Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 in New World Primate negative for yellow fever virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Herpesvirus transmission between humans and non-human primate (NHP) can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva, and mainly through contaminated food. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and human. In 2017, during the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, species of the New World Primates (NWP) from Rio de Janeiro state, tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) detection. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate herpesvirus in the population NWP in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: To investigate, liver samples of 283 NWP, from several regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for the herpesvirus family using a Pan-polymerase chain reaction (Pan-PCR) and sequencing. FINDINGS: 34.6% (98/283) tested positive for at least one herpesvirus; 29.3% (83/283) tested positive to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), this virus from humans can be lethal to New World monkey; 13% (37/283) were detected Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3), responsible for lymphoproliferative disease that can be fatal in NWP. In addition, CalHV-3 / HSV-1 co-infection was in 11.6% (33/283) of the samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Pan-herpesvirus was useful to identify species-specific herpesviruses and virus from human that can infect animals. Furthermore, during an outbreak of YF other infections should be monitored.

Platynosomum illiciens (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) in a hybrid marmoset (Callithrix sp.) in the Municipality of Seropédica, RJ, Brazil - Case report.

Platynosomum illiciens is a liver trematode encountered infecting mainly felids although it has also been reported in birds and in additional mammalian species, including non-human primates. The current study reports a natural P. illiciens infection primate of the genus Callithrix. The diagnosis was made using a combination of copro-parasitological techniques, morphological evaluation of adult specimens recovered from the liver during necropsy, and molecular analyses. Eggs were brown in color, oval, operculated, and contained a miracidium. Adult specimens recovered during necropsy were measured and showed dimensions compatible with P. illiciens. Molecular characterization of the trematode involved amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in combination with nucleotide sequencing, of an approximately 900 base pairs fragment corresponding to 18S-ITS1-5.8S ribosomal DNA. Sequenced amplicons showed 100% nucleotide identity with sequences deposited in the GenBank database as derived from specimens of P. illiciens recovered from cats in Malaysia and Brazil. It was concluded that the morphological and molecular analyses presented herein, confirmed the identification of the trematode recovered as P. illiciens.

Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro.

The illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. Bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. However, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in Brazil. From March 2011 to March 2012, we investigated the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 birds of the passerine and Psittacidae families. These birds were recovered from illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and sent to a rehabilitation center. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 86 wild birds (78.9%). A mean (±SD) of 1.68 (±1.30) different bacterial species were isolated per bird, with a maximum of five bacterial species from three bird species. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric bacteria. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris), and two Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from two specimens of chestnut-capped blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Of the 70 selected bacterial isolates, 60 exhibited antibiotic resistance. The resistance patterns varied from one to nine of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to ceftiofur was the most prevalent, followed by ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The dissemination potential of resistant strains in situations typically seen in the management of captive birds may become a problem for the conservation of natural bird populations and for public health.

Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Birds Confiscated in Illegal Trade Markets, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was investigated in 109 wild birds poached in the illegal wildlife trade in Rio de Janeiro; most of them are passerines from Thraupidae family and three from Psittacidae. One strain of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and two strains of Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from passerine species and all of them showed resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs, like ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, tetracycline, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. PFGE showed 100% similarity among the Salmonella ser. Typhimurium strain isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris) and the strains isolated from a human outbreak, in southern Brazil. The two Salmonella ser. Panama strains isolated from two chestnut-capped blackbirds (Chrysomus ruficapillus) present in the same catch showed the same clonal origin and have never been associated with epizooties and human outbreaks. Potential for dissemination of resistant Salmonella through situations offered by captive management and the isolation of the same strain from wild birds and human sources may become a problem for the conservation of natural populations and to public health.

Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro

Abstract The illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. Bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. However, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in Brazil. From March 2011 to March 2012, we investigated the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 birds of the passerine and Psittacidae families. These birds were recovered from illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and sent to a rehabilitation center. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 86 wild birds (78.9%). A mean (±SD) of 1.68 (±1.30) different bacterial species were isolated per bird, with a maximum of five bacterial species from three bird species. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric bacteria. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris), and two Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from two specimens of chestnut-capped blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Of the 70 selected bacterial isolates, 60 exhibited antibiotic resistance. The resistance patterns varied from one to nine of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to ceftiofur was the most prevalent, followed by ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The dissemination potential of resistant strains in situations typically seen in the management of captive birds may become a problem for the conservation of natural bird populations and for public health.

Isolamento e caracterização de enteropatógenos bacterianosem aves provenientes do tráfico de animais selvagens no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil: riscos para a saúde pública / Isolation and characterization of bacterial pathogens in birds from the trafficking of wild animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil: risks to public health

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da avifauna silvestre apreendidano Estado do Rio de Janeiro, oriunda do comércio ilegal, como reservatórios deenteropatógenos bacterianos e o risco de transmissão para o homem. Foram coletadasamostras de 109 animais, sendo a maioria, passeriformes das famílias Emberezidae eThraupidae. Em relação ao isolamento de Enterobacteriaceae, houve uma prevalênciade 78,9 por cento. Diferentes bactérias por indivíduo foram isoladas, com uma riqueza de 1,68,com destaque para Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Foramisoladas uma cepa de Salmonella sorovar Typhimurium de uma Cigarra-verdadeira eduas Salmonella sorovar Panama de dois indivíduos de Maria-preta. Os resulados demonstraram que estes sorovares circulam no Brasil, o que foi reforçado com a análisepor PFGE, que comparou as cepas isoladas com outras isoladas de surtos em diversasregiões do país. A cepa de Salmonella sorovar Tiphymurium mostrou 100 por cento desimilaridade com duas amostras envolvidas em surtos de origem humana. Os isolados avaliados apresentaram um elevado percentual de resistência aos antimicrobianos, onde algumas amostras chegaram a apresentar resistência a nove dos antibióticos testados.Nenhuma bactéria das famílias Vibrionaceae e Aeromonadaceae foram isoladas,indicando que estas espécies de aves não são reservatórios importantes destas bactérias.Cepas de Staphylococcus foram isolados em 45,9 por cento das amostras.O isolamento deespécies que não tem as aves silvestres como hospedeiros naturais, a elevada proporçãode cepas com graus de resistência aos B-lactâmicos, lincosamidas e tetraciclina, e aindaa presença de genes de resistência associada a fenótipos de multi-resistência sugere que esses animais podem ter papel relevante na transmissão desses patógenos e na disseminação dos mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Recomenda-se o monitoramento constante das aves silvestres apreendidas no comércio ilegal, com a realização de procedimentos de quarentena para evitar que a soltura e destinação desses animais contribua para a disseminação de cepas com potencial zoonótico e com perfil de multi-resistência aos antibióticos. Atenção especial deve ser dada para aqueles envolvidos no manejo de espécies silvestres, uma vez que o maior contato e manipulação desses animais os expõe a um maior risco de transmissão a agentes zoonóticos.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of wild birds seized in the illegal trade in the Riode Janeiro State, as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens and the risk of transmission tohumans. Samples of 109 animals were collected, the majority passerines fromEmberezidae and Thraupidae families. Regarding the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae, there was a prevalence of 78,9 percent. Different bacteria were isolated per individual, with arichness of 1,68, especially Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. One strain of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was isolated from aTemminck’s Seedeater and two Salmonella serovar Panama isolates from two Chestnut capped Blackbird. The results showed that these serovars are circulating in Brazil, which was reinforced by PFGE analysis, that compared the strains isolated with othersinvolved in outbreaks in several regions of the country. The Salmonella serovar Tiphymurium strain showed 100% of similarity with two samples involved in humano ut breaks. The isolates showed a high percentage of antimicrobial resistance, with somesamples showing resistance to nine of the antibiotics tested. No bacteria of Vibrion aceaeand Aeromonadaceae families were isolated, indicating that these birds are notimportant reservoirs of these bacteria. Staphylococcus strains were isolated in 45,9 percent ofthe samples. The detection of species that don’t have wild birds as natural hosts, thehigh proportion of strains with varying degrees of resistance to !-lactams, lincosamide and tetracycline, and also the presence of genes associated with multidrug resistan cephenotype, suggests that these animals may have an important role in the transmissionof these pathogens and in the spread of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. A constant monitoring of wild birds seized in the illegal trade is recommended, with the implemantation of quarantine procedures to prevent that the release and disposal of these animals can contribute to the spread of strains with zoonotic potential and with antibiotic multi-resistance profile. Special attention should be given to those involved inthe management of wild species, since most contact and handling of these animal sexpose these professionals to a greater risk of transmission of zoonotic agents.

Prevalência e aspectos anatomopatológicos da mineralização metastática em coelhos provenientes de biotérios e criação comercial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Prevalence and morphological aspects of metastatic mineralization in rabbits from animal houses and a comercial breeding in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Uma investigação sobre a prevalência e os aspectos anatomopatológicos de casos naturais da mineralização metastática em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) foi realizada em 79 animais provenientes de dois biotérios de criação (A e B) e de uma criação comercial, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A ração comercial fornecida aos animais dos três criatórios foi a mesma. Apenas animais do biotério A, com uma prevalência de 21 por cento, apresentaram alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas relacionadas à mineralização metastática. Todos os coelhos acometidos possuíam idade acima de 1 ano e 92 por cento eram fêmeas. Os órgãos mais freqüentemente atingidos foram a artéria aorta e principais ramos, que apresentavam mineralização das túnicas íntima e média, metaplasia cartilaginosa e óssea na túnica média, arterite granulomatosa e degeneração hialina. Os rins foram o segundo órgão mais comumente acometido, mostrando mineralização da cápsula de Bowman, distensão do espaço de Bowman, fibrose intersticial e mineralização da parede, dos túbulos contornados e dos ductos coletores. As alterações patológicas foram similares às observadas nos casos de hipervitaminose D, excesso de cálcio e fósforo na dieta de coelhos, devendo os níveis dessas substâncias serem revistos e analisados periodicamente nas rações comerciais desses animais.

A survey on the prevalence and morphological aspects of natural cases of metastatic mineralization was performed in 79 rabbits from two breeding animal houses (A and B) and from a commercial rabbit breeding facility in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Rabbits from the three facilities were fed with the same commercial ration. Only rabbits from the facility A presented gross and microscopic alterations associated with metastatic mineralization with a prevalence of 21 percent. All of the affected rabbits were older than one year old and 92 percent were females. The most altered organs were the aorta and its main branches, which showed extensive mineralization of the intima and media, osseous and cartilaginous metaplasia of the media, granulomatous arteritis and hyaline degeneration. The second most affected organ were the kidneys, which showed mineralization of Bowman capsule, distention of the Bowman space, interstitial fibrosis and mineralization of the wall of convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. The pathologic alterations were similar to that observed in the cases of hypervitaminosis D and on rabbits fed with either high calcium or phosphorus diets. Therefore, the concentrations of these substances in the commercial rabbit rations should be reviewed and periodically analysed.

Aspectos fisiopatológicos da retenção de ovos em Jabutipiranga (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824) / Fisiopathological aspects of egg retention in South American Red-footed Tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824)

Das enfermidades que acometem o sistema genital de répteis, a retenção de ovos tem grande prevalência em quelônios. Neste trabalho, são analisados quatorze casos de retenção de ovos na espécie jabutipiranga (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824), mantidos como animais de companhia, os quais foram atendidos na Policlínica Veterinária da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) entre os anos de 1999 e 2003. Dos fatores que provocam ou favorecem a ocorrência dessa distocia, foram avaliados: em relação aos ovos retidos, a presença de ovos com alterações de formato e de tamanho aumentado e hipercalcificação das cascas; em relação aos fatores predisponentes, foram analisados fatores ambientais, sinais nos pacientes relacionados à ocorrência de doença osteometabólica, presença de corpo estranho ou fezes ressecadas no trato gastrintestinal, bem como a associação da retenção de ovos com prolapso de oviduto. A utilização de técnicas radiográficas no diagnóstico definitivo da retenção de ovos e no direcionamento da sua resolução mostrou-se indispensável nos casos estudados. Quanto ao tratamento, duas condutas foram consideradas: a utilização de ocitócinos e a intervenção cirúrgica. Da análise dos fatores que favorecem a ocorrência da distocia, conclui-se que a manutenção dos animais em ambientes com substrato rígido foi decisiva.

Egg retention is a disorder that affects the genital system of reptiles, with a great prevalence in chelonians. These work analyses fourteen cases of egg retention in South American Red-footed Tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824) maintained as pets that had been attended in the Veterinary Clinic of Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) between 1999 and 2003. Among the factors that contribute to the occurrence of this dystocia are aspects of the retained eggs such as shape abnormalities, size enlargement and thickened shells were analyzed, as well as poor environmental condition, metabolic bone disease, gastrointestinal foreign body and parched feces, that can predispose to egg retention. Both therapeutic procedures and the presence of prolapsed oviduct were analyzed. The use of radiographic techniques for both diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in egg retention were fundamental in the studied cases. Concernig the treatment, two procedures were taken into account: the use of oxytocin and the surgery. Regarding the factors that contribute to the dystocia occurence, it was concluded that the maintenance of animals in ambients with rigid substrate was decisive.