Protein quality as a complementary functional unit in life cycle assessment (LCA).

Goal and theoretical commentary: A number of recent life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have concluded that animal-sourced foods should be restricted-or even avoided-within the human diet due to their relatively high environmental impacts (particularly those from ruminants) compared with other protein-rich foods (mainly protein-rich plant foods). From a nutritional point of view, however, issues such as broad nutrient bioavailability, amino acid balances, digestibility and even non-protein nutrient density (e.g., micronutrients) need to be accounted for before making such recommendations to the global population. This is especially important given the contribution of animal sourced foods to nutrient adequacy in the global South and vulnerable populations of high-income countries (e.g., children, women of reproductive age and elderly). Often, however, LCAs simplify this reality by using 'protein' as a functional unit in their models and basing their analyses on generic nutritional requirements. Even if a 'nutritional functional unit' (nFU) is utilised, it is unlikely to consider the complexities of amino acid composition and subsequent protein accretion. The discussion herein focuses on nutritional LCA (nLCA), particularly on the usefulness of nFUs such as 'protein,' and whether protein quality should be considered when adopting the nutrient as an (n)FU. Further, a novel and informative case study is provided to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of protein-quality adjustment. Case study methods: To complement current discussions, we present an exploratory virtual experiment to determine how Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores (DIAAS) might play a role in nLCA development by correcting for amino acid quality and digestibility. DIAAS is a scoring mechanism which considers the limiting indispensable amino acids (IAAs) within an IAA balance of a given food (or meal) and provides a percentage contribution relative to recommended daily intakes for IAA and subsequent protein anabolism; for clarity, we focus only on single food items (4 × animal-based products and 4 × plant-based products) in the current case exemplar. Further, we take beef as a sensitivity analysis example (which we particularly recommend when considering IAA complementarity at the meal-level) to elucidate how various cuts of the same intermediary product could affect the interpretation of nLCA results of the end-product(s). Recommendations: First, we provide a list of suggestions which are intended to (a) assist with deciding whether protein-quality correction is necessary for a specific research question and (b) acknowledge additional uncertainties by providing mitigating opportunities to avoid misinterpretation (or worse, dis-interpretation) of protein-focused nLCA studies. We conclude that as relevant (primary) data availability from supply chain 'gatekeepers' (e.g., international agri-food distributors and processors) becomes more prevalent, detailed consideration of IAA provision of contrasting protein sources needs to be acknowledged-ideally quantitatively with DIAAS being one example-in nLCA studies utilising protein as a nFU. We also contend that future nLCA studies should discuss the complementarity of amino acid balances at the meal-level, as a minimum, rather than the product level when assessing protein metabolic responses of consumers. Additionally, a broader set of nutrients should ideally be included when evaluating "protein-rich foods" which provide nutrients that extend beyond amino acids, which is of particular importance when exploring dietary-level nLCA.

The drinking water crises of Flint and Havelock North: a failure of public health risk management.

Between 2014 and 2016, there were two severe community water system (CWS) failures in Flint, Michigan (MI), USA and Havelock North, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. These events had profound implications for public health in their respective countries. While the nature of both crises was different, certain aspects of the failings were strikingly similar. These included: failure of authorities to protect the integrity of their source water, 'wait-and-see approach' to address problems if and when they occurred, negligent approach to regulatory oversight and responsibility, substandard facilities and lack of knowledge and training of staff, failure of consultants and advisory services engaged by suppliers, and failure of government agencies to enforce regulations. The lessons from both incidents must be learned, or similar tragic events are likely to reoccur. The six principles identified in the Government Inquiry into the Havelock North outbreak are an essential first step. The next step is to implement them throughout the drinking water sector.

The Relationship between Hemoglobin Level and Socio-economic Indicators among Women of Childbearing Age in South Africa: A Secondary Analysis of DHS Data.

The nutritional double burden of disease refers to the phenomenon of undernutrition, wasting, stunting, micronutrient deficiency coinciding with overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases, within individuals, households and populations throughout the lifecycle. This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in hemoglobin levels between anthropometric categories and socio-economic factors among women aged 15 to 49 years old in South Africa. Data were obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) South Africa survey 2016. There were 2690 women between 15 and 49 years old included in the sample. Variables selected for analysis included height and weight, hemoglobin (adjusted for altitude), wealth index, access to improved water and sanitation. Variables were tested for normality using Q-Q plots. Missing data was removed. Frequencies and percentages were reported for categorical data. Non-parametric continuous variables were reported as medians and interquartile ranges. As data were not normally distributed, analysis was conducted using the Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. The type I error rate was set to p < .05. Where it was found that a significant difference exists, post hoc Dunn tests were performed to determine the location of the differences. Anemia was prevalent among 28.9% of the sample and 63.5% were either overweight or obese. Hemoglobin levels were significantly different between normal weight women and women with a body mass index in the obese class I and obese class II respectively (Kruskall-Wallis = 27.014; df = 5; p = .000; n = 2690). There were significant differences in hemoglobin levels between women with access to improved sanitation and those without access (Mann-Whitney U test p = .017), but hemoglobin levels were similar between women with access to improved water and those without (Mann-Whitney U test p = .175). Poorer women had significantly different hemoglobin levels to the wealthiest women in the sample (Kruskall-Wallis = 29.568; df = 4; p = .000). The nutritional double burden of disease is prevalent in South Africa among women of childbearing age. A wealth disparity exists among South African women in terms of hemoglobin levels.

Somatic CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2.

BACKGROUND: Somatic mutations in the Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2) occur in many myeloproliferative neoplasms, but the molecular pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2 is obscure, and the diagnosis of these neoplasms remains a challenge. METHODS: We performed exome sequencing of samples obtained from 151 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. The mutation status of the gene encoding calreticulin (CALR) was assessed in an additional 1345 hematologic cancers, 1517 other cancers, and 550 controls. We established phylogenetic trees using hematopoietic colonies. We assessed calreticulin subcellular localization using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Exome sequencing identified 1498 mutations in 151 patients, with medians of 6.5, 6.5, and 13.0 mutations per patient in samples of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis, respectively. Somatic CALR mutations were found in 70 to 84% of samples of myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2, in 8% of myelodysplasia samples, in occasional samples of other myeloid cancers, and in none of the other cancers. A total of 148 CALR mutations were identified with 19 distinct variants. Mutations were located in exon 9 and generated a +1 base-pair frameshift, which would result in a mutant protein with a novel C-terminal. Mutant calreticulin was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum without increased cell-surface or Golgi accumulation. Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms carrying CALR mutations presented with higher platelet counts and lower hemoglobin levels than patients with mutated JAK2. Mutation of CALR was detected in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Clonal analyses showed CALR mutations in the earliest phylogenetic node, a finding consistent with its role as an initiating mutation in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone CALR were found in a majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2. (Funded by the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund and others.).

Somatic SF3B1 mutation in myelodysplasia with ring sideroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes are a diverse and common group of chronic hematologic cancers. The identification of new genetic lesions could facilitate new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. METHODS: We used massively parallel sequencing technology to identify somatically acquired point mutations across all protein-coding exons in the genome in 9 patients with low-grade myelodysplasia. Targeted resequencing of the gene encoding RNA splicing factor 3B, subunit 1 (SF3B1), was also performed in a cohort of 2087 patients with myeloid or other cancers. RESULTS: We identified 64 point mutations in the 9 patients. Recurrent somatically acquired mutations were identified in SF3B1. Follow-up revealed SF3B1 mutations in 72 of 354 patients (20%) with myelodysplastic syndromes, with particularly high frequency among patients whose disease was characterized by ring sideroblasts (53 of 82 [65%]). The gene was also mutated in 1 to 5% of patients with a variety of other tumor types. The observed mutations were less deleterious than was expected on the basis of chance, suggesting that the mutated protein retains structural integrity with altered function. SF3B1 mutations were associated with down-regulation of key gene networks, including core mitochondrial pathways. Clinically, patients with SF3B1 mutations had fewer cytopenias and longer event-free survival than patients without SF3B1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in SF3B1 implicate abnormalities of messenger RNA splicing in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others.).

Dental Caries: The Way Forward.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: It is evident that some progress in reducing ECC prevalence in children has been made, but these improvements are not equally distributed. Systemic inequities in oral health among the youngest, most vulnerable children must be reduced.

Fast reconstruction of centre of mass and foot kinematics during a single-legged horizontal jump: A point-cloud processing approach.

Horizontal jumps are discrete, fast, over-ground movements requiring coordination of the centre of mass (CoM) and base of support and are routinely assessed in sports settings. There is currently no biomechanics-based system to aid in their quick and objective large-scale assessment. We describe a practical system combining a single low-cost depth-sensing camera and point-cloud processing (PCP) to capture whole-body CoM and foot kinematics. Fourteen participants performed 10 single-leg horizontal jumps for distance. Foot displacement, CoM displacement, CoM peak velocity and CoM peak acceleration in the anterior-posterior direction of movement were compared with a reference 15-segment criterion model, captured concurrently using a nine-camera motion capture system (Vicon Motion Systems, UK). Between-system Pearson's correlations were very-large to near-perfect (n = 140; foot displacement = 0.99, CoM displacement = 0.98, CoM peak velocity = 0.97, CoM peak acceleration = 0.79), with mean biases being trivial-small (-0.07 cm [0.12%], 3.8 cm [3.5%], 0.03 m·s-1 [1.6%], 0.42 m·s-2 [7%], respectively) and typical errors being trivial-small for displacement (foot: 0.92 cm [0.8%]; CoM: 3.8 cm [3.4%]) and CoM peak velocity (0.07 m·s-1 [4.3%]), and large for CoM peak acceleration (0.72 m·s-2 [15%]). Limits of agreement were -1.9 to 2.0 cm for foot displacement, -11.3 to 3.6 cm for CoM displacement, -0.17 to 0.12 m·s-1 for CoM peak velocity and -2.28 to 1.43 m·s-2 for CoM peak acceleration. The practical system captured CoM and foot kinematics during horizontal jumps with acceptable precision. Further work to improve estimates of CoM accelerations and different populations are warranted.

Dietary intake, nutritional status and rehabilitation outcomes of stroke patients in hospital.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition affects rehabilitation through its influence on physical and mental functioning, although little attention has been paid to effects on rehabilitation outcomes. The present study aimed to describe nutritional status and food consumption in stroke patients within 2 weeks of hospital admission and before discharge, as well as to investigate the effects of nutritional and dietary factors on rehabilitation outcomes. METHODS: One hundred patients from a consecutive cohort admitted to a metropolitan hospital with acute stroke were recruited and assessed by a single researcher, with 38 reassessed at discharge. Nutritional status was assessed using Mini-Nutritional Assessment and anthropometric indices and dietary intake was assessed by 1-day weighed dietary records. Rehabilitation outcomes were changes in Barthel index scores and the rehabilitation efficiency index. RESULTS: Few (n = 9; 10%) consumed ≥100% of the estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy within 2 weeks of admission and 13 (33%) had energy intakes <50% of EAR before discharge. A small but increasing proportion (7% at admission, 13% at discharge) were identified as being malnourished across the inpatient stay. Younger age, lower Barthel index and a higher energy intake in the early stages of admission predicted the extent and rate of restoration of functional abilities by discharge (F = 7.503, P = 0.001; F = 14.558, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given a general finding of nutritional deterioration identified for these patients, as well as the identification of energy intake as a modifiable influence on the extent and rate of recovery, there is clearly scope for the multidisciplinary development of nutritional support for stroke patients to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

Electric acoustic stimulation of the auditory system: experience and results of ten patients using MED-EL's M and FlexEAS electrodes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hearing preservation rate and speech perception scores in patients with profound high frequency hearing loss and acoustically aidable low frequency hearing, managed with the MED-EL electric acoustic stimulation system referenced to the insertion depth of the electrode array. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Ten patients implanted at the Auditory Implant Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pure tone audiometry, speech perception tests and electrode insertion depth angle. RESULTS: Postoperatively, functional hearing preservation allowing electric acoustic stimulation was achieved in eight patients and total preservation of residual hearing in five patients with follow-up periods of more than 12 months. Three of four (75%) patients with an insertion depth of >360 degrees had a threshold shift of >25 dB, and all four patients had a threshold shift of >10 dB. All patients with total hearing preservation had the electrode inserted up to 360 degrees at maximum. Overall, speech perception outcomes increased significantly and hearing impairment was significantly reduced after electric acoustic stimulation or electric stimulation alone as compared with the preoperative scores. CONCLUSION: Electric acoustic stimulation provides significant benefit to individuals with profound high frequency hearing loss. Studies with larger number of patients are needed to establish the optimal electrode insertion angle as well as to further analyse the benefit of electric acoustic stimulation.

The effect of intermittent running on biomarkers of bone turnover.

Intermittent exercise might be an efficient means of exercise for improving bone strength and quality. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of intermittent running on bone turnover markers using altered exercise-to-rest intervals. Twelve males completed one control (no exercise), and three, 45-min intermittent protocols (5, 20, and 80 s intervals) matched for distance and speed. Fasted venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 1, 2 and 24 h post-exercise. Carboxyterminal crosslinked telopeptide (CTX-I) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were used as markers of bone resorption and formation. After adjustment for baseline, CTX-I concentration at 1 h was higher (very likely to most likely small) for 5 s (30.2%; ±90% confidence limits: 10%), 20 s (2.9.0%; ±10%) and 80 s (32.0%; ±10%) compared to control. The very likely small effect remained for 5 s at 2 h (30.2%; ±15%). The effect for 20 and 80 s was possibly trivial and possibly small/possibly trivial (∼14.5%; ±âˆ¼15%). Differences in P1NP concentrations were likely to very likely trivial (∼7.4%; ±âˆ¼7.6%). Circulating CTX-I concentration is affected acutely by intermittent running with short-interval (5 s) intermittent loading resulting in a prolonged attenuation in circadian rhythm of CTX-I up to 2 h that was not demonstrated as clearly by longer intervals despite matched internal and external training load.

The effect of aging on distraction osteogenesis in the rat.

The effect of age on bone formation in the limb lengthening model of distraction osteogenesis (DO) was investigated in two studies using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from two colonies at various ages (CAMM: 9 vs 24 months, Harlan: 4 vs 24 months). External fixators were placed on the right tibiae of 30 male SD rats (20 CAMM, 10 Harlan) and mid-diaphyseal osteotomies were performed. Distraction was performed at 0.2 mm bid for 20 days (CAMM) or 14 days (Harlan). The experimental (DO) and control (contra-lateral) tibiae were removed for high-resolution radiography and decalcified histology. Videomicroscopy was used to quantitate radiodensity, histology (matrix type) and relative areas of cell proliferation, which was identified by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunochemistry. Both studies demonstrated an age-related decrease in the percent mineralized bone (radiodensity) in the distraction gap (CAMM 9 vs 24 months: 68% vs 51%, P < 0.003; Harlan 4 vs 24 months: 95% vs 36%, P < 0.001) and no significant colony or distraction time-specific difference was seen between the two colonies of 24-month-old rats. Histology was performed on the Harlan rats. The DO gaps in the 24-month-old rats demonstrated less endosteal new bone compared to the 4-month-old rats (P < 0.01), but equivalent periosteal new bone. In 4-month-old rats, PCNA-immunostained cells were organized along the primary matrix front (where the first deposition of osteoid occurs) extending across both periosteal and endosteal surfaces. In 24-month-old rats, PCNA+ cells were organized in zones along the periosteal new bone fronts only and irregularly scattered throughout the endosteal gap within a fibrovascular non-ossifying matrix. These results indicate that 24-month-old rats have a relative deficit in endosteal bone formation which may not be related to cell proliferation but rather to cell organization. This model reflects the clinical situation where radiographic findings in older patients demonstrate significant delays in mineralization during DO. We believe this model of DO in aged rats presents unique in vivo opportunities to test hypotheses concerning (1) the effects of aging on bone repair, (2) the effects of pharmacological agents on bone repair in a geriatric setting, and (3) to study the mechanisms underlying DO.

Positive and negative symptoms, depression and social disability in chronic schizophrenia: a comparative trial of bromperidol and fluphenazine decanoates.

A 1 year double-blind trial of bromperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate was conducted in the maintenance treatment of 47 outpatients with schizophrenia. Six patients relapsed on bromperidol decanoate and none on fluphenazine decanoate, a difference which is statistically significant. No significant differences in positive and negative symptoms, nor depression measures were found between treatment groups when comparisons were made for change in score from entry to last visit. However, patients on fluphenazine decanoate achieved significantly better changes on social disability (Morningside scale) compared to those on bromperidol decanoate. The incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects was similar in both groups, and no statistically significant differences emerged in body weight change between treatments.

Interaction of platinum with metallothionein-like ligands in the rat kidney after administration of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II.

After the administration of the anticancer drug cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II (cisplatin) to male rats, the Pt in the soluble fraction of the kidney is isolated, by gel filtration, in association with a high molecular weight component and a low molecular weight fraction. At 24 h, Pt is also recovered in a metallothionein-like fraction which elutes from Sephadex G-50 with a lower apparent molecular weight than endogenous (Cu, Zn)-thionein or Cd-thionein isolated from the kidneys of Cd2+-treated rats. None of these low molecular weight metal-binding fractions binds to Octyl Sepharose CL-4B. On DE-52 ion exchange chromatography, Cd-thionein is resolved into two isometallothioneins whereas the low molecular weight Pt-binding fraction is only partially purified and contains at least six components which elute at higher gradient concentrations than metallothionein. Pretreatment with Cd2+ which stimulates the synthesis of renal and hepatic metallothionein has no effect on the uptake and subcellular distribution of Pt in the liver and kidneys. Cisplatin treatment reduces the concentration of Cu and Zn in the renal metallothionein and other soluble protein fractions in the kidney. When administered to Cd2+-pretreated rats, cisplatin promotes the loss of Zn from the soluble protein fractions but causes the redistribution of Cd from the metallothionein to the high molecular weight fraction and fails to inhibit the Cd2+-induced accumulation of Cu in the kidneys and the binding of Cu to the soluble protein fractions. It is suggested that metallothionein probably does not have a significant role in the renal metabolism of Pt following the administration of cisplatin to rats.

Treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.

BACKGROUND: Substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness can have detrimental effects. A variety of treatments exist, but the drive has been to provide programmes integrating treatment of both substance misuse and severe mental illness. Such programmes require additional resources and may require radical redesign of service delivery systems. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programmes within psychiatric care for people with problems of both substance misuse and serious mental illness. SEARCH STRATEGY: Biological Abstracts (1985-1998), CINAHL (1982-1998), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 1998), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of trials (August 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998), PsycLIT (1974-1998) and Sociofile (1974-1998) were comprehensively searched. Citations of all trials were searched and further studies sought from published trials and their authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials of any programme of substance misuse treatment for people with serious mental illness and current problems of substance misuse. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Citations and, where possible, abstracts were independently inspected by reviewers, papers ordered, re-inspected and quality assessed. Data were also independently extracted. For homogeneous dichotomous data the Peto odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated on an intention-to-treat basis. MAIN RESULTS: Six relevant studies, four of which were small, were identified. In general, the quality of design and reporting was not high. Clinically important outcomes such as relapse of severe mental illness, violence to others, patient or carer satisfaction, social functioning and employment were not reported. There is no clear evidence supporting an advantage of any type of substance misuse programme for those with serious mental illness over the value of standard care. No one programme is clearly superior to another. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The problems posed by substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness will not go away. The current momentum for integrated programmes is not based on good evidence. Implementation of new specialist substance misuse services for those with serious mental illnesses should be within the context of simple, well designed controlled clinical trials.

Treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.

BACKGROUND: Substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness can have detrimental effects. A variety of treatments exist, but the drive has been to provide programmes integrating treatment of both substance misuse and severe mental illness. Such programmes require additional resources and may require radical redesign of service delivery systems. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programmes within psychiatric care for people with problems of both substance misuse and serious mental illness. SEARCH STRATEGY: Biological Abstracts (1985-1998), CINAHL (1982-1998), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 1998), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of trials (August 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998), PsycLIT (1974-1998) and Sociofile (1974-1998) were comprehensively searched. Citations of all trials were searched and further studies sought from published trials and their authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials of any programme of substance misuse treatment for people with serious mental illness and current problems of substance misuse. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Citations and, where possible, abstracts were independently inspected by reviewers, papers ordered, re-inspected and quality assessed. Data were also independently extracted. For homogeneous dichotomous data the Peto odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated on an intention-to-treat basis. MAIN RESULTS: Six relevant studies, four of which were small, were identified. In general, the quality of design and reporting was not high. Clinically important outcomes such as relapse of severe mental illness, violence to others, patient or carer satisfaction, social functioning and employment were not reported. There is no clear evidence supporting an advantage of any type of substance misuse programme for those with serious mental illness over the value of standard care. No one programme is clearly superior to another. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The problems posed by substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness will not go away. The current momentum for integrated programmes is not based on good evidence. Implementation of new specialist substance misuse services for those with serious mental illnesses should be within the context of simple, well designed controlled clinical trials.

Prediction of survival in dementia by cognitive tests: a six-year follow-up.

One hundred and sixteen elderly female in-patients with confirmed diagnoses of senile or arteriosclerotic dementia were tested on the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT) and Cognitive Assessment Scale (CAS) of CAPE and were followed up annually for six years. Comparison of those patients who had died by each follow-up date with those who had survived showed that in general the latter had had better PALT and CAS scores.

Prediction of survival by three psychological measures.

One hundred and seven elderly female in-patients with confirmed or suspected diagnoses of dementia were assessed by the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT), and the Cognitive Assessment Scale (CAS) and Behaviour Rating Scale (BRS) of CAPE. Eighteen months later, 62 patients were still alive. These had significantly better scores on the 'easy' set of PALT and on BRS than the non-survivors; the differences on the 'mediate' and 'hard' sets, and on CAS, while in the predicted direction, were not significant.

Evidence for a seasonal fluctuation of arsenic in New Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in drinking water.

A year-long survey, with samples collected weekly, was conducted to estimate long-term average concentrations of arsenic in treated and untreated drinking water for the city of Hamilton, New Zealand. The average concentration of arsenic in Waikato River water at Hamilton before processing was found to be (32.1 +/- 3.7) microg litre(-1), about three times above the new WHO limit of 10 microg litre(-1). However, full conventional water treatment effects a five-fold reduction in arsenic concentrations in drinking water to a level which meets the new standards of (6.2 +/- 0.8) microg litre(-1). The results of both this study and retrospective analysis of archived data suggest that total arsenic concentrations in the Waikato River are likely to follow a regular seasonal variation, being about 10-25 microg litre(-1) higher in the summer months. Changes in river flow rates have an almost negligible effect on the summer peak and winter trough; it is proposed that most of the variation in total arsenic concentrations may be due to the seasonal conversion of arsenic in the river sediments to more soluble forms.

Radon and 'King Solomon's Miners': Faynan Orefield, Jordanian Desert.

Concentrations of 222Rn were measured in ancient copper mines which exploited the Faynan Orefield in the South-Western Jordanian Desert. The concentrations of radon gas detected indicate that the ancient metal workers would have been exposed to a significant health risk and indicate that any future attempt to exploit the copper ores must deal with the hazard identified. Seasonal variations in radon concentrations are noted and these are linked to the ventilation of the mines. These modern data are used to explore the differential exposure to radon and the health of ancient mining communities.

Nutrition and wound healing.

A review of the role of macro- and micro-nutrients in injury response and wound healing, the effects of nutrient depletion and repletion on healing and recovery, and an examination of the process of nutrient assessment, delivery and evaluation.