[Current situation of children with medical complexity: An experience between primary and hospital care]. / Situación actual del paciente pediátrico con patología crónica compleja: una experiencia entre atención primaria y hospitalaria.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the assessment of the care of children with medical complexity (CMC) in Primary Care (PC), from the point of view of their doctors and their families. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive and transversal study. SITE: PC Pediatrics and Complex Chronic Pathology Unit (UPCC) of Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP). PARTICIPANTS: Patients and relatives of the UPCC and their PC physicians of the Community of Madrid (CAM). INTERVENTIONS: Face-to-face and online validated surveys were conducted. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Degree of satisfaction in the training, education and specific management of the CMC according to Likert-type scales. RESULTS: Fifty-three families and 170 PC physicians (96.5% pediatricians) were surveyed. The results of the family survey reveal lack of coordination between levels of care (73.6%), little confidence in the first level of care, and an impression of poor problem-solving capacity by PC pediatricians (50%). Among PC physicians, there is little training in the follow-up of CMC (96.5%), little experience in their management (93%) and insufficient communication with the hospital (80.5%). Lack of time in consultations is a common problem, perceived by pediatricians and patients. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of coordination between PC and Hospital Care is detected as an important problem in the continuity of care at CMC. Interventions are needed to improve this coordination. The PC is close to the family but needs to improve the education and training of professionals in health problems and technical support from CMC, as well as increase the time necessary for their care.

Identifying priorities to improve paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial use by cross-sectional evaluation of prevalence and appropriateness of prescription.

INTRODUCTION: Information about paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial usage and prescribing patterns to guide improvement strategies is scant. We aim to use an evaluation of the prevalence and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription to identify antimicrobial stewardship priorities in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional point study was performed on hospitalised paediatric patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital, assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial prescription (PAP) and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription (AAP). AAP was defined as a correct indication plus an appropriate prescribing pattern (dose, spectrum and interval). Evaluation was performed using established antimicrobial guidelines. Other factors that may have a bearing on antimicrobial prescription were also analysed. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients were included. PAP was 49.7% (85/171) and AAP was 60.9% (91/161). The most common indications for antimicrobial use were antimicrobial prophylaxis (28.3%, 32/113) and pneumonia (8.2%, 8/113). Overall, 161 antimicrobials were prescribed (1.9 antimicrobials per patient): 55.3% (89/161) were empiric, 16.1% (26/161) were targeted and 28.6% (46/161) were prophylactic. Amoxicillin/clavulanate (8.2%, 14/171) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (8.2%, 14/171) were the most prescribed antimicrobials. The prescription of antifungals (11.7%, 20/171) and antivirals (1.8%, 3/171) was analysed. Major causes of inappropriate antibiotic use were prolonged prescriptions (21.7%, 35/161) and use of agents with an excessively broad coverage spectrum (21.1%, 34/161). PAP and AAP varied between wards and antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of PAP and AAP offers valuable information for detecting priorities in hospital settings and monitoring antimicrobial usage prior to the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes. In our setting, the main areas for improvement are duration of therapy and proper use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Tuberculosis in infants less than 3 months of age. / Tuberculosis en lactantes menores de 3 meses.

A review was conducted on infants less than 3 months of age diagnosed with tuberculosis between 1978 and 2014. Eight patients were diagnosed (1.4% of paediatric tuberculosis cases): 3 confirmed congenital tuberculosis, 3 suspected (endometrial biopsy was not performed), and 2 postnatal tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin test was negative in two patients. Diagnostic performance of culture (7/7, 100%) and PCR (3/3, 100%) of gastric aspirates was higher than that of acid-fast bacilli smears (5/8, 62%) and IGRA test (1/3, 33%). Three patients developed miliary disease, and one died. In conclusion, tuberculosis in this age group is rare, severe, and difficult to diagnose. In cases lacking known postnatal contacts, maternal genital tuberculosis should be ruled out by endometrial biopsy.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and acceptability of planned treatment interruptions in HIV-infected children.

There have been no paediatric randomised trials describing the effect of planned treatment interruptions (PTIs) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on adherence, or evaluating acceptability of such a strategy. In PENTA 11, HIV-infected children were randomised to CD4-guided PTIs (n = 53) or continuous therapy (CT, n = 56). Carers, and children if appropriate, completed questionnaires on adherence to ART and acceptability of PTIs. There was no difference in reported adherence on ART between CT and PTI groups; non-adherence (reporting missed doses over the last 3 days or marking <100 % adherence since the last clinical visit on a visual analogue scale) was 18 % (20/111) and 14 % (12/83) on carer questionnaires in the CT and PTI groups respectively (odds ratios, OR (95 % CI) = 1.04 (0.20, 5.41), χ(2) (1) = 0.003, p = 0.96). Carers in Europe/USA reported non-adherence more often (31/121, 26 %) than in Thailand (1/73, 1 %; OR (95 % CI) = 54.65 (3.68, 810.55), χ(2) (1) = 8.45, p = 0.004). The majority of families indicated they were happy to have further PTIs (carer: 23/36, 64 %; children: 8/13, 62 %), however many reported more clinic visits during PTI were a problem (carer: 15/36, 42 %; children: 6/12, 50 %).

International Adoption of Children with Special Needs in Spain.

International adoption has declined in recent years, although the adoption of children with special needs has arisen. We aim to describe our experience in the international adoption of children with special needs and to analyze the concordance between the pathologies included in pre-adoption reports and the diagnosis made upon arrival. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study including internationally adopted children with special needs evaluated at a reference Spanish unit between 2016 and 2019. Epidemiological and clinical variables were collected from medical records, and pre-adoption reports were compared to established diagnoses following their evaluation and complementary tests. Fifty-seven children were included: 36.8% females, a median age of 27 months [IQR:17-39], mostly coming from China (63.2%) and Vietnam (31.6%). The main pathologies described in the pre-adoption reports were congenital surgical malformations (40.3%), hematological (22.6%), and neurological (24.6%). The initial diagnosis that motivated the international adoption via special needs was confirmed in 79% of the children. After evaluation, 14% were diagnosed with weight and growth delay, and 17.5% with microcephaly, not previously reported. Infectious diseases were also prevalent (29.8%). According to our series, the pre-adoption reports of children with special needs appear accurate, with a low rate of new diagnoses. Pre-existing conditions were confirmed in almost 80% of cases.

[COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned?] / Pandemia COVID-19. ¿Qué hemos aprendido en este tiempo?

Since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared in March 2020, we have learned a lot about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and its role in pediatric pathology.Children are infected in a rate quite similar to adults, although in most cases they suffer mild or asymptomatic symptoms. Around 1% of those infected require hospitalization, less than 0.02% require intensive care, and mortality is very low and generally in children with comorbidities. The most common clinical diagnoses are upper or lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infection and, more seriously, multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Most episodes do not require treatment, except for MIS-C. Remdesivir has been widely used as a compassionate treatment and its role has yet to be defined.The newborn can become infected, although vertical transmission is very low (<1%) and it has been shown that the baby can safely cohabit with its mother and be breastfed. In general, neonatal infections have been mild.Primary care has supported a very important part of the management of the pandemic in pediatrics. There has been numerous collateral damage derived from the difficulty of access to care and the isolation suffered by children. The mental health of the pediatric population has been seriously affected. Although it has been shown that schooling has not led to an increase in infections, but rather the opposite. It is essential to continue maintaining the security measures that make schools a safe place, so necessary not only for children's education, but for their health in general.

Clinical Outcomes of a Zika Virus Mother-Child Pair Cohort in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with congenital microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There is little published research on the effect of maternal ZIKV infection in a non-endemic European region. We aimed to describe the outcomes of pregnant travelers diagnosed as ZIKV-infected in Spain, and their exposed children. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study of nine referral hospitals enrolled pregnant women (PW) who travelled to endemic areas during their pregnancy or the two previous months, or those whose sexual partners visited endemic areas in the previous 6 months. Infants of ZIKV-infected mothers were followed for about two years. RESULTS: ZIKV infection was diagnosed in 163 PW; 112 (70%) were asymptomatic and 24 (14.7%) were confirmed cases. Among 143 infants, 14 (9.8%) had adverse outcomes during follow-up; three had a congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), and 11 other potential Zika-related outcomes. The overall incidence of CZS was 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4-6.0%), but among infants born to ZIKV-confirmed mothers, this increased to 15.8% (95%CI: 3.4-39.6%). CONCLUSIONS: A nearly 10% overall risk of neurologic and hearing adverse outcomes was found in ZIKV-exposed children born to a ZIKV-infected traveler PW. Longer-term follow-up of these children is needed to assess whether there are any later-onset manifestations.

[«I Prepare My Rotation By¼, a virtual complement of paediatric specialist training]. / «Preparo Mi Rotación Por¼, complemento virtual de la formación MIR en Pediatría.

The Spanish Paediatric Association (AEP) has, among its objectives, to develop activities aimed at the training of its members. Thus, in 2013, it began its most ambitious training project, the virtual platform, «Continuum¼. Now it presents a new section aimed at Internal Medicine Residents (MIR) in Paediatrics and their tutors: «I Prepare My Rotation By¼ (PMRP), which has as objectives to reduce the variation in MIR training, to help the tutors in their teaching function, to facilitate collaborative and skill-based learning, reflective training, and the resolving of the particular problems of the professional profile of each paediatric speciality. PMRP is split into three main sections: «From where do we start¼ (with the sub-sections: self-assessment questionnaire and learning agreement), «Situations to resolve¼ (where the clinical scenarios that have been selected in the learning agreement are broken down), and «To where have we got¼ (which includes again the sub-sections at the beginning of the rotation in order to check if the expected objectives have been reached, and the assessment report). It also has other resources: prior knowledge, portfolio, and discussion forum. Five features of the proposed training model should be highlighted: the clinical scenario as a starting point; skill-based learning (based on the Global Paediatric Educational Consortium); the assessment as a training stimulus; the power of collaborative learning, and the participation of the different specialist societies of the AEP in the development of its contents.

[Child hospital admissions associated with influenza virus infection in 6 Spanish cities (2014-2016)]. / Hospitalizaciones infantiles asociadas a infección por virus de la gripe en 6 ciudades de España (2014-2016).

INTRODUCTION: There are only a limited number of studies on the impact of influenza in the Spanish child population. The present work intends to increase this knowledge by studying some key aspects, such as the incidence of hospital admissions, clinic variables, comorbidities, and the vaccination status in the hospitalised children. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of children under 15 years and hospitalised due to community acquired influenza confirmed microbiologically, during 2́flu seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). The study was carried out in 10 hospitals of 6cities, which represent approximately 12% of the Spanish child population. RESULTS: A total of 907 children were admitted to hospital with main diagnosis of influenza infection (447 <2 years), estimating an average annual rate of hospitalisation incidence of 0.51 cases / 1,000 children (95% CI; 0.48-0.55). Just under half (45%) of the cases had an underlying disease considered a risk factor for severe influenza, and most (74%) had not been vaccinated. The percentage of children with underlying diseases increased with age, from 26% in children <6 months to 74% in children >10 years. Admission to the PICU was required in 10% (92) of the cases, mainly due to acute respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: Influenza continues to be an important cause of hospitalisation in the Spanish child population. Children <6 months of age and children with underlying diseases make up the majority (> 50%) of the cases. Many of the severe forms of childhood influenza that occur today could be avoided if current vaccination guidelines were met.

Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in paediatric patients. / Detección de Clostridium difficile toxigénico en pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: Our main objective was a revision of clinical, microbiological and epidemiological results of Clostridium difficile-associated infection in paediatric patients (2010-2015). We compared the diagnoses performed by detection of toxins in feces and those performed by real-time PCR. METHODS: This retrospective study included 82 paediatric patients. Detection of toxigenic C. difficile was performed sequentially, in diarrheal feces and under clinical request. RESULTS: A total of 39% of the patients were attended at Haematology-oncology Unit and >50% of them had previously received cephalosporins. Fever associated with diarrhea was more frequent in the group of toxin detection, whereas not receiving specific antibiotic treatment was more frequent in the group of positive PCR, without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the presence of C. difficile infection in children under 2years old. A diagnostic testing in selected paediatric patients would be advisable when there is clinical suspicion of infection.

[Tuberculosis treatment for children: An update]. / Actualización del tratamiento de la tuberculosis en niños.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most important infectious disease all over the world, with a high morbidity and mortality. Pediatric tuberculosis has been a neglected epidemic, due to the difficulties in assessing its global impact, reduced incidence and lower infectivity compared to adults. In 2015, the WHO reported 1 million cases of paediatric TB and 169,000 deaths. In Europe, the emergence of MDR TB is a major concern, representing 16% of the new diagnosis in Eastern Europe. In 2014, it was estimated that about 219,000 children were infected by MDR-TB-strains in Europe, and 2,120 developed the disease. Spain is the Western European country with more paediatric cases, with an incidence 4.3/100,000 inhabitants in 2014. Paediatric tuberculosis mortality in Spain is rare, but extra-pulmonary disease is associated with significant complications. The prevalence of paediatric drug resistant TB in Spain is over 4%, higher than the estimated incidence in adult population, representing mayor difficulties for therapeutic intervention. These data reveal that paediatric TB is still a Public Health priority in our country. The difficulties in diagnosis and the lack of optimal paediatric drug formulations are the major challenges for controlling the childhood's tuberculosis epidemic. A group of national paeditric TB experts has reviewed the international guidelines and the most recent evidences, and has established new recommendations for the management of paediatric TB contacts, latent infection and active TB disease, especially focused in drug resistant cases. This document replaces the former national guidelines from the Spanish Society for Pediatric Infectios Diseases, although the prior recommendations on the diagnosis remain valid.

La infección congénita por citomegalovirus, ¿es más prevalente en nuestro medio en neonatos expuestos al VIH? / Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, is more prevalent in our country in newborns exposed to HIV?

Objetivos. La infección congénita por citomegalovirus (CMVc) se ha considerado más prevalente en hijos de madre infectadas por VIH (RNEVIH). Por ello, las guías nacionales aconsejan el cribado del CMVc en el RNEVIH. Actualmente estas gestantes en España presentan mejor control de la infección que en décadas precedentes, pudiendo afectar a dicha prevalencia. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la prevalencia y posibles factores de riesgo asociados a la CMVc en RNEVIH en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral combinado (TAR). Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal retrospectivo, incluyendo todos los hijos de madre con VIH nacidos en un hospital de tercer nivel (2014-2020). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos y clínicos de la madre y del neonato. Se realizó cribado neonatal de CMV con cultivo de orina shell vial y/o PCR en las 2 primeras semanas de vida. Resultados. Se incluyeron 69 neonatos. El 82,4% de las madres habían sido diagnosticadas de VIH previamente al embarazo. Todas recibieron TAR durante la gestación. La mediana de linfocitos T-CD4 previos al parto fue 641/mm3 (RIC: 480-865) y la CV fue indetectable en el 83,6%. La serología para CMV en el primer trimestre se realizó en el 73,5% (IgG positiva en el 96%). No hubo casos de transmisión vertical de VIH ni CMVc (IC 95%: 0-5,3%). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de CMVc en neonatos expuestos al VIH en nuestra cohorte fue del 0%, inferior a la documentada en estudios previos, posiblemente en relación con el acceso precoz al TAR en las gestantes y su buena situación inmunológica. (AU)

Objectives. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) has been considered more prevalent among HIV-exposed children during pregnancy. Spanish national guidelines recommend the cCMV screening in these newborns. Nowadays, pregnant women have a better control of HIV infection compared to previous decades. We aim to analyze the prevalence and associated risk factors to cCMV in these children. Patients and methods. A retrospective cross-sectorial study was performed. All newborns exposed to HIV were assisted in a third-level hospital (2014-2020). Epidemiological and clinical data of the mother and newborn were recorded. Shell vial urine culture and/or CRP were performed along the two first weeks of life for the neonatal screening of cCMV. Results. Overall 69 newborns were enrolled. A high proportion (82.4%) of the mothers had been diagnosed with HIV before getting pregnant. All women received ART during the pregnancy. Median T-CD4 lymphocytes before delivery was 641/mm3 (IQR: 480-865) and the viral load was undetectable in 83.6%. Serological test for CMV along the first trimester of pregnancy was performed in 73.5% (positive IgG in 96%). There were no congenital cases of HIV neither cCMV (CI 95%:0-5.3%). Conclusions. The cCMV prevalence in newborns exposed to HIV was 0%, lower than reported before, probably related to a better and earlier ART during pregnancy, leading to a better immunological status. (AU)

Entrega y satisfacción de una legislatura al frente de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP) / Handing over and satisfaction of a term leading the Spanish Association of Pediatrics

No disponible

[The challenge of administering anti-tuberculosis treatment in infants and pre-school children. pTBred Magistral Project]. / El reto de la administración de antituberculosos en lactantes y preescolares. Proyecto Magistral de pTBred.

INTRODUCTION: There are no paediatric formulations of anti-tuberculous drugs in Spain, with the only exception being rifampicin. Some paediatricians often prescribe composite formulations (CF), while others prefer to give crushed tablets. Nevertheless, there is no consensus in this regard, or any pharmacokinetic studies validating these procedures. In this situation, the Spanish Network for the Study of Paediatric Tuberculosis (pTBred) has launched the Magistral Project, which has as its first phase aims to analyse the desirability of developing child-friendly pharmaceutical formulations and other aspects regarding the anti-tuberculous drug prescription in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre, nationwide study was conducted, based on an online questionnaire sent to members of pTBred between February and March 2015. RESULTS: Fifty-four responses from 67 consulted institutions were received. Most of the respondents reported prescribing crushed tablets. A significant number of those surveyed, although being fewer, prescribe CF, for which availability varies widely among institutions. Eighty-three percent replied that it would be essential to have fixed dose combinations of anti-tuberculous drugs, specifically adapted to paediatric doses and administered by CF or tablets. Among the surveyed institutions, differences were found in the management of latent tuberculosis infection, in the use of directly observed therapy, and in the monitoring of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey reveals great diversity in anti-tuberculous drug prescription in children, due to the lack of suitable infant formulations, which could have an impact on treatment adherence and outcomes. pTBred intends to develop a pioneering and useful consensus document on the management of anti-tuberculous medication in children.

Situación actual del paciente pediátrico con patología crónica compleja: una experiencia entre atención primaria y hospitalaria / Current situation of children with medical complexity: An experience between primary and hospital care

Objetivo: Analizar la valoración de la atención a los niños con patología crónica compleja (NPCC) en atención primaria (AP), desde el punto de vista de sus médicos y de sus familias. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Emplazamiento: Pediatría de AP y unidad de patología crónica compleja (UPCC) del Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP). Participantes: Pacientes y familiares de la UPCC y sus médicos de AP de la Comunidad de Madrid (CAM). Intervenciones: Realización de encuestas validadas presenciales y online. Mediciones principales: Grado de satisfacción en la formación, capacitación y manejo específico del NPCC según escalas tipo Likert. Resultados: Se encuestaron 53 familias y 170 médicos de AP (96,5% pediatras). Los resultados de la encuesta a familiares revelan descoordinación entre niveles asistenciales (73,6%), escasa confianza en el primer nivel asistencial e impresión de poca capacidad de resolución de problemas por parte de pediatría de AP (50%). Entre los médicos de AP destaca la poca formación para el seguimiento de los NPCC (96,5%), escasa experiencia en su manejo (93%) e insuficiente comunicación con el hospital (80,5%). La falta de tiempo en las consultas es un problema común, percibido por pediatras y pacientes. Conclusiones: La falta de coordinación entre AP y atención hospitalaria (AH) se detecta como un problema importante en la continuidad asistencial de NPCC. Son necesarias intervenciones que mejoren esta coordinación. La AP es cercana a la familia, pero precisa mejorar la formación y capacitación de los profesionales en problemas de salud y soporte tecnificado de NPCC, así como incrementar el tiempo necesario para su atención.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the assessment of the care of children with medical complexity (CMC) in Primary Care (PC), from the point of view of their doctors and their families. Design: Observational, descriptive and transversal study. Site: PC Pediatrics and Complex Chronic Pathology Unit (UPCC) of Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP). Participants: Patients and relatives of the UPCC and their PC physicians of the Community of Madrid (CAM). Interventions: Face-to-face and online validated surveys were conducted. Main measurements: Degree of satisfaction in the training, education and specific management of the CMC according to Likert-type scales. Results: Fifty-three families and 170 PC physicians (96.5% pediatricians) were surveyed. The results of the family survey reveal lack of coordination between levels of care (73.6%), little confidence in the first level of care, and an impression of poor problem-solving capacity by PC pediatricians (50%). Among PC physicians, there is little training in the follow-up of CMC (96.5%), little experience in their management (93%) and insufficient communication with the hospital (80.5%). Lack of time in consultations is a common problem, perceived by pediatricians and patients. Conclusions: The lack of coordination between PC and Hospital Care is detected as an important problem in the continuity of care at CMC. Interventions are needed to improve this coordination. The PC is close to the family but needs to improve the education and training of professionals in health problems and technical support from CMC, as well as increase the time necessary for their care.(AU)

Pandemia COVID-19. ¿Qué hemos aprendido en este tiempo? / COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned?

Desde que en marzo de 2020 se declarara la pandemia COVID-19 hemos aprendido muchas cosas del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, y de su papel en la enfermedad pediátrica.Los niños se infectan en un porcentaje bastante similar a los adultos, si bien en la mayoría de las ocasiones sufren cuadros leves o asintomáticos. Alrededor de un 1% de infectados precisan hospitalización, menos de un 0,02% precisan cuidados intensivos, y la mortalidad es muy baja y generalmente en niños con comorbilidades. Los cuadros clínicos más habituales son infecciones respiratorias de vías altas o bajas, cuadros gastrointestinales y con mayor gravedad el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (MIS-C). La mayoría de los episodios no precisan tratamiento, salvo el MIS-C. El remdesivir se ha empleado generalmente como tratamiento compasivo y aún está por definir su papel.El recién nacido puede infectarse, si bien la transmisión vertical es muy baja (<1%), y se ha demostrado que el bebé puede cohabitar de manera segura con su madre y recibir lactancia materna. En general las infecciones neonatales han sido leves.La atención primaria ha soportado una parte muy importante del manejo de la pandemia en pediatría. Se han producido numerosos daños colaterales derivados de la dificultad de acceso a la asistencia y del aislamiento que han sufrido los niños. La salud mental de la población pediátrica se ha visto seriamente afectada. A pesar de que se ha demostrado que la escolarización no ha supuesto un incremento de los contagios, sino más bien todo lo contrario. Es fundamental seguir manteniendo las medidas de seguridad que permitan hacer de las escuelas un lugar seguro, tan necesario no solo para la educación infantil, sino para su salud en general. (AU)

Since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared in March 2020, we have learned a lot about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and its role in pediatric pathology.Children are infected in a rate quite similar to adults, although in most cases they suffer mild or asymptomatic symptoms. Around 1% of those infected require hospitalization, less than 0.02% require intensive care, and mortality is very low and generally in children with comorbidities. The most common clinical diagnoses are upper or lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infection and, more seriously, multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Most episodes do not require treatment, except for MIS-C. Remdesivir has been widely used as a compassionate treatment and its role has yet to be defined.The newborn can become infected, although vertical transmission is very low (<1%) and it has been shown that the baby can safely cohabit with its mother and be breastfed. In general, neonatal infections have been mild.Primary care has supported a very important part of the management of the pandemic in pediatrics. There has been numerous collateral damage derived from the difficulty of access to care and the isolation suffered by children. The mental health of the pediatric population has been seriously affected. Although it has been shown that schooling has not led to an increase in infections, but rather the opposite. It is essential to continue maintaining the security measures that make schools a safe place, so necessary not only for children's education, but for their health in general. (AU)

[Recommendations for the preparation and administration of antituberculosis drugs in children. Second phase of the Magistral Project of the Spanish Network for the Study of Paediatric Tuberculosis (pTBred)]. / Recomendaciones para la elaboración y administración de fármacos antituberculosos en niños. Segunda fase del Proyecto Magistral de la Red Española de Estudio de la Tuberculosis Pediátrica (pTBred).

The Spanish Network for the Study of Paediatric Tuberculosis has shown a lack of national consensus on the treatment of tuberculosis in children, partly due to the unavailability of paediatric presentations of antituberculosis drugs. The harmonisation of tuberculosis treatment in children is a priority in Spain. A joint action is proposed by a group of Spanish experts in childhood tuberculosis and in the area of Paediatric Pharmacology. To this end, a pTBred-led workgroup of members from five scientific bodies has been created. Drug pharmaceutical compounding in oral suspensions or oral solutions are recommended as follows: isoniazid 50mg/mL, pyrazinamide 100mg/mL, and ethambutol 50mg/mL. Raw materials, period of validity, and storage conditions are specified. Recommendations for the use of fixed-dose combination drugs are also established. If oral solutions/suspensions or fixed-dose combination drugs are not appropriate, the use of crushed tablets is recommended. Adherence to treatment and optimal dosing of antituberculosis drugs are critical in the control and eradication of TB. This multidisciplinary document provides an opportunity to promote the appropriate treatment of paediatric tuberculosis in Spain, and should become a useful tool for paediatricians and pharmacists.