A randomized clinical trial of oral versus intravenous methylprednisolone for relapse of MS.

BACKGROUND: Steroids improve multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses but therapeutic window and dose, frequency and administration route remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to compare the clinical and radiologic efficacy, tolerability and safety of intravenous methylprednisolone (ivMP) vs oral methylprednisolone (oMP), at equivalent high doses, for MS relapse. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with moderate or severe relapse within the previous 15 days were randomized in a double-blind, noninferiority, multicenter trial to receive ivMP or oMP and their matching placebos. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were determined at baseline and weeks 1, 4 and 12. Brain MRI were assessed at baseline and at weeks 1 and 4. Primary endpoint was a noninferiority assessment of EDSS improvement at four weeks (noninferiority margin of one point), with further key efficacy assessments of number and volume of T1 gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+), and new or enlarged T2 lesions at four weeks' post-treatment initiation. Secondary outcomes were safety and tolerability. RESULTS: The study achieved the main outcome of noninferiority at four weeks for improved EDSS score. No differences were found between ivMP and oMP in the number of Gd+ lesions (0 (0-1) vs 0 (0-0.5), p = 0.630), volume of Gd+ lesions (0 (0-88.0) vs 0 (0-32.9) mm(3), p = 0.735), or new or enlarged T2 lesions (0 (0-194) vs 0 (0-123), p = 0.769). MP was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides confirmatory evidence that oMP is not inferior to ivMP in reducing EDSS, similar in MRI lesions at four weeks for MS relapses and is equally well tolerated and safe. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00753792.

Hyperintensity of distal vessels on FLAIR is associated with slow progression of the infarction in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Hyperintensity of distal vessels on FLAIR-MRI has been associated with a higher grade of arterial collaterals and a smaller infarct volume in acute stroke patients. No studies analyze the influence of the hyperintense vessel (HV) sign on the speed of the ischemia progression during the first hours. Our aim was to study the association of the HV sign with progression of infarction in acute stroke patients. METHODS: From a prospectively derived stroke database, we retrospectively selected acute stroke patients with a large artery occlusion of the anterior circulation admitted to our comprehensive stroke center with available baseline CT scan and a multimodal MRI carried out thereafter to make a decision about endovascular treatment. Progression of the ischemic area was calculated as the difference in the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scan (ASPECTS) score between CT scan and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Slow progression was considered as no change or 1 point decrease on the ASPECTS score between both exams. The presence of HV on FLAIR sequence was graded as absent, subtle or prominent by two readers. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients were included in the study. Mean time between baseline CT and MRI was 124 ± 82 min. ASPECTS score on baseline CT was 10 in 34% of patients, 9 in 49% and 8 or less in 17%. ASPECTS score was 2 (1-3) points lower in the DWI and this decrease did not correlate with the time elapsed between the two exams. Distal HV sign was observed in 57/70 (81%) patients (subtle in 33 and prominent in 24). HV was more frequently observed in patients with proximal artery occlusion. There were no differences regarding stroke severity, stroke subtype and ASPECTS score on baseline CT between groups. Patients with prominent HV showed a lower progression of the ischemic area [median ASPECTS score decrease, 1 (1-0)] compared with patients with subtle HV [median ASPECTS score decrease, 2 (2-1)] and patients with absence of HV [median ASPECTS score decrease, 3 (4-3)] (p < 0.001). Prominent HV was independently associated with slow progression of ischemia in a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted by systolic blood pressure on admission, site of occlusion and time elapsed between both neuroimaging exams compared to the absence of HV (OR, 16.2; 95% CI, 2.1-123.1) and to subtle HV sign (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.5-23.9). CONCLUSION: HV sign on FLAIR, especially if prominent, is associated with a slow progression of the ischemic area in acute stroke patients with cerebral artery occlusion of the anterior circulation. This radiological sign may predict the speed of the ischemia progression, opening an opportunity for reperfusion therapies in longer time windows.

The kidney in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: MRI findings.

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired stem-cell disorder characterized by defective haematopoiesis, which results in an increased sensitivity of the erythrocytes to complement-mediated intravascular haemolysis. Renal damage is infrequent but can produce chronic renal failure due cortical deposits of haemosiderin and microvascular thrombosis. MRI provides characteristic images of the kidneys that enable haemosiderin deposition to be diagnosed; in PNH, MRI typically shows reversed renal cortex-medulla differentiation on T(1) weighted images and substantial loss of cortical signal intensity on both T(1) and T(2) weighted images. We describe the MRI findings of renal cortical haemosiderosis occurring in four patients with PNH.

The Barcelona-Asymptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis (AsIA) study: prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ongoing population-based Barcelona-Asymptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis (Barcelona-AsIA) study is a prospective study that plans to investigate the natural history of asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis (AsIA) in a Caucasian-Mediterranean population, which remains unknown until now. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of AsIA and associated risk factors in the final study cohort. METHODS: Crossover, population-based study of a representative sample (randomly selected from our reference population) older than 50 with a moderate-high vascular risk assessed by the vascular equation REGICOR and prior history of neither stroke nor ischemic heart disease. Anthropometric, demographic, clinical data and blood samples were collected at baseline. All individuals underwent a complete extracranial and transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) examination. TCCD criteria were used to identify and classify the degree of intracranial stenoses. RESULTS: A total of 933 subjects (64% men, mean age 66.3 years) were included in the study. One or more intracranial stenoses were detected at baseline in 80 subjects (8.6%) of whom 31 (3.3%) had moderate-severe lesions. The higher the REGICOR scores the greater the prevalence of AsIA (6.6%, 10.2% and 25% for REGICOR scores 5-9, 10-14 and ≥15, p<0.001). Diabetes (OR 2.95; 95% CI (1.68-5.18); p<0.001), age (OR 1.05; 95% CI (1.02-1.08); p=0.001) and hypertension (OR 1.78; 95% CI (1.02-3.13); p=0.04) were independently associated with any degree of AsIA, while diabetes (OR 2.85; 95% CI (1.16-6.96); p=0.02) and age kept independently associated with moderate-severe AsIA. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AsIA and moderate-severe AsIA in stroke-free Caucasians with a moderate-high vascular risk were 8.6% and 3.3% respectively. Diabetes and age were independently associated with moderate-severe AsIA.

[Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: magnetic resonance and radiophatologic correlation]. / Carcinoma metaplásico de mama: resonancia magnética y correlación radiopatológica.

OBJECTIVES: To review our radiological experience in metaplastic carcinoma together with the clinical and histopathologic findings. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eight cases of histologically confirmed metaplastic carcinoma of breast were reviewed. Imaging findings from US, mammography and MRI, and immunohistochemistry results from preoperative biopsy were assessed. Conventional prognostic factors, chondral differentiation markers, striated and straight muscle markers, neural markers, cytokeratin, vimentin and intermediate filaments were determined. RESULTS: Eight patients aged ranged from 41-72 years. Metaplastic carcinoma presented as a palpable nodule in five cases, as a nipple retraction in ones case, and was discovered as an incidental mammographic finding in two. Mammographic appearance was a round, high-density nodule, measuring 10-50 mm, with variable margins in seven patients. One had architectural distortion. In three there were calcifications. Skin and nipple retraction appeared in one. On sonographic examination nodules were ill defined and showed low heterogeneous echogenicity. On MRI, T2-weighted images showed a relatively well-defined mass with high signal intensity. In the dynamic study, all showed contrast uptake, with signal-time intensity curves similar to those of infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathologic study found one squamous-cell, one sarcomatous, three chondroid, one giant-cell, one spindle-cell, and one acantholytic carcinoma, all of which were of high histologic grade. CONCLUSIONS: Metaplastic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a nodule presenting with high density and variable margins on mammography, low heterogeneous echogenicity and ill defined margins on sonography, and hyperintense at T2 with malignant enhancement at MR. Immunohistochemical assessment is mandatory for the final diagnosis. The radiologist can suggest this particular subtype of tumour.

Carcinoma metaplásico de mama: resonancia magnética y correlación radiopatológica / Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: magnetic resonance and radiophatologic correlation

Objetivos. Revisar nuestra experiencia en los hallazgos de imagen del carcinoma metaplásico, su presentación clínica y los hallazgos histopatológicos. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de ocho casos de carcinoma metaplásico de mama confirmados histopatológicamente. Se analizan los hallazgos ecográficos, mamográficos y por resonancia magnética, así como los estudios inmunohistoquímicos de la biopsia prequirúrgica. Se determinan factores pronósticos convencionales, marcadores de diferenciación condral, marcadores de músculo liso y esquelético, marcadores neurales, citoqueratina, vimentina y filamentos intermedios. Resultados. Ocho pacientes con edades entre 41-72 años. En cinco casos el carcinoma metaplásico se presenta como un nódulo palpable, en uno como retracción del pezón y dos casos fueron hallazgos incidentales en mamografía de control. Mamográficamente, en siete casos aparece un nódulo redondo, hiperdenso, de 10-50 mm, de márgenes variables, en un caso distorsión de la arquitectura, en tres casos calcificaciones. Sólo dos pacientes tienen retracción de piel y de pezón. Ecográficamente se manifestaron como nódulos mal delimitados, hipoecogénicos y heterogéneos. En la resonancia magnética se muestran como masas relativamente bien definidas, hiperintensas en T2 y con curvas intensidad de señal-tiempo similares a las del carcinoma infiltrante de mama. Histopatológicamente hay diferentes variantes de carcinoma metaplásico: un carcinoma metaplásico escamoide, un sarcoide, tres condroides, un fusocelular, una variante de células gigantes y un acantolítico, todos con un alto grado histológico. Conclusiones. El carcinoma metaplásico debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de un nódulo mamográficamente hiperdenso y de márgenes variables, ecográficamente hipoecogénico y mal delimitado, hiperintenso en T2 y con captación en el rango de malignidad en RM T2. Para el diagnóstico final son necesarios los estudios inmunohistoquímicos. Las pruebas de imagen pueden sugerir este subtipo particular

Objectives. To review our radiological experience in metaplastic carcinoma together with the clinical and histopathologic findings. Methods and materials. Eight cases of histologically confirmed metaplastic carcinoma of breast were reviewed. Imaging findings from US, mammography and MRI, and immunohistochemistry results from preoperative biopsy were assessed. Conventional prognostic factors, chondral differentiation markers, striated and straight muscle markers, neural markers, cytokeratin, vimentin and intermediate filaments were determined. Results. Eight patients aged ranged from 41-72 years. Metaplastic carcinoma presented as a palpable nodule in five cases, as a nipple retraction in ones case, and was discovered as an incidental mammographic finding in two. Mammographic appearance was a round, high-density nodule, measuring 10-50 mm, with variable margins in seven patients. One had architectural distortion. In three there were calcifications. Skin and nipple retraction appeared in one. On sonographic examination nodules were ill defined and showed low heterogeneous echogenicity. On MRI, T2-weighted images showed a relatively well-defined mass with high signal intensity. In the dynamic study, all showed contrast uptake, with signal-time intensity curves similar to those of infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathologic study found one squamous-cell, one sarcomatous, three chondroid, one giant-cell, one spindle-cell, and one acantholytic carcinoma, all of which were of high histologic grade. Conclusions. Metaplastic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a nodule presenting with high density and variable margins on mammography, low heterogeneous echogenicity and ill defined margins on sonography, and hyperintense at T2 with malignant enhancement at MR. Immunohistochemical assessment is mandatory for the final diagnosis. The radiologist can suggest this particular subtype of tumour