Education Level Modulates the Presence of Poststroke Depression and Anxiety, But It Depends on Age.

ABSTRACT: Depression and anxiety are common complications after stroke and little is known about the modulatory roles of education and age. Our study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effects of education level on anxiety and depression after stroke and their effect on each age group. Adults with first stroke took part in this cross-sectional observational clinical study. We used the following instruments: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Barthel index, and Functional Independence Measure. There were 89 patients. The mean (SD) age was 58.01 (13) years, mean (SD) years of education was 9.91 (5.22), 55.1% presented depression symptoms and 47.2% anxiety symptoms, 56.2% were young adults and 43.8% were older adults. We identified a negative association between education and anxiety score ( r = -0. 269, p = 0.011) and depression score ( r = -0.252, p = 0.017). In the linear regression analysis, we found that education is negatively associated with HADS, but this influence was more consistent in young adults. In conclusion, a higher education level reduces the risk of depression and anxiety, but their effect is less consistent in older adults.

Manifest anxiety and quality of life in schoolchildren with ADHD during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The pandemic generated by COVID-19 forced the governments of all countries to enter into quarantine, modifying the daily coexistence among family members.

Ansiedad manifiesta y calidad de vida en escolares con TDAH durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 / Manifest anxiety and quality of life in schoolchildren with adhd during covid-19 pandemic confinement

La pandemia generada por COVID-19 obligó a los gobiernos de todos los países entrar en cuarentena, modificando la convivencia diaria entre los miembros de la familia. Objetivo. Evaluar la Ansiedad manifiesta y la Calidad de vida en escolares con TDAH durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19.Método. Estudio transversal comparativo, observacional, no experimental de 105 escolares con TDAH y 80 formado por el Grupo Control evaluados con la Escala de Ansiedad manifiesta en niños Revisada (CMAS-R). Y la calidad de vida con el cuestionario (AUQUEI).Los escolares fueron diagnosticados con TDAH en el Laboratorio de Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, y tratados con terapia Cognitivo Conductual (TCC)para control de sus síntomas conductuales, antes de la Pandemia y fueron invitados a través del consentimiento informado de sus padres a participar en esta investigación. Resultados. El cuestionario CMAS-R mostró diferencias significativas en sus cinco dimensiones entre los grupos con diferente subtipo de TDAH y el grupo control. Y el cuestionario AUQUEI mostró diferencias en 4 de sus 5 dimensiones entre escolares con y grupo control 3 de 5 factores entre los subtipos combinado e hiperactivo impulsivo y grupo control y entre el subtipo combinado y el hiperactivo Impulsivo. Hubo correlaciones entre: Ocio, Ansiedad Fisiológica, Calidad de vida total e Inquietud/Hipersensibilidad; así como entre Separación, Rendimientos y Ansiedad total en el subtipo TDAH-Combinado y Grupo Control. Conclusiones. Se observó aumento en los indicadores de ansiedad y disminución en su calidad de vida, en los escolares con TDAH. (AU)

The pandemic generated by COVID-19 forced the governments of all countries to enter into quarantine,modifying the daily coexistence among family members. Objective: To evaluate manifest anxiety and quality oflife in school children with ADHD during confinement due tothe COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Comparative, observational, non-experimental cross-sectional study of 105 schoolchildren with ADHD and80 in the Control Group evaluated with the “Manifest Anxiety in Children Scale-Revised (CMAS-R)”. And the quality oflife with the questionnaire (AUQUEI).The school children were diagnosed with ADHD in the Neurosciences Laboratory of the National Rehabilitation Institute, and treated with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)to control their behavioral symptoms, before the Pandemicand were invited through the informed consent of their parents to participate in this research. Results. The CMAS-R questionnaire showed significant differences in its five dimensions between the groups withdifferent ADHD subtypes and the control group. And the AUQUEI questionnaire showed differences in 4 of its 5 dimensions between school children with and control group 3of 5 factors between the combined and hyperactive impulsive subtypes and control group and between the combined subtype and the hyperactive impulsive subtype. There were correlations between: Leisure, Physiological Anxiety, Total Quality of Life and Restlessness/Hypersensitivity; as well as between Separation, Achievement and TotalAnxiety in the ADHD-Combined subtype and Control Group. Conclusions. An increase in anxiety indicators and a decrease in their quality of life were observed in schoolchildren with ADHD. (AU)