Donor-derived post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease detection by donor-derived cell free DNA.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a life-threatening complication of organ transplantation, commonly diagnosed after patients present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms and/or transplant organ dysfunction. Here we report a case of a kidney transplant recipient who was found to have highly elevated circulating donor-derived cell free DNA (dd-cfDNA) levels on routine serum surveillance for allograft rejection, initially without organ dysfunction or evidence of allograft rejection on biopsy. Later for cause imaging revealed retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and an allograft hilar mass, which was biopsied to show post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder/diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The elevated circulating dd-cfDNA levels in this patient prompted targeted next-generation sequencing of the same 266 single-nucleotide polymorphisms used to detect dd-cfDNA on the DLBCL, which identified it as donor-derived. The patient achieved complete remission with retained allograft kidney function after reduced immunosuppression and 6 cycles of immunochemotherapy. This case suggests that dd-cfDNA may be an early detection tool in rare but potentially life-threatening cases of donor-derived malignancy, such as donor-derived PTLD.

Thromboelastography profiles for controlled circulatory death donors: Validating the role of heparin.

Controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) liver transplants are associated with increased ischemic-type biliary complications. Microvascular thrombosis secondary to decreased donor fibrinolysis may contribute to bile duct injury. We hypothesized that cDCD donors are hypercoagulable with impaired fibrinolysis and aim to use thromboelastography to characterize cDCD coagulation profiles.

Intraoperative autologous transfusion and oncologic outcomes in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative autologous transfusion (IAT) of salvaged blood is a common method of resuscitation during liver transplantation (LT), however concern for recurrence in recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has limited widespread adoption. METHODS: A review of patients undergoing LT for HCC between 2008 and 2018 was performed. Clinicopathologic and intraoperative characteristics associated with inferior recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified using Kaplan-Meier analysis and uni-/multi-variable Cox proportional hazards modeling. Propensity matching was utilized to derive clinicopathologically similar groups for subgroup analysis. RESULTS: One-hundred-eighty-six patients were identified with a median follow up of 65 months. Transplant recipients receiving IAT (n = 131, 70%) also had higher allogenic transfusions (median 5 versus 0 units, P < 0.001). There were 14 recurrences and 46 deaths, yielding an estimated 10-year RFS and OS of 89% and 67%, respectively. IAT was not associated with RFS (HR 0.89/liter, P = 0.60), or OS (HR 0.98/liter, P = 0.83) pre-matching, or with RFS (HR 0.97/liter, P = 0.92) or OS (HR 1.04/liter, P = 0.77) in the matched cohort (n = 49 per group). CONCLUSION: IAT during LT for HCC is not associated with adverse oncologic outcomes. Use of IAT should be encouraged to minimize the volume of allogenic transfusion in patients undergoing LT for HCC.

Patency for autologous vein is superior to cadaveric vein in portal-mesenteric venous reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Portal venous reconstruction (PVR) is often needed during resection of hepatopancreato-biliary (HPB) malignancies. Primary repair (PR), autologous vein (AV), or cryopreserved cadaveric vein (CCV) are frequently utilized, however relative patency is not well studied. METHODS: All patients undergoing PVR between 2007-2019 at our center were identified. 3-year primary patency (PP), overall survival (OS), and survival-adjusted patency (SAP) were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: One-hundred-twenty patients were identified with a median follow-up of 11 months. PR, AV, and CCV reconstruction were used in 28 (23%), 35 (29%), and 57 (48%) patients, respectively, with two (7%), four (11%), and 29 (51%) thromboses, respectively. 3-year PP was greater for both primary repair (90%) and AV (83%) compared to CCV (33%, both p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, CCV had worse 3-year PP (HR 7.89, p=0.005) and SAP (HR 2.09, p=0.02) compared to PR; AV reconstruction had equivalent oncologic and patency-related outcomes to PR (p>0.4 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Primary patency for PR and AV reconstruction is superior to CCV for PVR during resection of HPB malignancies. AV conduit should be the preferred choice of reconstruction when PR is not achievable. Surgeons should only use CCV when factors preclude PR/AV reconstruction.

Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation is associated with bone marrow failure, hemophagocytosis, and DNMT3A mutations.

Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation (LT-GVHD) is rare, frequently fatal, and associated with bone marrow failure (BMF), cytopenias, and hyperferritinemia. Given hyperferritinemia and cytopenias are present in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells are associated with hyperinflammatory responses (clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, CHIP), we identified the frequency of hemophagocytosis and CHIP mutations in LT-GVHD. We reviewed bone marrow aspirates and biopsies, quantified blood/marrow chimerism, and performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a targeted panel of genes relevant to myeloid malignancies, CHIP, and BMF. In all, 12 marrows were reviewed from 9 LT-GVHD patients. In all, 10 aspirates were evaluable for hemophagocytosis; 7 had adequate DNA for NGS. NGS was also performed on marrow from an LT cohort (n = 6) without GVHD. Nine of 10 aspirates in LT-GVHD patients showed increased hemophagocytosis. Five (71%) of 7 with LT-GVHD had DNMT3A mutations; only 1 of 6 in the non-GVHD LT cohort demonstrated DNMT3A mutation (p = .04). Only 1 LT-GVHD patient survived. BMF with HLH features was associated with poor hematopoietic recovery, and DNMT3A mutations were over-represented, in LT-GVHD patients. Identification of HLH features may guide prognosis and therapeutics. Further studies are needed to clarify the origin and impact of CHIP mutations on the hyperinflammatory state.

Degree of biliary tract violation during treatment of gallbladder adenocarcinoma is independently associated with development of peritoneal carcinomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is often incidentally diagnosed after cholecystectomy. Intra-operative biliary tract violations (BTV) have been recently associated with development of peritoneal disease (PD). The degree of BTV may be associated with PD risk, but has not been previously investigated. METHODS: We reviewed patients with initially non-metastatic GBC treated at our institution from 2003 to 2018. Patients were grouped based on degree of BTV during their treatment: major (e.g., cholecystotomy with bile spillage, n = 27, 29%), minor (e.g., intra-operative cholangiogram, n = 18, 19%), and no violations (n = 48, 55%). Overall survival (OS) and peritoneal disease-free survival (PDFS) were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients were identified; the median age was 64 years (range 31-87 years). Seventy-six (82%) were incidentally diagnosed. The median follow-up was 23 months; 20 (22%) patients developed PD. The 3-year PDFS for patients with major, minor, and no BTV was 52%, 83%, and 98%, respectively (major vs. none: p < 0.001; minor vs. none: p < 0.01). BTV was not associated with 5-year OS (HR 1.53, p = 0.16). CONCLUSION: Increasing degree of BTV is associated with higher risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with GBC and should be considered during preoperative risk stratification. Reporting biliary tract violations during cholecystectomy is encouraged.

Impact of center volume and the adoption of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy on outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation.

Reports for pediatric kidney transplant recipients suggested better outcomes for ODN compared to LDN. Contemporary outcomes stratified by donor type and center volume have not been evaluated in a national dataset. UNOS data (2000-2014) were analyzed for pediatric living donor kidney transplant recipients. The primary outcome was GF; secondary outcomes were DGF, rejection, and patient survival. Live donor nephrectomies for pediatric recipients decreased 30% and transitioned from ODN to LDN. GF rates did not differ for ODN vs LDN (P = .24). GF was lowest at high volume centers (P < .01). Donor operative approach did not contribute to GF. LDN was associated with less rejection than ODN (OR 0.66, CI 0.5-0.87, P < .01). Analysis of the 0- to 5-yr recipient group showed no effect of ODN vs LDN on GF or rejection. For the contemporary era, there was no association between DGF and LDN in the 0- to 5-yr group (OR 1.12, CI 0.67-1.89, P = .67). Outcomes of kidney transplants in pediatric recipients following LDN have improved since its introduction and LDN should be the approach for live donor nephrectomy regardless of recipient age. The association between case volume and improved outcomes highlights future challenges in organ transplantation.

Thromboelastography demonstrates perioperative hypercoagulability in hepato-pancreato-biliary patients and supports routine administration of preoperative and early postoperative venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery patients are more likely to be hypercoagulable than hypocoagulable, and that bleeding risks from VTE chemoprophylaxis are low. This study sought to use thromboelastography (TEG) to compare coagulation profiles with bleeding/thrombotic events in HPB patients receiving standardized perioperative chemoprophylaxis. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing HPB resections by three surgeons at one institution (January 2014-December 2015) received preoperative and early postoperative VTE chemoprophylaxis and were evaluated with TEGs. Coagulation profiles were compared to bleeding/thrombotic events. RESULTS: Of 87 total patients, 83 (95.4%) received preoperative chemoprophylaxis and 100% received it postoperatively. Median estimated blood loss was 190 ml. Only 2 (2.3%) patients received intraoperative transfusions. None required transfusions at 72-hours. Only 2 were transfused within 30 days. There was 1 (1.1%) 30-day VTE event. Of 83 preoperative TEGs, 29 (34.9%) were hypercoagulable and only 8 (9.6%) were hypocoagulable/fibrinolytic. Of 73 postoperative TEGs, 34 (46.6%) were hypercoagulable and just 8 (11.0%) were hypocoagulable/fibrinolytic. . CONCLUSION: With routine perioperative chemoprophylaxis, both VTE and bleeding events were negligible. Perioperative TEG revealed a considerable proportion (46.6%) of HPB patients were hypercoagulable. HPB patients can receive standardized preoperative/early postoperative VTE chemoprophylaxis with effective results and minimal concern for perioperative hemorrhage.

Defining the optimal timing of adjuvant therapy for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A statewide cancer registry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Long-term results of the ESPAC-3 trial suggest that while completing adjuvant therapy (AT) is necessary after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), early initiation (within 8 weeks) may not be associated with improved overall survival (OS). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the OS impact of early versus late AT in a statewide analysis. METHODS: Patients with stages I-III PDAC in the Kentucky Cancer Registry (KCR) from 2004 to 2013, were evaluated. Those undergoing pancreatectomy were stratified into two groups ("early," <8 weeks, vs. "late," 8-16 weeks). RESULTS: Of 2,221 diagnosed patients with stages I-III, 831 (37.4%) underwent pancreatectomy upfront. Of these, only 420 (50.5%) received AT. Initiation date of AT was not associated with OS (median OS: early, 20.2 vs. late, 19.0 months, P = 0.97). On multivariate analysis, factors that affected OS included stage (II, HR-1.82, P = 0.017; III, HR-3.77, P < 0.001), node positivity (HR-1.51, P = 0.004), poorly/undifferentiated grade (HR-1.34; P = 0.011), but not AT initiation date. CONCLUSIONS: In this statewide analysis, there was no difference in OS between early and late AT initiation for resected PDAC. The ideal window for AT initiation remains unknown as tumor biology continues to trump regimens from the past decade. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:451-455. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Long-term outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation for mixed hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: an analysis of the UNOS database.

BACKGROUND: Mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) have been associated with a poor prognosis after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes in patients undergoing LT for HCC-CC versus patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cholangiocarcinoma (CC). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1994-2013. Overall survival (OS) in patients with HCC-CC, HCC, and CC, were compared. RESULTS: We identified 4049 patients transplanted for primary malignancy (94 HCC-CC; 3515 HCC; 440 CC). Mean age of patients with HCC-CC was 57 ± 10 years, and 77% were male. MELD score did not differ among the groups (p = 0.637). Hepatitis C virus was the most common secondary diagnosis within the HCC-CC (44%) and HCC (36%) cohorts, with primary sclerosing cholangitis in the CC (16%) cohort. OS rates at 1, 3 and 5 years for HCC-CC (82%, 47%, 40%) were similar to CC (79%, 58%, 47%), but significantly worse than HCC (86%, 72%, and 62% p = 0.002). DISCUSSION: Patients undergoing LT for HCC had significantly better survival compared to those transplanted for HCC-CC and CC. LT for mixed HCC-CC confers a survival rate similar to selected patients with CC. Efforts should be made to identify HCC-CC patients preoperatively.

A prospective analysis of factors associated with decreased physical activity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing transplant evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved recovery time after transplantation. Handgrip strength has been related to post-transplant outcomes. AIM: To evaluate predictors of PA and grip strength in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation. METHODS: Single-center, prospective analysis. RESULTS: One hundred patients were evaluated (54% male, mean age 53 ± 9). Common etiologies of liver disease were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (27%), hepatitis C (22%) and alcoholic liver disease (21%). Mean model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 13.5. Forty-one percent had a history of smoking. Ninety-three patients completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The median total PA score was 33 metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/wk. The mean total grip strength was 62.1 ± 22 lb. Total grip strength was found to be an independent predictor of low-moderate PA (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.4-16.2, p = 0.038), and smoking was the only significant factor associated with reduced grip strength (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplant evaluation have reduced total PA by IPAQ. Total grip strength was found to be a significant predictor of low-moderate PA in patients with cirrhosis. Smoking is a risk factor for reduced grip strength, an important indicator of muscle wasting in cirrhotics.

Increased morbidity and mortality of a concomitant colectomy during a pancreaticoduodenectomy: an NSQIP propensity-score matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Select patients with peri-ampullary cancers require concomitant colon resection (CR) during a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for margin-negative resections. This study analysed the impact of concomitant CR on major morbidity (MM) and mortality. METHODS: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) patients undergoing PD for peri-ampullary cancers were identified from 2005 to 2012. A 4 : 1 propensity-score matched analysis isolated the impact of CR upon PD. Risk factors for 30-day MM and mortality were analysed to determine post-operative sequelae of PD+CR. RESULTS: From 10 965 PD and 159 PD+CR patients, 624 and 156, respectively, were selected for 4 : 1 matched analysis. PD+CR resulted in a higher MM and mortality (50.0% and 9.0%) versus PD alone (28.8% and 2.9%, respectively, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified risk factors for MM after PD: concomitant CR [odds ratio (OR)-3.19, P < 0.001], smoking (OR-1.92, P = 0.005), a lack of functional independence (OR-3.29, P = 0.018), cardiac disease (OR-2.39, P = 0.011), decreased albumin (per g/dl, OR-1.38, P = 0.033) and a longer operative time (versus median time, OR-1.56, P = 0.029). Independent predictors of mortality included concomitant CR (OR-3.16, P = 0.010), ventilator dependence (OR-13.87, P < 0.001) and septic shock (OR-6.02, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CR was an independent predictor of MM and mortality after a PD. Patients requiring PD+CR should be identified pre-operatively, maximally optimized and referred to experienced surgeons at expert centres.

Phase 2 study of preoperative chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine followed by chemoradiation for borderline resectable or node-positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant treatment with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine for potentially operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not been well studied in a prospective interventional trial and could down-stage tumors to achieve negative surgical margins. METHODS: A single-arm, open-label phase 2 trial (NCT02427841) enrolled patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma deemed to be borderline resectable or clinically node-positive from March 17, 2016 to October 5, 2019. Patients received preoperative gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, 15, every 28 days for two cycles followed by chemoradiation with 50.4 Gy intensity-modulated radiation over 28 fractions with concurrent fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. After definitive resection, patients received four additional cycles of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. The primary endpoint was R0 resection rate. Other endpoints included treatment completion rate, resection rate, radiographic response rate, survival, and adverse events. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled, with the majority having head of pancreas primary tumors, both arterial and venous vasculature involvement, and clinically positive nodes on imaging. Among them, 11 (58%) underwent definitive resection and eight of 19 (42%) achieved R0 resection. Disease progression and functional decline were primary reasons for deferring surgical resection after neoadjuvant treatment. Pathologic near-complete response was observed in two of 11 (18%) resection specimens. Among the 19 patients, the 12-month progression-free survival was 58%, and 12-month overall survival was 79%. Common adverse events were alopecia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, rash, and neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel followed by long-course chemoradiation represents a feasible neoadjuvant treatment strategy for borderline resectable or node-positive pancreatic cancer.

Billing and reimbursement for advanced practice in solid organ transplantation.

Transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure in most organ systems. Kidney transplantation is cost-saving as compared with dialysis, and the cost utility of liver transplantation is favorable compared with other accepted medical interventions; nonetheless, transplantation is an expensive endeavor. As a result, both hospitals and payers have made considerable efforts to try to limit the costs associated with transplantation; these efforts have resulted in complicated reimbursement schemes and a variety of models to deliver care. It is in this context that many institutions have looked to incorporate advanced practice professionals in the care of transplant patients. The ability to use advanced practice professionals in a cost-effective manner can be enhanced by an understanding of how reimbursement in transplantation works and the legal and financial implications of their employment.

Detection of Tumor Multifocality in Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Defining the Optimal Pre-operative Imaging Modality.

BACKGROUND: Multiple tumor foci (MTF) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), including satellitosis and true multifocality, is a known negative prognostic factor and can inform pre-operative decision-making. Lack of standardized pre-operative liver staging practices may contribute to undiagnosed MTF and poor outcomes. We sought to investigate the sensitivity of different cross-sectional imaging modalities for MTF at our institution. METHODS: We identified n = 52 patients with ICC who underwent curative-intent resection from 2004 to 2017 in a multidisciplinary hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer program. Timing and modality of pre-operative imaging were recorded. Blinded review of imaging was performed and modalities were evaluated for false-negative rate (FNR) in detecting MTF, satellitosis, and true multifocality. RESULTS: Forty-one (79%) patients underwent CT and 20 (38%) underwent MRI prior to hepatectomy. MTF was pre-operatively identified in six (12%) patients. An additional seven patients had MTF discovered on final surgical pathology, despite a median interval from CT/MRI to surgery of 20 days. On blinded review the FNR of MRI compared to CT for multifocality was 0% vs. 38%, 50% vs 80% for satellitosis, and 22% vs 46% for MTF as a whole. CONCLUSION: CT is inadequate for pre-operative diagnosis of MTF in resectable ICC, even when performed within 30 days of hepatectomy. We recommend liver-protocol MRI as the standard pre-operative imaging modality in non-metastatic ICC.

Multi-Center Analysis of Liver Transplantation for Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Cholangiocarcinoma Liver Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma liver tumors (cHCC-CCA) with pathologic differentiation of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma within the same tumor are not traditionally considered for liver transplantation due to perceived poor outcomes. Published results are from small cohorts and single centers. Through a multicenter collaboration, we performed the largest analysis to date of the utility of liver transplantation for cHCC-CCA. STUDY DESIGN: Liver transplant and resection outcomes for HCC (n = 2,998) and cHCC-CCA (n = 208) were compared in a 12-center retrospective review (2009 to 2017). Pathology defined tumor type. Tumor burden was based on radiologic Milan criteria at time of diagnosis and applied to cHCC-CCA for uniform analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank test were used to determine overall survival and disease-free survival. Cox regression was used for multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS: Liver transplantation for cHCC-CCA (n = 67) and HCC (n = 1,814) within Milan had no significant difference in overall survival (5-year cHCC-CCA 70.1%, HCC 73.4%, p = 0.806), despite higher cHCC-CCA recurrence rates (23.1% vs 11.5% 5 years, p < 0.001). Irrespective of tumor burden, cHCC-CCA tumor patient undergoing liver transplant had significantly superior overall survival (p = 0.047) and disease-free survival (p < 0.001) than those having resection. For cHCC-CCA within Milan, liver transplant was associated with improved disease-free survival over resection (70.3% vs 33.6% 5 years, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of tumor burden, outcomes after liver transplantation are superior to resection for patients with cHCC-CCA. Within Milan criteria, liver transplant for cHCC-CCA and HCC result in similar overall survival, justifying consideration of transplantation due to the higher chance of cure with liver transplantation in this traditionally excluded population.

Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for BCLC Stage C Hepatocellular Carcinoma Comparing Child-Pugh A Versus B7 Patients: Are the Outcomes Equivalent?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization outcomes across Child-Pugh scores in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2005 to December 2018, 106 consecutive patients with BCLC Stage C HCC who underwent Y90 radioembolization were retrospectively analyzed. Exclusion criteria included additional malignancy (n = 7), death unrelated to liver disease (n = 2), metastases (n = 2), or lack of follow-up data (n = 4). Ninety-one patients were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups with the log-rank test. Cox regression modeling was used to evaluate the prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS: Mean age was 63 years and 85.7% were male. HCV infection was the most common etiology of liver disease (58.2%). Sixty-four (70.3%) patients were Child-Pugh A, 19 (20.9%) patients were B7, and eight (8.8%) patients were B8-9. Median OS after radioembolization was 20.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0-27.4], 6.0 (95% CI 4.4-7.6), and 5.5 (95% CI 2.5-8.5) months for Child-Pugh A, B7, and B8/9 groups, respectively (P < 0.001 for B7 vs. A; P = 0.537 for B7 vs. B8/9). The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (P < 0.001), Child-Pugh class (P = 0.005), tumor morphology pattern (P = 0.012), and Y90 delivery location (P = 0.020) were significant independent predictors of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes from Y90 for BCLC C HCC for Child-Pugh B7 patients were equivalent to B8/9 patients and significantly worse compared to Child-Pugh A patients. Although further research is warranted, these results suggest continued cautious patient selection for radioembolization in advanced HCC.

Correction to: Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for BCLC Stage C Hepatocellular Carcinoma Comparing Child-Pugh A Versus B7 Patients: Are the Outcomes Equivalent?

The name of one of the co-authors was slightly misspelled. Kristian Enestvedt is listed currently as "Kristian K. Enestvedt" and should be listed instead as "C. Kristian Enestvedt."

Liver Transplantation: Patient Selection, Perioperative Surgical Issues, and Expected Outcomes.

Liver transplant rates are at an all-time high, with nearly 8000 liver transplants in 2015. Despite the increasing number of liver transplants performed per year, there is a widening gap of supply and demand on limited donor resources. Patient selection is a complex but necessary process to evaluate patients who will benefit from liver transplant while minimizing futile transplants. Efforts should also continue to focus on minimizing perioperative complications resulting in retransplantations and more targeted immunosuppression to minimize side effects and prolong patient survival.