Sweet Syndrome: Clinical Presentation, Malignancy Association, Autoinflammatory Disorders and Treatment Response in a Cohort of 93 Patients with Long-term Follow-up.

Sweet syndrome is a neutrophilic dermatosis associated with multiple disorders. This retrospective case-series study of patients with Sweet syndrome in a tertiary hospital in Spain from 2001 to 2021, explores clinicopathological characteristics of Sweet syndrome and variables associated with malignancy, presence of autoinflammatory disorders and differences between histological subtypes. A total of 93 patients were identified: 30% idiopathic, 34% malignancy-associated, 29% reactive to infections or drug-associated, and 6% with an autoimmune/inflammatory condition. Acute myeloid leukaemia was the most common malignancy (16/93) followed by myelodysplastic syndrome (7/93). Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia presented isolated flares, marked cytopaenia and rapid response to treatment, whereas myelodysplastic syndrome followed a chronic-recurrent course. The most frequent associated medications and inflammatory  disorders were filgrastim and hydroxyurea (n = 2);  and inflammatory bowel disease (n = 4). In addition, 3 patients were diagnosed with VEXAS syndrome. Male sex (p = 0.006), fever (p = 0.034), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), anaemia (p < 0.001), and thrombocytopaenia (p < 0.001) were associated with malignancy. Histologically, patients were classified as classic (60%), histiocytoid (22.5%) or subcutaneous (15%), with pain (p = 0.011) and nodules (p < 0.001) being associated with subcutaneous-Sweet syndrome. Sweet syndrome in the context of cytopaenia should alert the presence of malignancy. An  acquired autoinflammatory condition should be explored  in relapsing Sweet syndrome with myelodysplastic syndrome. A minimum follow-up of 6 months is recommended.

A multidisciplinary registry of patients with autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases with symptomatic COVID-19 from a single center.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is increasing interest regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (AI/IMID) with some discrepancies in different cohorts about their risk and outcomes. The aim was to describe a multidisciplinary cohort of patients with AI/IMID and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single tertiary center and analyze sociodemographic, clinical, and therapeutic factors associated with poor outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted from the 1st of March until May 29th, 2020 in a University tertiary hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Patients with an underlying AI/IMID and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified in our local SARS-CoV-2 infection database. Controls (2:1) were selected from the same database and matched by age and gender. The primary outcome was severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was a composite endpoint including admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), need for mechanical ventilation (MV), and/or death. Several covariates including age, sex, and comorbidities among others were combined into a multivariate model having severe SARS-CoV-2 as the dependent variable. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed evaluating AID and IMID separately. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of AI/IMID patients was 1.3%. Eighty-five patients with AI/IMID and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 were identified, requiring hospitalization in 58 (68%) cases. A total of 175 patients admitted for SARS-CoV-2 (58 with AI/IMID and 117 matched-controls) were analyzed. In logistic regression analysis, a significant inverse association between AI/IMID group and severe SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.12-0.61; p = 0.001), need of MV (OR 0.20; IC 95% 0.05-0.71; p = 0.014), and ICU admission (OR 0.25; IC 95% 0.10-0.62; p = 0.003) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AI/IMID who require admission for SARS-CoV-2 infection have a lower risk of developing severe disease, including the need to stay in the ICU and MV.

Efficacy and safety of one-day offline extracorporeal photopheresis schedule processing one total blood volume for treating patients with graft-versus-host disease.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been increasingly used as a second-line therapy for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but there is no consensus regarding the best therapeutic schedule. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Our offline ECP schedule for treating patients with GVHD was retrospectively reviewed. Patients with acute GVHD were treated on 2 days per week for the first 2 weeks, followed by 1 day per week for 2 more weeks. After the first month of treatment, patients received treatment 1 day every 2 weeks for a minimum of 16 ECP procedures. Patients with chronic GVHD were treated on 1 day per week for 4 weeks followed by 1 day every 2 weeks for a minimum of 14 ECP procedures. RESULTS: Our series comprises 21 (45%) patients with acute GVHD and 26 (55%) patients with chronic GVHD who received 667 ECP procedures. A median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 1.0 (1.0-1.12) total blood volume was processed. Patients with acute and chronic GVHD received ECP procedures during a median of 49 (IQR, 14-103) and 180 (IQR, 111-274) days, respectively. Mild citrate-induced symptoms were present in 98 (46%) and 232 (51%) procedures in patients with acute and chronic GVHD, respectively. Overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS) were 57 and 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-59%), respectively, for patients with acute GVHD. For patients with chronic GVHD, ORR and OS were 77 and 61% (95% CI, 18%-87%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our new offline ECP schedule for treating patients with acute and chronic GVHD was efficacious and safe.

More than skin deep.

We present the case of a woman in her 50s with past medical history significant for psoriasis treated with methotrexate on a stable dose for the past 20 years, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. In the setting of a long flight, dehydration and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug consumption, the patient presented to the emergency department with oral mucositis and cutaneous erosions and ulcers of the psoriasis plaques. MTX levels were normal corroborated by three different measurements in 24 h. Initially the complete blood count tests were significant for macrocytic, thrombocytopenia (82.000 103/L) and impaired kidney function. The patient was diagnosed of acute methotrexate toxicity and started on intravenous folinic acid. In 24 h the patient developed severe pancytopenia. She required treatment with colony-stimulating factors, platelet and blood transfusions. After 10 days, the CBC improved to normal levels and the cutaneous lesions resolved.

Association between bullous pemphigoid and malignancy: A meta-analysis.

It has been suggested that bullous pemphigoid is associated with an increased risk of malignancy, but the evidence is inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to explore this association. PUBMED and Embase were searched for studies investigating the association between bullous pemphigoid and malignancy. This meta-analysis included 16 studies with a total of 9398 cases of bullous pemphigoid. The rate of malignancy in patients with bullous pemphigoid was 11% (95% CI: 9-14, P < 0.001); 9% (95% CI: 6-13, P < 0.003) for women and 13% (95% CI: 9-18, P < 0.03) for men, with a statistically insignificant higher risk in men (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.99-1.71, P = 0.06). The event rate was 9% (95% CI: 5-14, P < 0.001) in the Asian population and 13% (95% CI: 10-17, P < 0.001) in the European population, with a statistically significant lower risk in the Asians population (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57-0.84; P < 0.001). The event rate of malignancy was higher in patients with bullous pemphigoid than in matched controls (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.22-3.55; P = 0.005). The overall event rate of malignancy was higher in the bullous pemphigoid group than in matched controls. Caution is required when interpreting these results, as potential confounding variables were not controlled for.

Pancreatic panniculitis: A case series from a tertiary university hospital in Spain.

Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare type that only occurs in 2-3% of all patients with pancreatic diseases. It is usually described in association with benign pancreatic disease and less commonly in association with pancreatic carcinoma. We describe a case of pancreatic panniculitis as the first manifestation of underlying ampullary adenocarcinoma and a new case of pancreatitis, panniculitis and polyarthritis (PPP-Syndrome). Pancreatic panniculitis may be the cutaneous manifestation of pancreatic allograft rejection after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a patient with pustular psoriasis with an IL-36RN deficiency treated with infliximab: Case report and review of the literature.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a relatively rare complication in non-HIV patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Since the introduction of tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors cases of this complication have increased. We report the case of a 54-year-old, HIV-negative patient, who presented to our department with a long history of pustular psoriasis with poor response to traditional treatments. During the last admission he developed a severe flare that was unresponsive to cyclosporine, therefore infliximab was initiated. After the third dose he developed PCP that required admission to the intensive care unit, with a positive response to i.v. administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. During follow up a mutation in the IL36RN gene compatible with an IL-36RN deficiency was found and anakinra was started, with rapid improvement of his psoriasis. PCP is a severe complication in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and is probably underreported by dermatologists. There are no clinical guidelines for PCP prophylaxis in dermatological patients who will receive immunosuppressive or biological treatments. We believe that it is necessary to report the cases of PCP to assess the real impact of this complication and develop appropriate prophylaxis guidelines.

Ocular involvement in pemphigus vulgaris - a retrospective study of a large Spanish cohort.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ocular/periocular involvement in pemphigus vulgaris (OPV) has rarely been reported. The objective of the present study was to investigate the pattern of OPV and define the prognostic value of its manifestation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1985 to 2014, a total of 167 patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) were treated at four tertiary Spanish hospitals. In this retrospective study, we included all patients with OPV. Clinical data and information on associated symptoms were obtained from patients' medical records. RESULTS: Only 24 (14.3 %) of all PV patients had ocular lesions. In most cases, -ocular involvement was preceded by PV lesions at various other sites (mean duration: 33.7 months). Ocular PV lesions occurred during flares of mucocutaneous pemphigus, and was never the only mucosal manifestation. The most common clinical signs were conjunctival hyperemia (87.5 %), erosions on the eyelids (41.6 %) as well as of the palpebral/bulbar conjunctiva (33.3 %) and at the medial epicanthus (20.8 %). The most relevant associated symptoms included local pain/stinging (71.4 %), irritation (47.6 %), photophobia (38.1 %), and epiphora (23.9 %). Ocular PV improved with systemic and adjuvant topical therapies. Only two patients experienced sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PV, ocular involvement is an exception. Ocular PV is associated with greater disease activity, and usually follows a benign course. Sites affected are the conjunctiva, the eyelids, or both.

Augenbeteiligung beim Pemphigus vulgaris - retrospektive Studie an einer großen spanischen Kohorte.

HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE: Es gibt nur wenige Berichte zur Beteiligung der okulären/periokulären Region beim Pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, das Krankheitsbild des okulären PV (OPV) zu untersuchen und seinen prognostischen Wert zu definieren. PATIENTEN UND METHODIK: Zwischen 1985 und 2014 wurden insgesamt 167 Patienten mit Pemphigus vulgaris an vier tertiären spanischen Krankenhäusern behandelt. Wir haben alle Patienten mit OPV in diese retrospektive Studie aufgenommen. Klinische Daten sowie Informationen zu Begleitsymptomen wurden den Krankenakten der -Patienten entnommen. ERGEBNISSE: Lediglich 24 (14.3 %) PV-Patienten hatten okuläre Läsionen. Meist gingen dem okulären Befall PV-Läsionen an verschiedenen anderen Stellen voraus (durchschnittliche Dauer: 33,7 Monate). Okuläre PV-Läsionen traten während der Schübe eines mukokutanen Pemphigus auf und waren niemals die einzige Mukosa-Manifestation. Die häufigsten klinischen Symptome waren konjunktivale Hyperämie (87,5 %) und Erosionen an den Augenlidern (41,6 %), sowohl an der palpebralen/bulbären Konjunktiva (33,3 %) als auch am medialen Epikanthus (20,8 %). Zu den wichtigsten Begleitsymptomen gehörten lokale Schmerzen/Brennen (71,4 %), Reizung (47,6 %), Photophobie (38,1 %) und Epiphora (23,9 %). Der OPV besserte sich unter systemischer und unterstützender topischer Behandlung. Lediglich bei zwei Patienten traten Spätfolgen auf. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Bei Patienten mit PV sind die Augen nur in Ausnahmefällen betroffen. Ein okulärer PV ist mit größerer Krankheitsaktivität assoziiert und hat in der Regel einen gutartigen Verlauf. Betroffen sind die Konjunktiva und/oder die Augenlider.

Disease phenotypes in adult patients with suspected undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases and PFAPA syndrome: Clinical and therapeutic implications.

BACKGROUND: Undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by recurrent or persistent fever, usually combined with other inflammatory manifestations, and negative or inconclusive genetic studies for monogenic autoinflammatory disorders. AIMS: To define and characterize disease phenotypes in adult patients diagnosed in an adult reference center with undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases, and to analyze the efficacy of the drugs used in order to provide practical diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations. METHODS: Retrospective study (2015-2022) of patients with undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases among all patients visited in our reference center. Demographic, clinical, laboratory features and detailed therapeutic information was collected. RESULTS: Of the 334 patients with a suspected autoinflammatory disease, 134 (40%) patients (61% women) were initially diagnosed with undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases. Mean age at disease onset and at diagnosis was 28.7 and 37.7 years, respectively. In 90 (67.2%) patients, symptoms started during adulthood. Forty-four (32.8%) patients met diagnostic/classification criteria for adult PFAPA syndrome. In the remaining patients, four additional phenotypes were differentiated according to the predominant manifestations: a) Predominantly fever phenotype (n = 18; 13.4%); b) Predominantly abdominal/pleuritic pain phenotype (n = 9; 6.7%); c) Predominantly pericarditis phenotype (n = 18; 13.4%), and d) Complex syndrome phenotype (n = 45; 33.6%). Prednisone (mainly on demand), colchicine and anakinra were the drugs commonly used. Overall, complete responses were achieved with prednisone in 41.3%, colchicine in 40.2%, and anakinra in 58.3% of patients in whom they were used. By phenotypes, prednisone on demand was more effective in adult PFAPA syndrome and colchicine in patients with the abdominal/pleuritic pain pattern and PFAPA syndrome. Patients with complex syndrome achieved complete responses with prednisone (21.9%), colchicine (25.7%) and anakinra (44.4%), and were the group more often requiring additional immunosuppressive drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the largest single-center series of adult patients with undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases identified and characterized different disease phenotypes and their therapeutic approaches. This study is expected to contribute to increase the awareness of physicians for an early identification of these conditions, and to provide the best known therapeutic options.

Refractory childhood pemphigoid successfully treated with rituximab.

Bullous pemphigoid is an acquired autoimmune blistering disorder affecting mostly elderly people that is rare in children. There have been fewer than 100 cases of childhood bullous pemphigoid reported. Childhood bullous pemphigoid (CBP) generally has a good prognosis. Remission is usually achieved within several weeks to a few months, and relapses are rare, although refractory cases can occur, and the disease may be life threatening, particularly when lesions generalize. Herein we describe the case of an infant with severe CBP refractory to multiple treatments. In our case, therapy with azathioprine and intravenous immunoglobulin resulted in a slight clinical response, but only combined with high doses of prednisolone. Administration of rituximab led to a complete clinical response and allowed almost complete steroid tapering. There are no current guidelines indicating what doses and frequency of rituximab are safest or most effective in children with blistering diseases.