colistin-resistant gram-negative organisms, pose a clinical challenge. Alternative approaches to address the AMR threat include new methods of antibacterial drug identification and strategies that neutralize virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Antimicrobial resistance poses significant challenges for current clinical care. Modified use of antimicrobial agents and public health interventions, coupled with novel antimicrobial strategies, may help mitigate the effect of multidrug-resistant organisms in the future.
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Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Neumonía Viral/transmisión , COVID-19 , Resfriado Común , Coronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Humanos , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/diagnóstico , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/transmisiónRESUMEN
While the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic continues, the incidence of HIV infections has fallen because of the deployment of antiretroviral drugs and multiple prevention modalities. To achieve a durable end to the pandemic, a vaccine remains essential. Recent advances in vaccinology offer new promise for an effective HIV vaccine.